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#@>: 1 . A b o u t M y s e l f a n d M y F a m i l y & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . 7
T e x t : A g r i c u l t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3
#@>: 2 . M y W o r k i n g D a y & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . 2 7
T e x t : E c o s y s t e m & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . 4 2
#@>: 3 . W e S t u d y E n g l i s h & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . & . 4 8
T e x t : L a n d e c o n o m i c s & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . & . . 6 2
#@>: 4 . U k r a i n e . y i v & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . & 6 8
T e x t : S o i l & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . . 8 9
#@>: 5 . A g r i c u l t u r e i n U k r a i n e & & & & & & & & & & & & . . & . . . . 9 3
T e x t : C r o p p i n g S y s t e m & & & & & & & & & . . & & & & & 1 0 4
#@>: 6 . N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y o f L i f e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e s & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . 1 1 1
T e x t : A r a r i a n R e f o r m i n t h e w o r l d a n d U k r a i n e : a s h i v e m e n t s a n d m i s c a l c u l a t i o n s & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . 1 2 5
#@>: 7 . M y F u t u r e M a j o r & & & . . & . & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7
T e x t : L a n d R e f o r m & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 9
#@>: 8 . M y F a c u l t y & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 5
T e x t : P r o t e c t i o n o f N a t u r e & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . 1 6 9
#@>: 9 . G r e a t B r i t a i n & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . . . 1 7 5
T e x t : T h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r i m p r o v e m e n t o f l a n d r e l a t i o n s & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 1 9 4
#@>: 1 0 . A g r i c u l t u r e i n G r e a t B r i t a i n & & & & & & & & & & & . . . 2 0 2
T e x t : W o r l d A g r i c u l t u r e & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2 2 3
#@>: 1 1 . T h e U S A & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2 3 2
T e x t : I m p o r t a n c e o f m e c h a n i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e & & & & 2 5 5
#@>: 1 2 . A g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e U S A & & & & & & & & & & & & & . . 2 6 0
T e x t : A g r i c u l t u r a l m e c h a n i z a t i o n a n d a u t o m a t i o n & & . & 2 7 5
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5:A8G=0 B5<0: A b o u t M y s e l f a n d M y F a m i l y .
C ;>2>B2>@5==O: !CDV:A8 - m e n t , - t e e n , - l y , - e r .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: @B8:;L. A>1>2V, ?@8A2V9=V B0 72>@>B=V 709<5==8:8. 6820==O 4VTA;V2 t o b e i t o h a v e C P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e ; AB0;V 28@078 7 4VTA;>20<8 t o b e i t o h a v e . :07V2=V 709<5==8:8 t h i s , t h a t .
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3 . !CDV:A8 t e e n V - t y ACDV:A8 :V;L:VA=8E G8A;V2=8:V2: n i n e t e e n , s e v e n t y .
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G o v e r n m e n t , r e a d e r , e x a m i n e r , r e a l l y , n i n e t y , c a r e f u l l y , e n g i n e e r , h i s t o r i c a l l y , d r a m a t i c a l l y , t e a c h e r , s e v e n t e e n , d r e a m e r , a p p o i n t m e n t .
2 . #B2>@VBL 2V4 =02545=8E >A=>2 =>2V A;>20 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2:
T o d e v e l o p , t o o r g a n i z e , e i g h t , t o m a k e , e q u a l , t o i n t e r p r e t , t o e x a m i n e , f o u r , p e r s o n a l , t o t e a c h .
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@B8:;V =5 26820NBLAO: ?5@54 V<5=0<8 ;N459, ?@V728I0<8 ( :@V< ?@V728I0 CAVTW @>48=8) , =0720<8 <VAB, :@0W= ( 7 >4=>3> A;>20) ( 289=OB:8: t h e C o n g o , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , t h e A r g e n t i n e , t h e H a g u e ) , ?5@54 =0720<8 4=V2 B86=O, <VAOFV2, ?V@ @>:C, O:I> ?5@54 V<5==8:>< AB>WBL 709<5==8: ( ?@8A2V9=89, 2:07V2=89, =5>7=0G5=89) , :V;L:VA=89 G8A;V2=8:, V=H89 V<5==8: C ?@8A2V9=><C 2V4<V=:C, 70?5@5G5==O n o .
/:I> ?5@54 V<5==8:>< AB>WBL ?@8:<5B=8:, B> 0@B8:;L ?5@5=>A8BLAO V AB028BLAO ?5@54 ?@8:<5B=8:><.
7=0G5=89 0@B8:;L t h e >1>2 O7:>2> 26820TBLAO: ?5@54 =0720<8 :@0W= ( 7 42>E V 1V;LH5 A;V2) , @VG>:, <>@V2, >:50=V2, 3V@AL:8E E@51BV2, :>@01;V2, 3>B5;V2, 0=3;V9AL:8E V 0<5@8:0=AL:8E 3075B, B50B@V2, :V=>B50B@V2, <C75W2, ?@V728I5< 2AVTW @>48=8 ( 2 <=>68=V) , ?5@54 =0720<8 ?@54<5BV2, I> T T48=8<8 2 A2>T<C @>4V ( t h e s u n , t h e m o o n , t h e s k y , t h e e a r t h B0 V=HV) 01> 2 ?52=V9 A8BC0FVW, ?5@54 =0720<8 G0AB8= A2VBC ( t h e N o r t h , t h e S o u t h & ) .
@B8:;L t h e 2E>48BL 4> A:;04C 45O:8E AB0;8E 28@07V2 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5=L:
i n t h e m o r n i n g ( e v e n i n g , a f t e r n o o n ) 2@0=FV ( 225G5@V, 245=L)
o n t h e o n e ( o t h e r ) h a n d 7 >4=>3> ( V=H>3>) 1>:C
o n t h e w h o l e 2 FV;><C, 7030;><
t o t e l l t h e t r u t h I>?@0240
t o p l a y t h e p i a n o ( t h e v i o l i n ) 3@0B8 =0 D>@B5?V0=> ( A:@8?FV)
;5: t o p l a y f o o t b a l l ( t e n n i s & ) 3@0B8 2 DCB1>; ( B5=VA & )
@B8:;L a 2E>48BL 4> A:;04C B0:8E 28@07V2 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5=L:
a l o t o f 1030B>
a t a t i m e >4=>G0A=>
i t i s a p i t y 60;L; H:>40
t o g o f o r a w a l k ?VB8 =0 ?@>3C;O=:C
t o t a k e a s e a t AVAB8
t o h a v e a g o o d t i m e 4>1@5 ?@>25AB8 G0A
@B8:;L =5 26820TBLAO 2 45O:8E AB0;8E 28@070E:
a t n i g h t 2=>GV b y m i s t a k e ?><8;:>2>
a t h o m e 24><0 b y n a m e =0 9<5==O
a t s c h o o l 2 H:>;V b y m e a n s o f 70 4>?><>3>N
a t w o r k =0 @>1>BV b y c h a n c e 28?04:>2>
a t d i n n e r 70 >1V4>< i n t i m e 2G0A=>
b y b u s 02B>1CA>< i n f a c t D0:B8G=>
b y h e a r t =0?0< OBL t o g o t o b e d ;O30B8 A?0B8
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
/:89 0@B8:;L B@510 2AB028B8 2 @5G5==V: a , a n G8 t h e ?
1 . I a m & e n g i n e e r .
2 . H i s f a t h e r i s & f a r m e r .
3 . & s k y i s c l o u d y t o d a y .
4 . S h e h a s & b r o t h e r .
5 . H e p l a y s & p i a n o .
6 . I s e e & a p p l e . & a p p l e i s b i g .
2 . O:8E @5G5==OE 0@B8:;L =5 26820TBLAO?
1 . W e h a v e & E n g l i s h l e s s o n t o d a y .
2 . T h i s i s & n e w & b o o k .
3 . T h e y a r e a t & h o m e n o w .
4 . I l i k e & t e a .
5 . H e h a s & s i s t e r . H i s & s i s t e r i s f i v e .
6 . M y f r i e n d s & r o o m i s b i g .
7 . S h e h a s & s i s t e r , b u t s h e h a s n o & b r o t h e r .
3 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O.
1 . 8W2 AB>;8FO #:@0W=8.
2 . V= ABC45=B.
3 . >3>40 AL>3>4=V 30@=0.
4 . =V?@> GC4>20 @VG:0.
5 . / 682C C <0;5=L:><C <VABV.
6 . 8 10G8<> =0H>3> 2G8B5;O 2 H:>;V.
7 . !( 4C65 25;8:0 :@0W=0.
8 . !0H:> ? T :02C 2@0=FV.
9 . >O <0B8 ;V:0@. >=0 =5 24><0, 2>=0 =0 @>1>BV.
09<5==8:8
>A>1>2V, ?@8A2V9=V, 72>@>B=V
A>10 A>1>2V @8A2V9=V 2>@>B=V 0782=89 2V4<V=>: 1 T:B=89 2V4<V=>: >@>B:0 D>@<0 >2=0
D>@<0 !0<, A515, A>1V 4=8=0
1 >A.
2 >A.
3 >A.
I O
y o u B8
h e 2V=
s h e 2>=0
i t 2V=, 2>=0, 2>=>
m e <5=5, <5=V
y o u B515, B>1V
h i m 9>3>, 9><C
h e r WW, W9
i t 9>3>, WW, 9><C, W9
m y <V9, <>O, <>T, <>W
y o u r B2V9, B2>O, B2>T
h i s 9>3>
h e r WW
i t s 9>3>, WW
m i n e
y o u r s
h i s
h e r s
i t s
m y s e l f
y o u r s e l f
h i m s e l f
h e r s e l f
i t s e l f =>68=0
1 >A.
2 >A.
3 >A.
w e <8
y o u 28
t h e y 2>=8
u s =0A, =0<
y o u 20A, 20<
t h e m WE, W<
o u r =0H, =0H0, =0H5
y o u r 20H, 20H0, 20H5
t h e i r - WE
o u r s
y o u r s
t h e i r s
o u r s e l v e s
y o u r s e l v e s
t h e m s e l v e s
>@>B:0 D>@<0 ?@8A2V9=8E 709<5==8:V2 26820TBLAO ?5@54 V<5==8:><: m y f r i e n d , h e r b r o t h e r , o u r U n i v e r s i t y . >2=0 D>@<0 ?@8A2V9=8E 709<5==8:V2 26820TBLAO A0<>ABV9=>, 157 V<5==8:0, G0AB> 2 :V=FV @5G5==O: T h i s r o o m i s o u r s . W h e r e a r e y o u r b o o k s ? M i n e a r e o n t h e d e s k . T h a t i s n o t t h e i r c a r . T h e i r s i s b l a c k .
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 815@VBL ?>B@V1=C D>@<C 709<5==8:0 V 2AB02B5 WW 70<VABL :@0?>:.
I s i t y o u r d i c t i o n a r y ? Y e s , i t i s & d i c t i o n a r y ( y o u r , h i s , m y , h e r ) .
I l i k e & d r e s s , J a n e ( y o u r , h e r , m y , t h e i r ) .
3 . T h e g i r l i s n i c e . W h a t i s & n a m e ? ( m y , o u r , h e r , h i s ) .
4 . & n a m e s a r e P e t e r a n d J o h n . A n d w h a t i s & n a m e ? ( h e r , h i s , t h e i r , o u r , y o u r ) .
5 . G e t t h e d o g o u t . & t a i l i s d i r t y ( i t s , h e r , h i s , t h e i r , y o u r ) .
VTA;>2> t o b e C ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV
4 = 8 = 0 = > 6 8 = 0
I a m w e a r e
y o u a r e y o u a r e
h e i s t h e y a r e
s h e i s
i t i s
1 . VTA;>2> t o b e 2V4?>2V40T 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V 4VTA;>20< 1CB8, 7=0E>48B8AL, ?5@51C20B8, AB0=>28B8.
2 . VTA;>2> t o b e C B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV G0AB> =5 ?5@5:;040TBLAO C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
W e a r e i n t h e r o o m n o w . 0@07 <8 C :V<=0BV.
3 . @8 CB2>@5==V ?8B0;L=>3> @5G5==O 4VTA;>2> t o b e 26820TBLAO ?5@54 ?V4<5B><:
A r e w e i n t h e r o o m n o w ? 8 70@07 C :V<=0BV?
>@>B:0 AB25@46C20;L=0 2V4?>2V4L A:;040TBLAO 7V A;>20 Y e s , ?V4<5B0, 28@065=>3> 2V4?>2V4=8< >A>1>28< 709<5==8:><, V 4VTA;>20 t o b e 2 ?>B@V1=V9 D>@<V:
Y e s , w e a r e . "0:.
>@>B:0 70?5@5G=0 2V4?>2V4L A:;040TBLAO 7V A;>20 n o , ?V4<5B0, 28@065=>3> 2V4?>2V4=8< >A>1>28< 709<5==8:><, 4VTA;>20 t o d o C ?>B@V1=V9 D>@<V V 70?5@5G=>W G0AB:8 n o t .
N o , w e a r e n o t . V.
4 . 0?5@5G=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N G0AB:8 n o t , O:0 AB028BLAO ?VA;O 4VTA;>20 t o b e 2 >A>1>2V9 D>@<V:
W e a r e n o t i n t h e r o o m n o w . 8 70@07 =5 C :V<=0BV.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8 2 @5G5==OE 2V4?>2V4=8<8 D>@<0<8 4VTA;>20
t o b e :
1 . S h e & n o t a t e a c h e r , s h e & a f a r m e r .
2 . P e t e a n d J a n e & o f t e n l a t e f o r t h e c l a s s e s .
3 . & t h e y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y n o w ? N o , t h e y & n o t . T h e y & a t h o m e . B u t N i c k & n o t a t h o m e , h e & a t t h e l i b r a r y .
4 . W h a t & s u r n a m e ? M y s u r n a m e & R u d e n k o .
5 . & i t y o u r b a g ? ( Y e s , i t & .
2 . 09B5 :>@>B:C 2V4?>2V4L =0 ?8B0==O:
1 . A r e y o u a t h o m e ?
2 . I s y o u r m o t h e r a n e n g i n e e r ?
3 . W h e r e i s h e r f r i e n d n o w ?
4 . A r e y o u r U n i v e r s i t y t e a c h e r s g o o d ?
5 . I s h i s h o u s e l a r g e ?
6 . A r e t h e y a l w a y s i n t i m e f o r t h e i r c l a s s e s ?
7 . W h a t & y o u r s i s t e r s n a m e ?
8 . W h o s e b o o k i s i t ?
9 . I s h e a d o c t o r ?
1 0 . A r e t h e y f r o m O d e s a ?
3 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O:
1 . /: B515 72CBL? 5=5 72CBL ;5=0.
2 . !:V;L:8 B>1V @>:V2? 5=V 1 7 @>:V2.
3 . 2V4:8 B8? / 7 V==8FL:>W >1;0ABV.
4 . "8 ABC45=B:0? "0:.
5 . %B> B2>W 10BL:8? >=8 D5@<5@8.
6 . '8O F5 :V<=0B0? >O.
7 . 5 B2>W 4@C7V? >=8 2 1V1;V>B5FV. B2>W? >W 24><0.
VTA;>2> t o h a v e C ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV
VTA;>2> t o h a v e <0T 7=0G5==O <0B8, 2>;>4VB8. @5G5==V <>65 ?5@5:;040B8AL: C <5=5 ( T) , C =5W ( T) , C =8E ( T) V B. 4.
I h a v e a l a r g e f a m i l y . # <5=5 25;8:0 AV< O.
VTA;>2> t o h a v e C ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV <0T 42V D>@<8: h a s 4;O 3 - W >A>18 >4=8=8 B0 h a v e 4;O V=H8E >AV1 >4=8=8 V <=>68=8:
4 = 8 = 0: = > 6 8 = 0:
I h a v e w e h a v e
h e h a s y o u h a v e
s h e h a s t h e y h a v e
i t h a s
# ? 8 B 0 ; L = 8 E @5G5==OE 4VTA;>2> t o h a v e 26820TBLAO ?5@54 ?V4<5B><:
H a v e y o u a d i c t i o n a r y ? # B515 T A;>2=8:?
H a s s h e a s i s t e r ? # =5W T A5AB@0?
> @ > B : V A B 2 5 @ 4 6 C 2 0 ; L = V B0 7 0 ? 5 @ 5 G = V 2V4?>2V4V 7 4VTA;>2>< t o h a v e CB2>@NNBLAO B0::
H a v e y o u a n e w d i c t i o n a r y ? Y e s , I h a v e .
H a s N i c k a g o o d f r i e n d ? N o , h e h a s n o t .
> 2 = V 7 0 ? 5 @ 5 G = V @5G5==O CB2>@NBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 70?5@5G5==O n o , ?VA;O O:>3> 0@B8:;L =5 26820TBLAO:
I h a v e n o c o m p u t e r . # <5=5 =5<0T :><? NB5@0.
J a n e h a s n o b r o t h e r . # 659= =5<0T 1@0B0.
0?5@5G5==O n o t 26820TBLAO O:I> ?VA;O =L>3> AB>WBL 709<5==8: ( ?@8A2V9=89, 2:07V2=89, =5>7=0G5=89) 01> G8A;V2=8::
I h a v e n o t y o u r b o o k . # <5=5 =5<0T B2>TW :=86:8.
H e h a s n o t t h i s t e x t . # =L>3> =5<0T FL>3> B5:ABC.
0?5@5G=0 G0AB:0 n o t <>65 CB2>@N20B8 AB8A;C D>@<C 7 4VTA;>2>< t o h a v e : h a v e n o t = h a v e n t , h a s n o t = h a s n t . &O D>@<0 26820TBLAO 2 CA=><C <>2;5==V.
8B0;L=V V 70?5@5G=V @5G5==O 7 4VTA;>2>< t o h a v e <>6CBL B0:>6 CB2>@N20B8AL 70 4>?><>3>N 4>?><V6=8E 4VTA;V2 d o , d o e s . @5G5==OE 7 4>?><V6=8< 4VTA;>2>< d o e s 4VTA;>2> t o h a v e 26820TBLAO C D>@<V h a v e , 0 =5 C D>@<V h a s :
D o y o u h a v e a n e w b o o k ? # B515 T =>20 :=86:0?
D o e s h e h a v e m a n y f r i e n d s ? # =L>3> 1030B> 4@C7V2?
W e d o n t ( d o n o t ) h a v e a c a r . # =0A =5<0T <0H8=8.
S h e d o e s n t ( d o e s n o t ) h a v e # =5W =5<0T 4V4CAO.
a g r a n d f a t h e r .
# AB0;8E 28@070E 7 4VTA;>2>< t o h a v e 26820TBLAO 70?5@5G=0 V ?8B0;L=0 D>@<0 BV;L:8 7 4>?><V6=8<8 4VTA;>20<8 d o , d o e s :
W h e n d o y o u h a v e b r e a k f a s t ? >;8 B8 A=V40TH?
H e d o e s n t h a v e a w a l k V= =5 E>48BL =0 ?@>3C;O=:C
i n t h e e v e n i n g . 225G5@V.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . AB02B5 70<VABL ?@>?CA:V2 4VTA;>2> h a v e 01> h a s :
1 . T h e y & a n i c e a p a r t m e n t .
2 . & V i c t o r K l y m e n k o a g o o d m a r k f o r h i s E n g l i s h ?
3 . W e & a n i c e m a p o f K y i v .
4 . O l g a & n o E n g l i s h - U k r a i n i a n d i c t i o n a r y .
5 . & y o u a n e w c o m p u t e r ?
2 . #B2>@VBL ?8B0;L=C B0 70?5@5G=C D>@<8:
1 . H e h a s m a n y r e l a t i v e s .
2 . T h e y h a v e a l o t o f e x c e l l e n t m a r k s .
3 . I h a v e a c o u s i n .
4 . W e h a v e a g o o d f a r m .
5 . Y o u h a v e E n g l i s h b o o k s .
6 . V i c t o r h a s a n e w c o m p u t e r .
3 . 5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . # <5=5 T 1@0B. V= ABC45=B C=V25@A8B5BC.
2 . # 0A T 0=3;>- C:@0W=AL:89 A;>2=8:? V, =5<0T.
3 . )> C B515 =0 AB>;V? =86:8.
4 . # =8E T FV:0289 6C@=0;.
5 . # <5=5 =5<0T F8E ?0?5@V2.
6 . # =L>3> 25;8:0 AV< O? "0:.
7 . # =0A T =>289 3C@B>68B>:.
!B0;V 28@078 7 4VTA;>20<8 t o b e V t o h a v e
t o b e g l a d 1CB8 @048<, 704>2>;5=8<
t o b e a n g r y ( w i t h ) 1CB8 A5@48B8< ( =0& )
t o b e b u s y ( w i t h ) 1CB8 709=OB8<
t o b e h a p p y 1CB8 I0A;828<
t o b e s a d 1CB8 AC<=8<
t o b e i l l 1CB8 E2>@8<
t o b e h e a l t h y 1CB8 74>@>28<
t o b e l a t e ( f o r & ) 70?V7=N20B8AL
t o b e i n t i m e ?@8E>48B8 2G0A=>
t o b e s o r r y 60;:C20B8, A?V2GC20B8
t o b e s u r e ( o f & ) 1CB8 2?52=5=8<
t o b e r i g h t 1CB8 ?@028<
t o b e m i s t a k e n ?><8;OB8AO
t o b e h u n g r y 1CB8 3>;>4=8<
t o b e t h i r s t y E>BVB8 ?8B8 ( 2V4GC20B8 A?@03C)
t o b e r e a d y ( f o r & ) 1CB8 3>B>28< ( 4>& )
t o b e ( u n ) c o m f o r t a b l e ?>GC20B8 A515 ( =5) 7@CG=>
t o b e s u r p r i s e d ( a t & ) 482C20B8AO
t o b e f o r ( a g a i n s t ) 1CB8 70 ( ?@>B8)
t o h a v e b r e a k f a s t A=V40B8 ( >1V40B8,
( d i n n e r , s u p p e r ) 25G5@OB8)
t o h a v e a t a l k @>7<>2;OB8, ?>3>2>@8B8
t o h a v e a r e s t 2V4?>G8B8
t o h a v e a w a l k ?>3C;OB8 ( ?VB8 =0 ?@>3C;O=:C)
t o h a v e a c l a s s 709<0B8AO ( 1CB8 =0 70=OBBV)
t o h a v e a l o o k ?>3;O=CB8
t o h a v e a b a t h ?@89<0B8 20==C
t o h a v e a s h o w e r ?@89<0B8 4CH
t o h a v e a t r y A?@>1C20B8
t o h a v e a g o o d t i m e 4>1@5 ?@>2>48B8 G0A
:07V2=V 709<5==8:8 t h i s , t h a t
:07V2=V 709<5==8:8 t h i s , t h a t <0NBL B0:>6 D>@<8 <=>68=8: t h e s e , t h o s e . /:I> t h i s 01> t h a t AB>OBL ?5@54 V<5==8:><, B> 2>=8 ?5@5:;040NBLAO: t h i s F59, FO, F5, t h a t B>9, B0, B5.
T h i s b o o k i s i n t e r e s t i n g . &O :=86:0 FV:020.
T h a t p a r k i s n i c e . ">9 ?0@: 30@=89.
/:I> t h i s , t h a t AB>OBL ?5@54 4VTA;>2>< t o b e , 2>=8 ?5@5:;040NBLAO F5 V B>.
T h i s i s a n e w t e x t . &5 =>289 B5:AB.
T h a t i s o u r t e a c h e r . "> =0H 28:;040G.
T h e s e ?5@54 V<5==8:>< 2 <=>68=V ?5@5:;040TBLAO FV, 0 ?5@54 4VTA;>2>< t o b e F5. T h o s e ?5@54 V<5==8:>< 2 <=>68=V ?5@5:;040TBLAO BV, 0 ?5@54 4VTA;>2>< t o b e B>.
T h e s e t r e e s a r e h i g h . &V 45@520 28A>:V.
T h e s e a r e h i s b r o t h e r s . &5 9>3> 1@0B8.
T h o s e s t u d e n t s a r e m y f r i e n d s . "V ABC45=B8 <>W 4@C7V.
T h o s e a r e t h e i r b o o k s . "> WE=V :=86:8.
4 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T : A B O U T M Y S E L F A N D M Y F A M I L Y
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
1 . f u l l - t i m e s t u d e n t ABC45=B 45==>3> 2V44V;5==O
p a r t - t i m e s t u d e n t ABC45=B- 70>G=8:
p o s t - g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t 0A?V@0=B
2 . N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y 0FV>=0;L=89 #=V25@A8B5B
o f L i f e a n d V>@5AC@AV2 V @8@>4>:>@8 ABC20==O
E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e s #:@0W=8
3 . ( p e r s o n a l ) c o m p u t e r ( ?5@A>=0;L=89) :><? NB5@
4 . h o s t e l 3C@B>68B>:
5 . b u i l d i n g 1C4V2;O
6 . r e a d i n g r o o m G8B0;L=89 70;
7 . c o m f o r t a b l e 7@CG=89
8 . l i g h t A2VB;89
9 . e c o n o m y 5:>=><V:0
e c o n o m i s t 5:>=><VAB
1 0 . i m p o r t a n t 206;8289
1 1 . q u i t e FV;:><, FV;:>28B>
1 2 . c o u r s e :C@A
1 3 . t o b e f o n d o f 70E>?;N20B8AO; ?>;N1;OB8
1 4 . b u s y 709=OB89
1 5 . a p a r t m e n t :20@B8@0
1 6 . p a r t y 25GV@:0
1 7 . m a r r i e d >4@C65=89; 70<V6=O
1 8 . h o b b y E>11V; C;N1;5=5 70=OBBO
T E X T : A B O U T M Y S E L F A N D M Y F A M I L Y
L e t m e i n t r o d u c e m y s e l f . M y n a m e i s P e t e . I w a s b o r n o n t h e 2 5 t h o f M a r c h , 1 9 9 0 , s o I a m s e v e n t e e n n o w . I a m a s t u d e n t o f K y i v U n i v e r s i t y o f L i f e a n d E n v i r o nmental Sciences. It has a lot of beautiful buildings. I am a first-year student. I study full-time. After classes I often work in the reading room of our library. I am not from Kyiv, so I live in the university hostel. The rooms of the hostel are not large, but they are quite comfortable. I have a lot of friends here. I am fond of English. My hobby is playing table tennis and computer games. I am also fond of going to disco and parties together with my friends.
My family is not large. I have a father, a mother and a sister. I have no brother.
My father is an economist in a big company not far from Kyiv. He is a very busy man. He has much work to do. He is forty-six years old. My mother is forty-three. She is a teacher of Biology at the secondary school. She is fond of her work.
My sister is elder than me. She is twenty-two. She is married. She has a small daughter, Inna. She is a post-graduate student of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National Vlog. She lives in Kyiv with her husband.
My parents have an apart m e n t i n a b i g b u i l d i n g . I t i s i n t h e c e n t e r o f o u r t o w n . W e a r e a l w a y s g l a d t o m e e t a t o u r p a r e n t s h o m e .
#" "
1 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 ?8B0==O:
1 . W h a t i s t h e b o y s n a m e ?
2 . I s h e a d o c t o r ?
3 . I s h i s f a m i l y l a r g e ?
4 . P e t e i s a f u l l - t i m e s t u d e n t , i s n t h e ?
5 . I s h i s s i s t e r m a r r i e d ?
6 . I s P e t e s D a d a b u s y m a n ?
7 . H o w o l d i s P e t e s m o t h e r ?
8 . W h a t s P e t e s h o b b y ?
9 . H a s t h e U n i v e r s i t y a h o s t e l ?
1 0 . A r e t h e r o o m s i n t h e h o s t e l c o m f o r t a b l e ?
2 . 0<VABL :@0?>: 2AB02B5 ?>B@V1=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 t o b e :
#B2>@VBL ?8B0;L=V V 70?5@5G=V @5G5==O.
1 . I & a f i r s t - y e a r s t u d e n t .
2 . W e & f r o m U k r a i n e .
3 . H i s f r i e n d & a f a r m e r .
4 . S h e & 1 8 y e a r s o l d .
5 . T h e y & n o t i n t h e h o s t e l n o w .
6 . W h e r e & y o u f r o m ?
7 . B o b & A n n s b r o t h e r .
8 . I & g l a d t o s e e y o u .
3 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 281@02H8 2V4?>2V4=C D>@<C:
1 . G i v e ( I , t h e i r , m e ) y o u r b o o k , p l e a s e .
2 . W e r e a d ( t h e y , h i s , s h e ) n e w s p a p e r s .
3 . ( u s , h i m , o u r ) f r i e n d s l i v e i n K y i v .
4 . T h e y o f t e n h e l p ( u s , w e , o u r ) .
5 . H e h a s a d o g . ( i t , i t s , h i s ) e a r s a r e l o n g .
6 . ( t h e i r , u s , h i m ) g r o u p i s l a r g e .
7 . T e l l ( w e , h i m , i t s ) a b o u t y o u r u n i v e r s i t y .
4 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . %B> B8? / ABC45=B. B8 ABC45=B? V.
2 . /: B515 72CBL? 5=5 72CBL =4@V9. B515? ;5:AV9.
3 . %B> F59 E;>?5FL? V= <V9 1@0B.
4 . 8 2 3C@B>68B:C. V= =5 =>289.
5 . &5 <>W 7>H8B8.
6 . "> =5 20H 6C@=0;.
7 . # =L>3> =51030B> 4@C7V2 C 0FV>=0;L=><C C=V25@A8B5BV 1V>@5AC@AV2 B0 ?@8@>4>:>@8ABC20==O #:@0W=8.
8 . # <5=5 T A5AB@0. W 72CBL ;L30. # =5W T ?>4@C30? "0:.
V0;>3
A : I s a y , Nick, are you from Kyiv?
B: No, Im not. Actually, I am from Dubno. It is in Rivne region.
A: Oh, I know this place. And I am from Atlanta. It is the city in the state of Georgia. Your English is good, you know.
B: Glad to hear it. Its one of my favourite subjects. Im fond of talking to foreign students. Its so exciting. Do you like Ukraine?
A: Oh, yes, very much. Arent you too busy tonight? We have a party in the English club. It is going to be very interesting.
B: Id love to go. At what time is it g o i n g t o b e ?
A : A t 8 p . m . S e e y o u l a t e r . B y e .
B : G o o d - b y e .
N o t e s : A c t u a l l y C 4V9A=>ABV, D0:B8G=>; I t s s o e x c i t i n g F5 B0: FV:02>; G l a d t o h e a r i t @0489 F5 GCB8; I d l o v e t o / 1 E>BV2 ( ?VB8) ; S e e y o u l a t e r ?>10G8<>AO ?V7=VH5.
! !" "
1 . AB02B5 0@B8:;L, 45 =5>1EV4=>:
. & s k y i s d a r k t o d a y .
I t i s & S u n d a y t o d a y .
& m y f r i e n d l i v e s i n & b i g c i t y .
G i v e m e & t w o d i c t i o n a r i e s , p l e a s e .
& U S A i s & l a r g e c o u n t r y .
6 . T h e y a r e a t & h o m e n o w .
7 . T h i s & t e x t i s d i f f i c u l t .
8 . S h e h a s & b r o t h e r . H e r & b r o t h e r i s & s t u d e n t
9 . M y s i s t e r s & n a m e i s O l e n a .
1 0 . H i s p a r e n t s h a v e & c a r . M y p a r e n t s h a v e n o & c a r .
2 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O. O:8E @5G5==OE 0@B8:;L 26820B8 =5 ?>B@V1=>? '><C?
1 . ;VB:C 60@:>.
2 . 81V4L =525;8:0 @VG:0.
3 . V= ;O30T A?0B8 > 45AOBV9.
4 . 8 6825<> 2 #:@0W=V.
5 . # =L>3> T :>< NB5@.
6 . W <0B8 ?@8E>48BL 4>4><C 225G5@V.
7 . >=8 3@0NBL =0 ?V0=V=>.
8 . / ;N1;N G09.
9 . 6>= 3@0T C DCB1>; 4C65 4>1@5.
1 0 . # =5W T :=86:0. =86:0 =>20. &O :=86:0 4C65 FV:020.
3 . AB02B5 =5>7=0G5=89 G8 >7=0G5=89 0@B8:;L. >OA=VBL A2V9 281V@.
1 . I h a v e & b o o k . & b o o k i s n e w .
2 . T h e r e i s & b i r d i n & t r e e .
3 . W e s e e & g i r l . & g i r l i s l i t t l e .
4 . T h i s i s & o l d h o u s e . & h o u s e i s n i c e .
5 . & s u n i s b r i g h t t o d a y .
6 . O p e n & d o o r , p l e a s e .
7 . I t i s & e l e p h a n t . & e l e p h a n t i s g r e y .
8 . M y s i s t e r i s & d o c t o r .
9 . I t i s c o l d i n & N o r t h .
1 0 . H e l i v e s i n & v i l l a g e .
4 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8 2 @5G5==OE 2V4?>2V4=8<8 >A>1>28<8 B0 ?@8A2V9=8<8 709<5==8:0<8:
1 . A r e & a n e c o n o m i s t ? N o , & a m n o t .
2 . A r e t h e s e & p a p ers?Yes, are.
3. This is Jane. is a student of National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences.
4. Is Pete a farmer?Yes, is.
5. They like room in the hostel. is light and nice.
6. Its not Vlog. We study at another one.
7. The cat is nice. fur is beautiful.
5. 815@VBL ?>B@V1=C D>@<C ?@8A2V9=8E V 72>@>B=VE 709<5==8:V2.
1 . T h i s i s ( m y / m i n e ) b o o k , a n d w h e r e i s ( y o u r / y o u r s ) ?
2 . ( O u r / o u r s ) r o o m i s l a r g e r t h a n ( t h e i r / t h e i r s ) .
3 . H e l p m e , p l e a s e , I c a n t d o t h i s w o r k ( y o u r s e l f / m y s e l f ) .
4 . A n n w i l l c o o k d i n n e r ( h e r s e l f / h i m s e l f ) .
5 . W h o s e b a g i s i t ? I t s ( h e r / h e r s ) .
6 . T h e s e a r e n o t ( t h e i r / t h e i r s ) p i c t u r e s , t h e y a r e ( o u r / o u r s ) .
7 . H i s c h i l d r e n d o n t l i k e t o w a s h ( t h e m s e l v e s / t h e m s e l f s ) .
6 . 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 9 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
0FV>=0;L=89 C=V25@A8B5B 1V>@5AC@AV2 B0 ?@8@>4>:>@8ABC20==O #:@0W=8;
3C@B>68B>:;
7@CG=89;
G8B0;L=89 70;;
70E>?;N20B8AO 1V>;>3VTN;
A2VB;89;
ABC45=B- 70>G=8:;
25GV@:0;
?5@A>=0;L=89 :><? NB5@;
FV;:><;
709=OB89;
:20@B8@0,
G0AB>,
702648
7 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4L =0 ?8B0==O:
1 . A r e y o u r f r i e n d s s t u d e n t s ?
2 . H a v e y o u g r a n d p a r e n t s ?
3 . A r e y o u a f u l l - t i m e o r a p a r t - t i m e s t u d e n t ?
4 . I s t h e r e a d i n g r o o m o f y o u r u n i v e r s i t y c o m f o r t a b l e ?
5 . Y o u r p a r e n t s a r e o f t e n b u s y , a r e n t t h e y ?
6 . W h a t s y o u r h o b b y ?
7 . D o y o u o f t e n g o t o t h e p a r t i e s ?
8 . !:;04VBL 4V0;>3 <V6 42><0 ABC45=B0<8, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 B0:V A;>20 9 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O:
F u l l - t i m e s t u d e n t ;
a c t u a l l y ;
g l a d t o h e a r i t ;
g o t o t h e p a r t y ;
t o b e f o n d o f ;
b u s y ;
h o s t e l ;
a t w h a t t i m e & ?
9 . C :;04VBL @>7?>2V4L ?@> A515 B0 A2>N AV< N =0 >A=>2V B5<0B8G=>3> B5:ABC.
1 0 . 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N B0 2?8HVBL WE ?> 3>@87>=B0;V:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 . O.
2 . 1CB8.
3 . 25;8:89.
4 . 709=OB8
5 . A2VB;89
6 . 3C@B>68B>:
7 . ABC45=B
8 . 1C4V2;O
9 . C=V25@A8B5B
1 0 . AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:89
1 1 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T B : A G R I C U L T U R E
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
1 . t o p r o v i d e [ p r a v a i d ] 70157?5GC20B8
2 . a c t i v i t y [ k t i v i t i ] 4VO;L=VABL
3 . t o u s e [ j u : s ] 28:>@8AB>2C20B8
4 . c l o t h i n g [ k l u i K] >4O3
5 . n e c e s s a r y [ n e s s ( ) r i ] =5>1EV4=89
6 . t o m e a n [ m i : n ] >7=0G0B8, 7=0G8B8
7 . f i e l d [ f i : l d ] ?>;5
8 . c u l t i v a t i o n 8 . c u l t i v a t i o n [ , k l t i v e i ( ) n ] >1@>1VB>: ( 3@C=BC)
9 . g r o w i n g [ g r u i K] 28@>IC20==O
1 0 . m e a n i n g [ m i : n i K] 7=0G5==O A;>20
1 1 . t o b r e e d [ b r i : d ] @>72>48B8 ( EC4>1C)
1 2 . b r a n c h [ b r a : n t ] 30;C7L
1 3 . d e v e l o p e d [ d i v e l p t ] @>728=5=89
1 4 . s o i l [ s o i l ] 3@C=B
1 5 . y i e l d [ j i : l d ] 2@>609
1 6 . c r o p [ k r o p ] A. - 3. :C;LBC@0
1 7 . f e r t i l e [ f : t a i l ] @>4NG89, 1030B89
1 8 . e n o u g h [ i n f ] 4>AB0BL=O :V;L:VABL
1 9 . h e a t [ h i : t ] B5?;>
2 0 . t o d i g [ d i g ] :>?0B8
2 1 . t o p l o u g h [ p l a u ] >@0B8
2 2 . t o l o o s e n [ l u : s ( ) n ] @>7?CHC20B8
2 3 . t o w e e d [ w i : d ] ?>;>B8, 7=8IC20B8 1C@ O=
2 4 . t o a p p l y [ p l a i ] 70AB>A>2C20B8, 2=>A8B8
2 5 . f e r t i l i z e r s [ f : t i l a i z ] 4>1@820
2 6 . s u f f i c i e n t [ s ( ) f i ( ) n t ] 4>AB0B=V9
2 7 . i n c r e a s e [ i n k r i : s ] 71V;LH5==O, 7@>AB0==O
2 8 . a p p l i c a t i o n [ , p l i k e i ( ) n ] 70AB>AC20==O, 28:>@8AB0==O
2 9 . e x t e n s i v e [ e k s t e n s i v ] H8@>:89
3 0 . n e e d s [ n i : d z ] ?>B@51CT
3 1 . t r a i n e d [ t r e i n d ] =02G5=89, 282G5=89
3 2 . s k i l l e d [ s k i l d ] :20;VDV:>20=89
3 3 . g r e e n h o u s e [ g r i : n h a u s ] B5?;8FO
f a r m a n i m a l s AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:V B20@8=8
c r o p g r o w i n g @>A;8==8FB2>
a n i m a l b r e e d i n g B20@8==8FB2>
p l a n t f o o d ?>682=V @5G>28=8 @>A;8=
s o i l f e r t i l i t y @>4NGVABL 3@C=BC
f o o d p l a n t s WABV2=V @>A;8=8
a r a b l e l a n d >@=0 75<;O
s o i l s c i e n t i s t s 2G5=V- 3@C=B>7=02FV
T E X T B : A G R I C U L T U R E
A g r i c u l t u r e i s a n i m p o r t a n t s e c t o r o f e c o n o m y . I t p r o v i d e s p e o p l e w i t h d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f f o o d .
A g r i c u l t u r e i s a n a c t i v i t y o f p e o p l e w h e n t h e y u s e l a n d t o p r o d u c e f o o d , c l o t h i n g a n d o t h e r n e c e s s a r y m a t e r i a l s . A g e r i s a L a t i n word. It means a field. So, agriculture means the cultivation of fields and growing crops.
This is the old meaning of this word. Now people do not only grow crops. They also breed farm animals. That is why there are two main branches of agriculture: crop growing and animal breeding.
We do not know when people began to grow crops. It was many thousand years ago. Now crop growing is a highly developed branch of agriculture.
The soil is the basis of agriculture. All plants grow in the soil. If we want to have high yields of crops we must have a fertile soil. All crops grow well in a good soil. They cannot grow well if the soil is poor, if there is not enough water, plant food, heat and air. People must dig or plough the soil and loosen it. They must water the plants, weed the fields, apply fertilizers. Soil fertility is very important for agricultural crops.
People can grow enough food for them if there is sufficient good soil for crops. There are two ways to grow enough food plants. They are: the increase in area of arable land and the intensification of agricultural production in the areas already used for cropping. At present the second way is more important.
Intensification is based on full mechanization, high application of fertilizers and extensive use of herbicides.
Agriculture is a very important part of our economy. It needs trained skilled specialist to work in the fields, gardens, forests, parks and greenhouses: agronomists, soil scientists, forestry specialists, plant pathologists, geneticists and many o t h e r s .
1 1 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h a t i s a g r i c u l t u r e ?
W h a t d o e s t h e w o r d a g e r m e a n ?
W h a t a r e t w o m a i n b r a n c h e s o f a g r i c u l t u r e ?
W h e n d o p e o p l e b e g i n t o g r o w c r o p s ?
W h a t i s t h e b a s i s o f a g r i c u l t u r e ?
W h e r e d o t h e p l a n t s g r o w ?
W h a t s h o u l d w e d o t o h a v e h i g h y i e l d s o f c r o p s ?
W h a t m u s t p e o p l e d o i n t h e f i e l d s ?
W h a t a r e t w o w a y s t o g r o w e n o u g h f o o d p l a n t s ?
W h i c h o f t w o w a y s i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t ?
1 2 . 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O:
t o p r o v i d e , t o p r o d u c e , f i e l d , c u l t i v a t i o n , t o g r o w , t o b r e e d , b r a n c h , b a s i s , c r o p , s o i l , f e r t i l i z e r , g a r d e n , f o r e s t , p l a n t .
1 3 . ?>40=8E =86G5 A;V2 2815@VBL ?>B@V1=V V ?V4AB02B5 WE C @5G5==O:
1 . A g r i c u l t u r e m e a n s t h e & o f f i e l d s a n d & c r o p s . 2 . S o i l i s t h e & o f a g r i c u l t u r e . 3 . T h e r e a r e t w o m a i n & o f a g r i c u l t u r e : c r o p growing and animals breeding. 4. If we want to have high of crops, we must have soil. 5. Soil is very important for agricultural . 6. Intensification is based on full , high of fertilizers and extensive use of .
Application, herbicides, crops, fertility, fertile, yields, branches, basis, mechanisation, growing, cultivation.
1 4 . 3@C?8 A;V2 2815@VBL B0:V, I> 2V4?>2V40NBL A;>20< 3@C?8 :
S o i l , y i e l d , c r o p , f e r t i l e , g r o w , p l o u g h , c u l t i v a t i o n , f o r e s t , d i g , a r a b l e , t o g r o w , b r a n c h , a p p l y , t o w a t e r .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
>4NG89, ?>;820B8, >@0B8, >1@>1VB>:, 3@C=B, @>AB8, 30;C7L, 2@>609, ;VA, 70AB>A>2C20B8, :>?0B8, >@=89, 28@>IC20B8, AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:0 :C;LBC@0.
#@>: 2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
M Y W O R K I N G D A Y
<VAB C@>:C:
5:A8G=0 B5<0: M y w o r k i n g d a y .
2 . !;>2>B2>@5==O: !CDV:A8 - i v e , - e n t , - a n t .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: >@O4>: A;V2 2 @>7?>2V4=><C @5G5==V. >=AB@C:FVO t h e r e i s , t h e r e a r e . VTA;>2>. 4 D>@<8 4VTA;>20. !8AB5<0 G0AV2. "5?5@VH=V9 =5>7=0G5=89 G0A ( P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e ) . 57>A>1>2V @5G5==O.
"5:AB: E c o s y s t e m s .
!;>2>B2>@5==O
!CDV:A - i v e A;C68BL 4;O CB2>@5==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2 2V4 4VTA;V2=8E >A=>2: a c t i v e 4VO;L=89; t a l k a t i v e 10;0:CG89.
0 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2 - e n t , - a n t 2V4 4VTA;V2 CB2>@NNBLAO ?@8:<5B=8:8 ( 2V4?>2V4=V V<5==8:8 <0NBL ACDV:A8 - a n c e , - e n c e ) .
i m p o r t a n t 206;8289 i m p o r t a n c e 206;82VABL.
d i f f e r e n t @V7=89 d i f f e r e n c e @V7=8FO, 2V4<V==VABL.
t o i n s i s t =0?>;O30B8 i n s i s t e n t =0?>;53;8289.
t o r e s i s t G8=8B8 >?V@ r e s i s t a n t B>9, I> G8=8BL >?V@.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5 ACDV:A8 C =02545=8E =86G5 A;>20E. 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 V A:06VBL, 4> O:8E G0AB8= <>28 2>=8 =0;560BL:
P r o d u c t i v e , a c t i v e , p o s i t i v e , n e g a t i v e , c o r r e l a t i v e , i n t e n s i v e , p r o g r e s s i v e , a g g r e s s i v e , e x t e n s i v e , p r i m i t i v e , e f f e c t i v e , e q u i v a l e n t , c o e f f i c i e n t , p r e s i d e n t , c o m p o n e n t , s t i m u l a n t , r e s i d e n t , c o a g u l a n t .
2 . #B2>@VBL 2V4 =02545=8E >A=>2 =>2V A;>20 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2: .
T o a c t , t o c o m p a r e , t o p r o g r e s s , t o t a l k , t o r e s t r i c t .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
>@O4>: A;V2 C @>7?>2V4=><C @5G5==V
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V VA=CT B25@489 ( AB0;89) ?>@O4>: A;V2 2 @5G5==V. &5 >7=0G0T, I> :>65= G;5= @5G5==O <0T A2>T <VAF5, O:5 287=0G0T @>;L A;>20 2 @5G5==V. @>7?>2V4=><C @5G5==V ?@O<89 ?>@O4>: A;V2: =0 ?5@H><C <VAFV ?V4<5B, =0 4@C3><C ?@8AC4>:, =0 B@5BL><C 4>40B>:, =0 G5B25@B><C >1AB028=0 ( A?>G0B:C <VAFO, ?>BV< G0AC) . 1AB028=0 V=>4V <>65 AB>OB8 ?5@54 ?V4<5B><. 1AB028=0 A?>A>1C 4VW AB028BLAO ?5@54 >1AB028=>N <VAFO V G0AC. 42>E >1AB028= G0AC, O:V <>6CBL 1CB8 2 @5G5==V, A?>G0B:C 26820TBLAO B0, I> 2:07CT 1V;LH B>G=89 G0A, 0 ?>BV< V=H0.
1AB028=8 G0AC o f t e n , s e l d o m , e v e r , n e v e r , u s u a l l y , a l w a y s , s o m e t i m e s , a l r e a d y , s o o n AB>OBL <V6 ?V4<5B>< V ?@8AC4:><, 0;5 ?VA;O 4VTA;>20 t o b e , ?VA;O 4>?><V6=8E G8 <>40;L=8E 4VTA;V2.
0 1 2 3 4
>1AB028=0 ?V4<5B ?@8AC4>: 4>40B>: >1AB028=0
E v e r y y e a r t h e f a r m e r s g r o w c r o p s i n t h e f i e l d s
W e s t u d y l a n g u a g e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y
@8 ?5@5:;04V B0:89 ?>@O4>: A;V2 715@V30B8 =5 >1>2 O7:>2>. 5@5:;040B8 B@510 B0:, I>1 =5 ?>@CHC20B8 AB8;L C:@0W=AL:>W <>28.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028:
1 . C :;04VBL @5G5==O 7 B0:8E A;V2:
1 . P e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r , h a v e , I , a t h o m e .
2 . B o o k s , i n t e r e s t i n g , t h e s e , a r e .
3 . F o n d , N i c k , o f , i s , s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h .
4 . S h e , c o u r s e , a t , s t u d i e s , s e c o n d .
5 . T h o s e , a r e , m a g a z i n e s , n e w ?
6 . L i g h t , b u i l d i n g , o f , U n i v e r s i t y , t h e , i s .
7 . C o m f o r t a b l e , a r m - c h a i r , i s , t h e .
2 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O:
1 . 02648 ?VA;O 70=OBL ( c l a s s e s ) <8 709=OBV.
2 . V;L=>3> G0AC C =0A =V:>;8 =5<0T.
3 . '>B8@8 ?0@8 C =0A 2 ?>=54V;>:.
4 . A=>2>N AV;LAL:>3> 3>A?>40@AB20 T 75<;O.
5 . 20;VDV:>20=8E A?5FV0;VABV2 ?>B@51CT AV;LAL:5 3>A?>40@AB2>.
2>@>B t h e r e i s , t h e r e a r e
030B> @5G5=L 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V ?>G8=0TBLAO 72>@>B>< t h e r e i s / t h e r e a r e . V= 26820TBLAO B>4V, :>;8 O:89AL ?@54<5B 01> ;N48=0 7=0E>4OBLAO 2 B>G=> 2:070=><C <VAFV. >65 ?5@5:;040B8AO T, 7=0E>48BLAO, VA=CT, 0 <>65 =5 ?5@5:;040B8AO 27030;V. 5G5==O 7 B0:8< 72>@>B>< ?>G8=0NBL ?5@5:;040B8 7 >1AB028=8 <VAFO, O:0 70728G09 AB>WBL C :V=FV @5G5==O. T h e r e i s 26820TBLAO 2 >4=8=V, t h e r e a r e 2 <=>68=V. !;>2> t h e r e , 268B5 >:@5<>, <0T 7=0G5==O B0<. ;5 2 A:;04V 72>@>BC 2>=> 2B@0G0T A2>T ?5@28==5 7=0G5==O V >:@5<> =5 ?5@5:;040TBLAO.
T h e r e i s a b o o k o n t h e d e s k 0 AB>;V ( T, 7=0E>48BLAO) :=86:0.
T h e r e a r e m a n y s t u d e n t s i n 1V1;V>B5FV ( T, 7=0E>4OBLAO)
t h e l i b r a r y . 1030B> ABC45=BV2.
/:I> 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V @5G5==O ?>G8=0TBLAO 7 >1AB028=8 <VAFO, B> =0 0=3;V9AL:C <>2C 9>3> ?5@5:;04 ?>G8=0TBLAO V7 72>@>BC t h e r e i s / t h e r e a r e .
"0:89 72>@>B <>65 26820B8AO 2 <8=C;><C V <091CB=L><C G0AV.
T h e r e w a s a d i c t i o n a r y o n t h e s h e l f . 0 ?>;8FV 1C2 A;>2=8:.
T h e r e w e r e d i c t i o n a r i e s o n t h e s h e l f . 0 ?>;8FV 1C;8 A;>2=8:8.
T h e r e w i l l b e a l e c t u r e i n t h i s FV9 ;5:FV9=V9 70;V 1C45
l e c t u r e - h a l l . ;5:FVO.
T h e r e w i l l b e m a n y p e o p l e i n t h e # ?0@:C 1C45 1030B> ;N459.
p a r k .
8B0;L=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO ?5@5=>A>< 4VTA;>20 t o b e =0 ?5@H5 <VAF5:
I s t h e r e a f o r e s t n e a r y o u r V;O B2>3> 3C@B>68B:C T ;VA?
h o s t e l ?
A r e t h e r e a n y E n g l i s h b o o k s "CB T O:V- =51C4L 0=3;V9AL:V
h e r e ? :=86:8?
W e r e t h e r e m a n y f a r m e r s i n 0 ?>;OE 1C;> 1030B>
t h e f i e l d s ? D5@<5@V2?
W i l l t h e r e b e a m e e t i n g n e x t 0ABC?=>3> ?>=54V;:0 1C4CBL
M o n d a y ? 71>@8?
>@>B:V 2V4?>2V4V =0 B0:V ?8B0==O <0NBL D>@<C:
Y e s , t h e r e i s . N o , t h e r e i s n o t ( i s n t ) .
Y e s , t h e r e a r e . N o , t h e r e a r e n o t ( a r e n t ) .
Y e s , t h e r e w i l l . N o , t h e r e w i l l n o t ( w o n t ) .
0?5@5G=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 70?5@5G5==O n o 01> n o t . /:I> ?VA;O 70?5@5G5==O AB>WBL 709<5==8: 01> G8A;V2=8:, 26820TBLAO n o t , 2 @5HBV 28?04:V2 n o .
T h e r e i s n o b o o k o n t h e d e s k . 0 AB>;V =5<0T :=838.
T h e r e a r e n t ( a r e n o t ) a n y 1V1;V>B5FV =5<0T ( =VO:8E)
n e w s p a p e r s i n t h e l i b r a r y . 3075B.
T h e r e w e r e n o p e o p l e i n t h e 0 2C;8FV =5 1C;> ;N459.
s t r e e t .
T h e r e w e r e n t ( w e r e n o t ) 0 ;5:FVW =5 1C;> ? OBL>E
5 s t u d e n t s a t t h e l e c t u r e . ABC45=BV2.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O.
1 . T h e r e a r e m a n y b o o k s o n t h e s h e l f .
2 . T h e r e i s a m o n u m e n t n o t f a r f r o m m y h o s t e l .
3 . T h e r e w e r e 7 5 s t u d e n t s a t t h e l e c t u r e y e s t e r d a y .
4 . T h e r e w a s a f l o w e r o n t h e d e s k .
5 . T h e r e w i l l b e t h e m e e t i n g i n t h i s l e c t u r e - h a l l t o m o r r o w .
815@VBL ?>B@V1=C D>@<C.
1 . T h e r e & ( i s , a r e ) a l a b o r a t o r y i n t h i s b u i l d i n g .
2 . T h e r e & ( w a s , w e r e ) s o m e c a r s i n t h e s t r e e t .
3 . T h e r e & ( i s , w a s , w i l l b e ) m a n y p e o p l e h e r e t o m o r r o w .
4 . T h e r e & ( i s , a r e , w a s , w e r e ) n e w s p a p e r s i n h i s b a g 1 0 m i n u t e s a g o .
5 . T h e r e & ( i s , w e r e , w i l l b e ) a r e a d i n g r o o m i n a n e w b u i l d i n g n e x t y e a r .
072VBL ?@028;L=89 20@V0=B ?5@5:;04C @5G5==O:
T h e r e a r e m a n y m o n u m e n t s i n K y i v .
1 . 030B> ?0< OB=8:V2 C 8T2V.
2 . 8T2V 1030B> ?0< OB=8:V2.
3 . 0< OB=8:V2 B0< 1030B> 2 8T2V.
4 . /:5 @5G5==O T =5?@028;L=8<?
1 . T h e r e i s n t a n y b o o k s h e r e .
2 . T h e r e i s n o b o o k h e r e .
3 . T h e r e a r e n o b o o k s h e r e .
VTA;>2>
VTA;>2> 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V <0T =091V;LHC :V;L:VABL @V7=8E D>@<. &V D>@<8 1C20NBL >A>1>28<8 V =5>A>1>28<8. A>1>2V D>@<8 <0NBL :0B53>@VW >A>18, G8A;0, G0AC, AB0=C B0 A?>A>1C. ;O CB2>@5==O >A>1>28E D>@< 4VTA;>20 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V 28:>@8AB>2CNBLAO 4 >A=>2=V D>@<8:
D>@<0 V=DV=VB82 ( I n f i n i t i v e ) ;
D>@<0 <8=C;89 =5>7=0G5=89 G0A ( P a s t I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e ) ;
D>@<0 4VT?@8:<5B=8: <8=C;>3> G0AC ( P a s t P a r t i c i p l e 01> P a r t i c i p l e I I ) ;
V D>@<0 4VT?@8:<5B=8: B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P r e s e n t P a r t i c i p l e 01> P a r t i c i p l e I ) .
5>A>1>2V D>@<8 4VTA;>20 V=DV=VB82, 35@C=4V9, 4VT?@8:<5B=8:.
'0A8 4VTA;>20
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V T G>B8@8 3@C?8 G0AV2 4VTA;>20 ( :>6=0 7 =8E <0T D>@<8 B5?5@VH=L>3> ( P r e s e n t ) , <8=C;>3> ( P a s t ) , V <091CB=L>3> ( F u t u r e ) G0AC; 0 B0:>6 F u t u r e - i n - t h e - P a s t <091CB=V9 G0A C <8=C;><C) :
I n d e f i n i t e ( S i m p l e ) T e n s e s =5>7=0G5=V G0A8;
C o n t i n u o u s ( P r o g r e s s i v e ) T e n s e s B@820;V G0A8;
P e r f e c t T e n s e s ?5@D5:B=V ( 4>:>=0=V) G0A8;
V P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e s ?5@D5:B=>- B@820;V G0A8.
>6=0 3@C?0 G0AV2 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O 4VW, I> 2V41C20TBLAO 2 ?52=89 G0A 70 ?52=8E >1AB028=.
"5?5@VH=V9 =5>7=0G5=89 G0A ( P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e ) .
P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e 28:>@8AB>2CTBLAO 4;O 28@065==O 728G09=>W, @53C;O@=> ?>2B>@N20=>W 4VW. 6820TBLAO 7 B0:8<8 >1AB028=0<8 G0AC: e v e r y d a y :>65= 45=L, a l w a y s 702648, u s u a l l y 728G09=>, s o m e t i m e s V=>4V, o f t e n G0AB>, s e l d o m @V4:> B0 V=.
W e w o r k e v e r y d a y . 8 ?@0FNT<> :>6=89 45=L.
M y s i s t e r s p e a k s E n g l i s h . >O A5AB@0 3>2>@8BL 0=3;V9AL:>N.
I s t u d y a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y . / =02G0NAL 2 C=V25@A8B5BV.
$>@<0 4VTA;>20 2 ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV C AB25@46C20;L=8E @5G5==OE 2 CAVE >A>10E, :@V< B@5BL>W >A>18 >4=8=8, 71V30TBLAO 7 D>@<>N V=DV=VB820 4VTA;>20 157 G0AB:8 t o . # B@5BV9 >A>1V >4=8=8 ( h e , s h e , i t ) 4> 4VTA;>20 4>40TBLAO ACDV:A s , O:89 ?VA;O 3;CE8E ?@83>;>A=8E 28<>2;OTBLAO [ s ] , ?VA;O 472V=:8E ?@83>;>A=8E V 3>;>A=8E [ z ] . 0?@8:;04:
t o w o r k w o r k s , t o w r i t e w r i t e s , t o h e l p h e l p s
t o r e a d r e a d s , t o r u n r u n s , t o s e e s e e s
/:I> 4VTA;>2> 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 y 7 ?>?5@54=L>N ?@83>;>A=>N, B> y 7<V=NTBLAO =0 i B0 4>40?TBLAO e s :
t o s t u d y s t u d i e s , t o f l y f l i e s , t o t r y t r i e s
;5: O:I> ?5@54 y AB>WBL 3>;>A=0, B> 4> 4VTA;>20 4>40TBLAO ;8H5 70:V=G5==O s :
t o p l a y p l a y s , t o s t a y s t a y s
/:I> 4VTA;>2> 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 o , s h , c h , t c h , s s , x , B> 4>40TBLAO ACDV:A e s , O:89 28<>2;OTBLAO [ i z ] :
t o g o g o e s , t o w a s h w a s h e s , t o w a t c h w a t c h e s
25@=VBL C203C =0 B5, I> 2 @5G5==OE, 2 O:8E ?V4<5B 28@065=89 V<5==8:><, 0 ?@8AC4>: 4VTA;>2><, C ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV =5 <>65 1CB8 ACDV:A0 - s C ?V4<5B0 V C ?@8AC4:0 >4=>G0A=>:
T h i s s t u d e n t l i v e s i n a h o s t e l . ( T h e s e s t u d e n t s l i v e i n a h o s t e l .
&5 4>?><030T @>7@V7=OB8 ?V4<5B V ?@8AC4>: C @5G5==OE.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . /:C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 A;V4 28:>@8AB0B8 2 @5G5==V:
M y b r o t h e r & C h e m i s t r y .
1 . t o s t u d y
2 . s t u d i e s
3 . s t u d y
2 . /:5 0=3;V9AL:5 @5G5==O 2V4?>2V40T C:@0W=AL:><C:
>W 4@C7V ?@0FNNBL 2;VB:C =0 D5@<V?
M y f r i e n d w o r k s o n a f a r m i n s u m m e r .
M y f r i e n d s w o r k o n a f a r m i n s u m m e r .
3 . M y f r i e n d s w o r k s o n a f a r m i n s u m m e r .
#B2>@5==O ?8B0;L=8E V 70?5@5G=8E @5G5=L
C ?@>AB><C =5>7=0G5=><C G0AV
8B0;L=V ( 7030;L=V ?8B0==O) V 70?5@5G=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o d o B0 >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20.
>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> t o d o <0T 42V D>@<8: d o e s 4;O B@5BL>W >A>18 >4=8=8 V d o 4;O @5HB8 >4=8=8 V <=>68=8. A=>2=5 4VTA;>2> 2 CAVE >A>10E 71V30TBLAO 7 D>@<>N V=DV=VB820 40=>3> 4VTA;>20.
# ?8B0;L=8E @5G5==OE 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> C 2V4?>2V4=V9 D>@<V AB028BLAO ?5@54 ?V4<5B><, 0 >A=>2=5 4VTA;>2> ?VA;O ?V4<5B0:
D o e s h e w o r k e v e r y d a y ? V= ?@0FNT :>6=>3> 4=O?
D o y o u l i v e i n K y i v ? 8 6825B5 2 8T2V?
!?5FV0;L=V ?8B0==O CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N ?8B0;L=8E A;V2, O:V AB02;OBLAO ?5@54 4>?><V6=8< 4VTA;>2><.
W h e r e d o y o u w o r k ? 5 28 ?@0FNTB5?
W h e n d o e s t h e l e c t u r e b e g i n ? >;8 ?>G8=0TBLAO ;5:FVO?
/:I> ?8B0==O 2V4=>A8BLAO 4> ?V4<5B0 ( W h o ? W h a t ? ) , 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> =5 28:>@8AB>2CTBLAO.
W h o l i v e s i n t h e h o s t e l ? %B> 6825 2 3C@B>68B:C?
W h a t l i e s o n t h e t a b l e ? )> ;568BL =0 AB>;V?
A?5FV0;L=8E ?8B0==OE 28:>@8AB>2CNBLAO B0:V ?8B0;L=V A;>20:
W h o ? %B>?
W h o m ? >3>? ><C?
W h o s e ? '89? '8O? '8T? '8W?
W h a t ? )>? /:89? ( ?5@54 V<5==8:><)
W h e n ? >;8?
W h e r e ? 5? C48?
W h y ? '><C?
W h i c h ? >B@89?
H o w ? /:?
H o w m a n y ? !:V;L:8? ( V7 7;VGC20=8<8 V<5==8:0<8)
H o w m u c h ? !:V;L:8? ( V7 =57;VGC20=8<8 V<5==8:0<8)
# 70?5@5G=8E @5G5==OE =0 ?5@H><C <VAFV AB028BLAO ?V4<5B, ?VA;O =L>3> 4VTA;>2> t o d o C 2V4?>2V4=V9 D>@<V 7 G0AB:>N, ?>BV< >A=>2=5 4VTA;>2> 2 D>@<V V=DV=VB820 157 G0AB:8 t o .
W e d o n o t w o r k e v e r y d a y . 8 ?@0FNT<> :>6=89 45=L.
M y f r i e n d d o e s n o t l i v e i n K i e v . V9 4@C3 =5 6825 2 8T2V.
VTA;>2> t o d o <>65 28:>@8AB>2C20B8AL C @5G5==V V O: >A=>2=5 4VTA;>2> 7V 7=0G5==O< @>18B8 :
W e d o t h i s w o r k e v e r y d a y . 8 @>18<> FN @>1>BC I>4=O.
O l g a d o e s t h i s w o r k e v e r y d a y . ;L30 @>18BL FN @>1>BC I>4=O.
>@>B:0 D>@<0 AB25@46C20;L=>W V 70?5@5G=>W 2V4?>2V4V
2 ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV
>@>B:0 AB25@46C20;L=0 2V4?>2V4L A:;040TBLAO 7V A;>20 Y e s , ?V4<5B0, 28@065=>3> 2V4?>2V4=8< >A>1>28< 709<5==8:><, V 4VTA;>20 t o
d o 2 ?>B@V1=V9 D>@<V.
D o y o u w o r k h e r e ? - Y e s , I d o . 8 BCB ?@0FNTB5? - "0:.
D o e s O l e g l i v e i n t h e h o s t e l ? ;53 6825 2 3C@B>68B:C?
Y e s , h e d o e s . "0:.
D o y o u r f r i e n d s r e a d E n g l i s h 0HV 4@C7V G8B0NBL
j o u r n a l s ? Y e s , t h e y d o . 0=3;V9AL:V 6C@=0;8? "0:.
>@>B:0 70?5@5G=0 2V4?>2V4L A:;040TBLAO 7V A;>20 n o , ?V4<5B0, 28@065=>3> 2V4?>2V4=8< >A>1>28< 709<5==8:><, 4VTA;>20 t o d o C ?>B@V1=V9 D>@<V V 70?5@5G=>W G0AB:8 n o t .
D o y o u w o r k h e r e ? - N o , I d o n t . 8 BCB ?@0FNTB5? - V.
D o e s O l e g l i v e i n t h e h o s t e l ? ;53 6825 2 3C@B>68B:C?
- N o , h e d o e s n t . - V.
D o y o u r f r i e n d s r e a d E n g l i s h 0HV 4@C7V G8B0NBL
j o u r n a l s ? 0=3;V9AL:V 6C@=0;8?
- N o , t h e y d o n t . - V.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
/:C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 A;V4 28:>@8AB0B8 2 @5G5==V:
W h e r e d o e s y o u r m o t h e r & ?
1 . w o r k
2 . t o w o r k
3 . w o r k s
2 . O:><C @5G5==V A;V4 28:>@8AB0B8 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> C D>@<V d o ?
1 . & s t u d e n t s u s e t e x t b o o k s a t t h e c l a s s e s ?
2 . W h e r e & y o u r f r i e n d w o r k ?
3 . T h e r e & n o E n g l i s h n e w s p a p e r s i n o u r l i b r a r y .
3 . 815@VBL ?@028;L=C 2V4?>2V4L =0 ?8B0==O:
D o s t u d e n t s w o r k o n t h e f a r m i n s u m m e r ?
1 . Y e s , i t i s . 3 . Y e s , i t d o e s .
2 . Y e s , t h e y a r e . 4 . Y e s , t h e y d o .
57>A>1>2V @5G5==O
57>A>1>2V @5G5==O F5 @5G5==O , 2 O:8E 2V4ACB=O 4VNG0 >A>10. C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V 2 B0:8E @5G5==OE 2V4ACB=V9 ?V4<5B: "5?;>. %>;>4=>. 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V B0:V @5G5==O O:: I t i s c o l d . I t i s M o n d a y t o d a y . I t i s 3 o c l o c k . I t r a i n s . =07820NBLAO 157>A>1>28<8. $>@<0;L=8< ?V4<5B>< C =8E T 709<5==8: i t , O:89 =5 <0T ;5:A8G=>3> 7=0G5==O, B><C =5 ?5@5:;040TBLAO, 0;5 A;C3CT >1>2 O7:>28< 5;5<5=B>< 0=3;V9AL:>3> @5G5==O.
I t i s c o l d i n w i n t e r . 78<:C E>;>4=>.
I t i s M o n d a y t o d a y . !L>3>4=V ?>=54V;>:.
I t i s 3 o c l o c k n o w . 0@07 B@5BO 3>48=0.
I t o f t e n r a i n s i n a u t u m n . >A5=8 G0AB> V45 4>I.
#<>2=> 157>A>1>2V @5G5==O <>6=0 ?>4V;8B8 =0 B0:V 3@C?8:
1 ) @5G5==O, I> =07820NBL ?>@C @>:C, 4=O, G0A, <VAOFL, 45=L B86=O B0 V=. :
I t i s w i n t e r n o w . I t i s 6 o c l o c k .
I t i s O c t o b e r n o w . I t i s e a r l y m o r n i n g .
2 ) @5G5==O, I> 2:07CNBL =0 AB0= ?@8@>48 V BV, I> 28@060NBL 2V4=>H5==O ;N48=8 4> G>3>AL:
I t i s w a r m . I t i s d a r k .
I t i s d i f f i c u l t . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g .
3 ) @5G5==O, I> 2:07CNBL =0 7<V=8 2 AB0=V ?@8@>48:
I t g e t s ( b e c o m e s ) c o l d .
I t g e t s ( b e c o m e s ) l i g h t .
4 ) @5G5==O, I> >7=0G0NBL O28I0 G8 AB0= ?@8@>48:
I t r a i n s . I t s n o w s .
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . O:><C @5G5==V A;V4 28:>@8AB>2C20B8 709<5==8: i t ?
1 . I s & c o l d i n y o u r r o o m ?
2 . W h e r e i s N i n a ? & i s a t t h e l e c t u r e .
3 . W h e r e d o & w o r k ?
2 . O:><C @5G5==V 709<5==8: i t =5 ?5@5:;040TBLAO =0 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C?
1 . I t i s a b i g h a l l .
2 . M y b o o k i s o n t h e t a b l e , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g .
3 . I t s o m e t i m e s s n o w s i n a u t u m n .
3 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T : M Y W O R K I N G D A Y
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
1 . e v e r y d a y r o u t i n e ?>2AO:45==89 @>7?>@O4>:
2 . a t o n e s d i s p o s a l C @>7?>@O465==V
3 . i m p o r t a n t p a r t 206;820 G0AB8=0
4 . t o b e u s e d t o 728:=CB8 4>. . .
5 . s u b s t a n t i a l VAB>B=89; 203><89
6 . t o h a v e a b i t e =0H284:>@CG ?>?>WAB8
7 . c a n t e e n W40;L=O
8 . c h e e r f u l 104L>@89
9 . t o w a r m u p @>7V3@V20B8
1 0 . t o t a k e a n a p ?>4@V<0B8
1 1 . a d d i t i o n a l 4>40B:>289
1 2 . t o k e e p o n e s e l f f i t ?V4B@8<C20B8 A515 C D>@<V
1 3 . p r o p e r l y O: A;V4; =0;56=8< G8=><
1 4 . u s e f u l :>@8A=89
1 5 . s w i m m i n g p o o l 10A59=
1 6 . t o t r y =0<030B8AO
1 7 . t o s h a r e 4V;8B8AO
1 8 . t o s h a r e t h e n e w s 4V;8B8AO =>28=0<8
T E X T : M Y W O R K I N G D A Y
I n o u r l i f e w e h a v e w e e k - e n d s a n d h o l i d a y s ; i t s c e r t a i n l y m o r e p l e a s a n t t o s p e a k a b o u t a h o l i d a y t h a n a b o u t e v e r y d a y r o u t i n e . B u t t h i s e v e r y d a y r o u t i n e i s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f o u r l i f e .
A t 7 . 3 0 t h e a l a r m - c l o c k w a k es me up. Actually Im not fond of getting up early, but Im already used to it. I do my bed and go to the bathroom. Im fond of taking a cold shower, as I feel cheerful after it. At 8 oclock Im ready to have breakfast. Breakfast as the doctors say must be the most substantial meal of the day. But Im usually short of time, and besides, I dont like to cook it. So I just have a cup of coffee and some sandwiches.
I leave home at 8.15. My university is not far from my house and it usually takes me 10 minutes to get there by the trolley-bus. My classes begin at 8.30. Normally we have three or four classes a day. At 11.30 a.m. I usually have a bite at our university canteen. Sometimes I stay later to work in the university reading-room, especially if we have to prepare for seminars.
When Im back home my parents are still at work. Thats why I have to cook my dinner myself or just to take it from the fridge and warm it up. After hard work at the university and a good dinner I feel like having a rest. So after dinner I never do any important work. Rather often I take a nap or play some computer games or listen to the music or watch TV. Then its time for me to get down to my home task. It takes me about three hours to do the home task properly. Besides I have additional private lessons in English.
Twice a week I go to the swimming pool. It helps me to keep myself fit and feel cheerful and active. If I have two or three hours at my disposal before going to sleep I try to do something useful about the house. Rather often I have a walk together with my friends.
My parents come home rather late. When the supper is ready we gather in the kitchen and having our meal we share the day news and plan our next day. We usually watch TV till 11.00 or 11.30 p.m. Then I have a bath and go to bed to get up next morning to begin everything anew.
#" "
1 . !:;04VBL @5G5==O 7 B0:8E A;V2:
C a n t e e n , c h e e r f u l , u s e f u l , t o h a v e , s u b s t a n t i a l , e v e r y d a y r o u t i n e , n o t , f r i e n d s , m y , d o , t o k e e p o n e s e l f f i t , t o s h a r e n e w s , h o s t e l , p r o p e r e l y , a d d i t i o n a l .
2 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8:
1 . M y c o u s i n ( t o l i v e ) i n P o l t a v a .
2 . M y f r i e n d s ( t o h a v e a b i t e ) i n t h e u n i v e r s i t y c a n t e e n .
3 . I t ( t o t a k e ) m e 1 5 m i n u t e s t o g e t t o t h e h o s t e l .
4 . T h e y ( t o t a k e ) a d d i t i o n a l l e s s o n s i n E n g l i s h ?
5 . I ( n o t t o l i k e ) M a t h e m a t i c s .
6 . K a t e ( t o d o ) h e r h o m e t a s k p r o p e r l y .
3 . O:><C @5G5==V 709<5==8: i t =5 ?5@5:;040TBLAO =0 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C?
I t i s a c o m f o r t a b l e c h a i r .
M y m a g a z i n e i s o n t h e d e s k , i t i s n e w .
I t o f t e n r a i n s i n A u g u s t i n t h i s p l a c e .
4 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4L =0 70?8B0==O:
A t w h a t t i m e d o y o u g e t u p ?
A r e y o u f o n d o f g e t t i n g u p e a rly?
How do you like to spend your free time?
Do you take a cold shower in the morning?
How much time does it take you to get to the Vlog?
Do you keep yourself fit?
Do you have a lot of friends?
What subject do you like best of all?
Do you speak English properly?
What profession are you going to choose?
V0;>3
A : I w o n d e r , h o w m a n y c l a s s e s d o y o u u s u a l l y h a v e ?
B : W e l l , a s a r u l e , w e h a v e t h r e e o r f o u r c l a s s e s d a i l y . T h e y l a s t t i l l 1 p . m . o r 2 . 3 5 p . m . A n d w h a t a b o u t y o u ?
A : O u r c l a s s e s n o r m a l l y e n d a t 3 p . m . , a s w e s t a r t t h e m a t 9 a . m . S o m e t i m e s w e s t a y l ater to work in the reading room or to take some additional lessons or consultations.
B: As for me, I seldom stay at the Vlog after classes. I usually get ready for my seminars at home. I have dinner at about 2 p.m. and then take a nap. After that I do my home task.
A: What about evening?
B: Very often I go for a walk with my group-mates or friends, if the weather is fine.
A: I dont like walking very late, as I usually go to bed at about 10.30 p.m.
! !" "
1 . !:;04VBL @5G5==O 7 40=8E A;V2:
1 . U n i v e r s i t y , e v e r y , g o , d a y , t o , w e , t h e .
2 . E n g l i s h , t h e y , w i t h , s p e a k , f r i e n d s , t h e i r .
3 . N e w , w a n t s , s i s t e r , a , m y , f i l m , t o s e e .
4 . D a y , s h e , g e t u p , d o e s , e a r l y , e v e r y ?
5 . L i b r a r y , t h e s t u d e n t s , b o o k s , f r o m , t h e , t a k e .
6 . T h e , h e , d o e s , h o s t e l , l i v e , n o t , i n .
2 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8 2 @5G5==OE, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 40=V A;>20 C 2V4?>2V4=V9 D>@<V:
C o l d , s u m m e r , t o t a k e a n a p , t o h a v e a b i t e , t o l i v e , p r o p e r l y , t o w o r k , a d d i t i o n a l , t o l i k e , t o k e e p o n e s e l f f it.
I dont like after classes.
In the weather is often hot.
Helen always does her home task .
Peter usually in the cafe.
Where do your friends ?
My mother doesnt ..., she is a housewife.
I do not to cook.
Is it now?
I go in for sports.
I dont take any lessons in History.
3. >7:@89B5 4C6:8, ?>AB0282H8 4VTA;>2> 2 ?@028;L=C D>@<C. #B2>@VBL ?8B0;L=V ( 7030;L=V ?8B0==O) B0 70?5@5G=V @5G5==O. > @5G5=L 3 , 4 B0 5 ?>AB02B5 2AV <>6;82V A?5FV0;L=V ?8B0==O.
1 . N i c k ( t o s p e a k ) E n g l i s h w e l l .
2 . M y s i s t e r a n d I a l w a y s ( t o h e l p ) o u r m o t h e r .
3 . S h e ( t o s t u d y ) G e r m a n a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y .
4 . P e o p l e ( t o l i k e ) ( t o g o ) t o t h e p a r k i n s u m m e r .
5 . I u s u a l l y ( t o g o ) t o b e d a t 1 1 o c l o c k .
6 . J a n e ( t o w a n t ) ( t o w a t c h ) T V i n t h e e v e n i n g .
7 . O u r f r i e n d o f t e n ( t o p l a y ) f o o t b a l l .
4 . 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O:
F r i d g e ,
t o t a k e a n a p ,
i m p o r t a n t ,
p r o p e r l y ,
a d d i t i o n a l ,
t o g e t r e a d y ,
u s e f u l ,
t o s h a r e t h e n e w s ,
e v e r y d a y r o u t i n e ,
c a n t e e n ,
s w i m m i n g p o o l .
5 . O:><C @5G5==V A;V4 28:>@8AB0B8 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> 2 D>@<V d o e s ?
1 . M y f r i e n d s & n o t w o r k o n t h e f a r m .
2 . M y b r o t h e r & n o t a s t u d e n t .
3 . H i s s i s t e r & n o t l i v e i n C h e r n i h i v .
6 . !?8B09B5 A2>3> B>20@8H0:
1 ) 45 2V= 6825;
2 ) O:5 2 =L>3> E>1V;
3 ) O: 2V= ;N18BL ?@>2>48B8 A2V9 2V;L=89 G0A;
4 ) G8 282G0T 2V= 0=3;V9AL:C <>2C;
5 ) 45 2V= =02G0TBLAO;
6 ) G8 2V42V4CT 2V= 4>40B:>2V 70=OBBO;
7 ) G8 @>18BL I>AL :>@8A=5 ?VA;O >1V4C;
8 ) G8 ?V4B@8<CT 2V= A515 2 4>1@V9 D>@<V.
7 . >@8ABCNG8AL A;>20<8 V A;>2>A?>;CG5==O<8 7 B5:ABC, ?@83>BC9B5 :>@>B:C @>7?>2V4L ?@> A2V9 @>1>G89 45=L.
8 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O. >AB02B5 72>@>B t h e r e i s C D>@<C <8=C;>3>, 0 ?>BV< <091CB=L>3> G0AC:
1 . T h e r e a r e 5 d e p a r t m e n t s a t o u r f a c u l t y .
2 . T h e r e i s a n e x p e r i m e n t a l p l o t n e a r t h e u n i v e r s i t y .
3 . T h e r e a r e m a n y f a r m e r s i n t h e f i e l d .
9 . /:5 70?5@5G5==O A;V4 268B8 2 @5G5==OE?
1 ) T h e r e i s n o / n o t b l a c k - b o a r d i n t h i s c l a s s - r o o m .
2 ) T h e r e a r e n o / n o t v e g e t a b l e s i n t h e b o x .
3 ) T h e r e a r e n o / n o t a n y d i c t i o n a r i e s o n t h e s h e l f .
4 ) T h e r e a r e n o / n o t t e n f l o w e r s o n t h e d e s k .
1 0 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O. #B2>@VBL 2V4 =8E ?8B0;L=V B0 70?5@5G=V:
1 ) =0H><C C=V25@A8B5BV 1;87L:> 2 0 B8AOG ABC45=BV2.
2 ) B2>W9 :V<=0BV >48= ABV;.
3 ) 0 <>W< 1C48=:>< 1C2 A04.
4 ) 0 D5@<V 1C45 1030B> B20@8=.
1 1 . @>G8B09B5 ?@8A;V2 O V =072VBL WE 2V4?>2V4=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
G o o d h e a l t h i s a b o v e w e a l t h .
A n h o u r i n t h e m o r n i n g i s w o r t h t w o i n t h e e v e n i n g .
3 . C u s t o m i s a s e c o n d n a t u r e .
82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB:
T E X T B : E c o s y s t e m s
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
a b r u p t l y @V7:>, @0?B>2> a p p a r e n t 2848<89, O2=89, >G5284=89 a v a i l a b l e 4>ABC?=89 b a t t e r @C9=C20B8 c a p t u r e ?>3;8=0B8, 70E>?;N20B8 c h a i n ;0=FN3 c o m p o u n d A?>;C:0 c o n s u m e r A?>6820G c o n v e r t ?5@5@>1;OB8, ?5@5B2>@N20B8 c y c l i n g F8:; @>728B:C, ?5@V>48G=VABL d e c o m p o s e @>7:;040B8 =0 A:;04>2V G0AB8=8, 3=8B8 e f f i c i e n c y 5D5:B82=VABL, @57C;LB0B82=VABL, ?@>4C:B82=VABL f l o w ?>BV: f r a c t i o n 4>;O, ?>@FVO, G0AB8=0; EV<. D@0:FVO g r a s s h o p p e r F2V@:C= h a w k OAB@C1, A>:V; h o w e v e r >4=0: h u r r i c a n e C@030=, B@>?VG=89 F8:;>= n i t r o g e n 07>B n u t r i e n t s ?>682=V @5G>28=8 o c c u r 2V41C20B8AO, B@0?;OB8AO, <0B8 <VAF5 o x y g e n :8A5=L p o u n d DC=B ( <V@0 2038 = 4 5 3 , 6 3) p r o v i d e 70157?5GC20B8 r e a c h 4>AO30B8 r e f l e c t 2V4>1@060B8, 4020B8 2V4>1@065==O r e q u i r e 28<030B8, ?>B@51C20B8 s k u n k A:C=A s t a b l e ABV9:89, ?>ABV9=89, AB01V;L=89 s t o r e 70?0A0B8, 2V4:;040B8, 715@V30B8 s u b s t a n c e @5G>28=0, <0B5@VO s u b t l e B>=:89, =V6=89, =52;>28<89 s u l p h u r EV<. AC;LDC@ s u p p o r t ?V4B@8<C20B8 s w e e p 7<VB0B8, 7=8IC20B8 w e b ?02CB8=0, AVB:0, A8AB5<0 w e i g h t 2030
T E X T B : E C O S Y S T E M S
A n e c o s y s t e m i s t h e m o s t c o m p l e x l e v e l o f o r g a n i z a t i o n in nature. It consists of the biological and physical environments of an area. The biological environment is made up of all living things in the community. The nonliving or physical environment includes climate, air, soil, water, nutrients, energy and weather. All these biological and physical factors interact within an ecosystem. They compose a network of complex relationships that control population growth. Ecologists try to link together the many different physical and biological activities in an environment. They study the flow of energy and the cycling of materials through an ecosystem. They generally use powerful computers to help understand the data obtained from field research and to predict future development.
Energy flow. Ecologists categorize the elements that make up or affect an ecosystem into six main parts, based on the flow of energy and nutrients through the system: (1) the sun, (2) abiotic (nonliving or physical) substances, (3) primary producers, (4) primary consumers, (5) secondary consumers, and (6) decomposers. A simplified ecosystem is illustrated in this article.
The sun provides the energy that nearly all primary producers need to make food. Primary producers consist mainly of green plants, such as grass and trees, which make food by the process of photosynthesis. Plants also need abiotic substances, such as phosphorus and water, to grow. Primary consumers include mice, rabbits, grasshoppers, and other plant-eating animals. Foxes, skunks, and other secondary consumersor predatorseat animals. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead plants and animals into simple nutrients. The nutrients go back into the soil and are used again by plants.
The series of stages energy goes through in the form of food is called a food chain. In one simple food chain, grass is the primary producer. A primary consumer, such as a rabbit, eats the grass. The rabbit, in turn, may be eaten by a secondary consumer, such as a fox or a hawk. Decomposing bacteria break down the uneaten remains of dead grass, rabbits, foxes, and hawks, as well as animal body wastes.
Most ecosystems have a variety of producers, consumers, and decomposers, which form an overlapping network of food chains called a food web. Food webs seem especially complex in many tropical and oceanic ecosystems.
Some species eat many things, but others have very specific food requirements. Such primary consumers as koalas and pandas eat chiefly one type of plant. Koalas eat primarily eucalyptus and pandas eat primarily bamboo. If these plants died off, so would the animals.
Energy moves through an ecosystem in a series of transformations. First, primary producers change the light energy of the sun into chemical energy that is stored in plant protoplasm (cell material). Next, primary consumers eat the plants, changing the energy to a different kind of chemical energy that is stored in body cells. This energy changes again when the secondary consumer eats the primary consumer.
Most organisms have a low ecological efficiency. This means they are able to convert only a small fraction of the energy available to them into stored chemical energy. For example, green plants can change only about 0.1 to 1 percent of the solar energy that reaches them into plant protoplasm. Most of the energy captured by the plants is burned up during plant growth and escapes into the environment as heat. Similarly, herbivores (plant-eating animals) and carnivores (meat-eating animals) convert into their own body cells only about 10 to 20 percent of the energy produced by their food.
Because so much energy escapes as heat at each step of the food chain, all ecosystems develop a pyramid of energy. Plants (primary producers) form the base of this pyramid. Herbivores (primary consumers) make up the next step, and carnivores (secondary consumers) form the top. The pyramid reflects the fact that more energy passes through the plants than through the herbivores and more through the herbivores than through the carnivores. In many land ecosystems, the pyramid of energy results in a pyramid of biomass. This means that the total biomass (weight) of the plants is greater than the total weight of the herbivores, which in turn exceeds the total weight of the carnivores. In the oceans, however, the biomass of plants and animals is about the same. Small plants grow so rapidly in the oceans that they can support proportionately more animals than can the plants on land.
Ecologists have collected information on a pyramid of biomass on Isle Royale. They studied the relationship in the pyramid among plants, moose, and wolves. In one study, ecologists found that it takes 762 pounds (346 kilograms) of plant food to support 59 pounds (27 kilograms) of moose. This is the amount of moose needed to support 1 pound (0.45 kilogram) of wolf.
Cycling of materials. All living things are composed of certain chemical elements and compounds. Chief among these are water, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur. All of these materials cycle through ecosystems again and again.
The cycling of phosphorus provides an example of this process. All organisms require phosphorus. Plants take up phosphorus compounds from the soil, and animals get phosphorus from the plants or other animals they eat. Decomposers return phosphorus to the soil after plants and animals die.
Changes in ecosystems occur daily, seasonally, and, as in the case of ecological succession, over periods of many years. Sometimes changes take place abruptly, as when a fire sweeps through a forest or a hurricane batters a seashore. But most of the day-to-day changes, especially in the nutrient cycles, are so subtle that ecosystems tend to appear stable. This apparent stability among plants and animals and their environment has been called the "balance of nature." In the past, this concept of balanced, largely unchanging ecosystems was thought to be especially descriptive of climax communities. But these earlier views were based on short-term studies. Now that ecologists have had an opportunity to study ecosystems over longer periods, th e y h a v e h a d t o a l t e r s o m e o f t h e i r i d e a s . B i o l o g i s t s r e f e r t o t h e r e l a t i v e s t a b i l i t y o f e a c h p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n a c o m m u n i t y a s t h e b a l a n c e o f n a t u r e .
N o t e s : c l i m a x - :;V<0:A ( 2V4=>A=> AB01V;L=89 AB0= @>A;8==>ABV G8 6828E >@30=V7<V2, I> 7=0E>4OBLAO C @V2=>207V 7 =02:>;8H=V< A5@54>28I5<)
=094VBL 2 B5:ABV 0170F, 2 O:><C <>20 945 ?@> E0@G>289 ;0=FN6>: . /: 28 @>7C<VTB5 F5 ?>=OBBO? 0254VBL A2V9 ?@8:;04 E0@G>2>3> ;0=FN6:0. 5@5:;04VBL ?8AL<>2> F59 B0 ?>?5@54=V9 0170F8.
T4=09B5 A;>20 C A;>2>A?>;CG5==O, >?8@0NG8AL =0 B5:AB:
s i m p l i f i e d s u b s t a n c e s a b i o t i c o f e n e r g y f o o d e c o s y s t e m d e c o m p o s i n g c o m p o u n d s c l i m a x s t a b i l i t y p h o s p h o r u s c h a i n P r i m a r y o f n a t u r e r e l a t i v e b a c t e r i a b a l a n c e c o m m u n i t i e s a p y r a m i d c o n s u m e r s
!:;04VBL @5G5==O 7 ?>40=8E A;V2:
1. Biological, all, physical, and, factors, interact, an, ecosystem, within.
2. Moves, energy, an, ecosystem, in, a, through, of, transformations, series.
3. Organisms, have, a, low, most, efficiency, ecological.
4. Things, are, of, certain, all, living, composed, chemical, elements, and, compounds.
5. Return, to, phosphorus, the, soil, plants, and, animals, die, decomposers.
V415@VBL 287=0G5==O 4> =0ABC?=8E B5@<V=V2:
A n e c o s y s t e m i s a v a r i e t y o f p r o d u c e r s , c o n s u m e r s , a n d d e c o m p o s e r s , w h i c h f o r m a n o v e r l a p p i n g n e t w o r k o f f o o d c h a i n s . A f o o d c h a i n i s r e l a t i v e s t a b i l i t y o f e a c h p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n a c o m m u n i t y . A f o o d w e b i s a series of stages that energy goes through in the form of food. Balance of nature isthe most complex level of organization in nature which consists of the biological and physical environments of an area.Herbivoresare meat-eating animals.Carnivores are plant-eating animals.
09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h a t d o e s e c o s y s t e m c o n s i s t o f ?
W h a t t h i n g s i s t h e b i o l o g i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t m a d e u p ?
W h a t d o e s t h e p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t i n c l u d e ?
H o w d o e c o l o g i s t s c l a s s i f y t h e e l e m e n t s t h a t m a k e u p a n e c o s y s t e m ? ( W h a t a r e t h e s e s i x m a i n p a r t s ? )
W h a t i s a f o o d w e b ?
D e s c r i b e a s e r i e s o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f e n e r g y m o v e s .
W h a t f o r m s t h e b a s e o f a p y r a m i d o f e n e r g y ?
D o c a r n i v o r e s f o r m t h e t o p o f t h i s p y r a m i d ?
W h a t d o e s a p y r a m i d o f b i o m a s s m e a n ?
W h a t d o s c i e n t i s t s c a l l t h e b a l a n c e o f n a t u r e ?
8?8HVBL V7 B5:ABC >A=>2=V EV<VG=V 5;5<5=B8 B0 A?>;C:8, 7 O:8E A:;040NBLAO 2AV 682V >@30=V7<8 B0 282GVBL WE.
@>G8B09B5 =0ABC?=89 B5:AB V 409B5 2V4?>2V4L =0 70?8B0==O: W h a t m u s t f a r m e r s u s e t o p u t t h e p h o s p h o r u s b a c k i n t o t h e s o i l ?
I n n a t u r a l , u n d i s t u r b e d e cosystems, the amount of phosphorus remains fairly constant. But when an ecosystem is disturbed, especially by human activity, the phosphorus often "leaks out." This reduces the ability of the ecosystem to support plants. One way people alter the phosphorus cycle is by replacing forests with farmland. Without the protection of the forests, phosphorus is eroded with the soil and swept away into rivers and lakes. There, it often causes undesirable excess growth of algae. Eventually, the phosphorus becomes lock e d i n s e d i m e n t s a t t h e b o t t o m o f l a k e s o r t h e s e a . B e c a u s e o f t h i s l o s s o f p h o s p h o r u s , f a r m e r s m u s t u s e c o s t l y f e r t i l i z e r s t o p u t t h e e l e m e n t b a c k i n t o t h e s o i l .
N o t e s : f a i r l y =0;56=8< G8=><; 4>A8BL, 45O:>N <V@>N; l e a k o u t ?@>A>GC20B8AO; a b i l i t y 740B=VABL; a l t e r 7<V=N20B8( AO) , 284>7<V=N20B8, 2=>A8B8 7<V=8; e r o d e 707=020B8 5@>7VW, 282VB@N20B8AO, 28<820B8AO; e x c e s s ?5@528I5==O, =04;8H>:; =04<V@=89; a l g a e 2>4>@>ABV; l o c k i n DV:AC20B8, @>7<VIC20B8; s e d i m e n t >A04, >A04:>2V 2V4:;040==O, b o t t o m 4=>; c o s t l y 4>@>389.
!:;04VBL ?;0= B5:ABC E c o s y s t e m s B0 ?5@5:06VBL 9>3> 7<VAB.
#@>: 3
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W E S T U D Y E N G L I S H
<VAB C@>:C:
1 . 5:A8G=0 B5<0: W e S t u d y E n g l i s h .
2 . !;>2>B2>@5==O: !CDV:A8 t i o n , s i o n , s s i o n .
3 . @0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: =>68=0 V<5==8:V2. <5==8:8 C DC=:FVW >7=0G5==O. '8A;V2=8:8. 5>7=0G5=V 709<5==8:8 s o m e , a n y .
4 . "5:AB: L a n d E c o n o m i c s .
!;>2>B2>@5==O
0 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2 t i o n , s i o n , s s i o n CB2>@NNBLAO V<5==8:8: t r a n s l a t i o n ?5@5:;04, d e c i s i o n @VH5==O, d i s c u s s i o n >13>2>@5==O
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
=>68=0 V<5==8:V2
1 . V;LHVABL V<5==8:V2 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V CB2>@NNBL D>@<C <=>68=8 70 4>?><>3>N 70:V=G5==O s , O:5 ?VA;O 3;CE8E ?@83>;>A=8E 28<>2;OTBLAO [ s ] , ?VA;O 3>;>A=8E B0 472V=:8E ?@83>;>A=8E [ z ] , 0 ?VA;O H8?;OG8E ?@83>;>A=8E [ i z ] :
[ s ] [ z ] [ i z ]
a b o o k b o o k s a d o g d o g s a p a g e p a g e s
a m a p m a p s a p e n p e n s a g a r a g e g a r a g e s
a c a t c a t s a s e a s e a s a r o s e r o s e s
2 . /:I> V<5==8: 2 >4=8=V 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 s , - s s , - s h , - c h , t c h , - x , - o , B> D>@<0 <=>68=8 CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 70:V=G5==O e s , O:5 28<>2;OTBLAO [ i z ] :
a c l a s s c l a s s e s a m a t c h m a t c h e s
a b o x b o x e s a b u s h b u s h e s
;5: a p i a n o p i a n o s , a p h o t o p h o t o s , k i l o k i l o s
3 . /:I> V<5==8: 2 >4=8=V 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 y 7 ?>?5@54=L>N ?@83>;>A=>N, B> ?@8 CB2>@5==V D>@<8 <=>68=8 y 7<V=NTBLAO =0 i B0 4>40TBLAO 70:V=G5==O e s , O:5 28<>2;OTBLAO [ z ]
a c i t y c i t i e s a l i b r a r y l i b r a r i e s
;5 O:I> ?5@54 y AB>WBL 3>;>A=0, B> D>@<0 <=>68=8 CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 70:V=G5==O s :
a b o y b o y s , a t o y t o y s
4 . # 45O:8E V<5==8:V2, I> 70:V=GCNBLAO =0 f G8 f e , ?@8 CB2>@5==V D>@<8 <=>68=8 FV 70:V=G5==O 7<V=NNBLAO =0 v V 4>40TBLAO 70:V=G5==O e s , O:5 28<>2;OTBLAO [ z ] :
a s h e l f s h e l v e s a w i f e w i v e s ;5: a c h i e f c h i e f s , a r o o f r o o f s
5 . 5O:V V<5==8:8 CB2>@NNBL D>@<C <=>68=8 =5 70 ?@028;0<8 ( 157 70:V=G5==O s 01> e s , H;OE>< 7<V=8 :>@5=52>W 3>;>A=>W) :
a m a n m e n a f o o t f e e t
a w o m a n w o m e n [ w i m i n ] a t o o t h t e e t h
a c h i l d c h i l d r e n a g o o s e g e e s e
a m o u s e m i c e a n o x o x e n
6 . <5==8:8 s h e e p , f i s h , d e e r , =5 <0NBL D>@<8 <=>68=8.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . #B2>@VBL D>@<C <=>68=8 2V4 V<5==8:V2:
Y e a r , c o u n t r y , w o m a n , d a y , c h i l d , l i f e , w i n d o w , b o y , c l a s s , t r e e , b o x , t o o t h .
2 . 072VBL D>@<C >4=8=8 V<5==8:V2. /:V 7<V=8 2V41C;8AO ?@8 CB2>@5==V <=>68=8?
C i t i e s , t e e t h , l e a v e s , d i c t i o n a r i e s , m e n , o x e n , l i b r a r i e s , s h e l v e s , k n i v e s , c h i l d r e n .
3 . !:06VBL, O:V 7 V<5==8:V2 =5 <0NBL D>@<8 <=>68=8:
S t u d e n t , m i l k , s h e e p , t r e e , s u g a r , p a g e , n o s e , m o n e y , y e a r , t i m e , g l a s s , f i s h , w a t e r , s t a r , l o v e , n a m e , a i r , a n i m a l , c l a s s .
<5==8:8 C DC=:FVW >7=0G5==O
;O 0=3;V9AL:>W <>28 4C65 E0@0:B5@=5 26820==O >4=>3> G8 45:V;L:>E V<5==8:V2 C DC=:FVW >7=0G5==O. B0:8E 28?04:0E ?5@54 >7=0GC20=8< V<5==8:>< AB028BLAO I5 >48= V<5==8: ( 01> 45:V;L:0) C 7030;L=><C 2V4<V=:C 157 7<V= V ?@89<5==8:0. B0:8E ;0=FN6:0E ;8H5 >AB0==V9 V<5==8: ?5@5:;040TBLAO 3>;>2=8< V<5==8:>< C =0782=><C 2V4<V=:C ( 7 =L>3> 2 1V;LH>ABV 28?04:V2 ?>G8=0TBLAO ?5@5:;04) . AV, I> AB>OBL ?5@54 =8<, T >7=0G5==O< 4> =L>3>, 01> >48= 4> >4=>3> ?>A;V4>2=>.
<5==8: C DC=:FVW >7=0G5==O ?5@5:;040TBLAO ?@8:<5B=8:>< 01> 157 =L>3> C =5 =0782=><C ( =5?@O<><C) 2V4<V=:C:
K y i v U n i v e r s i t y 8W2AL:89 C=V25@A8B5B
w i n t e r h o l i d a y s 78<>2V :0=V:C;8
s u m m e r h o u s e ;VB=V9 1C48=>: ( 40G0)
r i v e r b a n k s 15@538 @VG>:
t o w n c e n t r e F5=B@ <VAB0
t o w n c e n t r e d e v e l o p m e n t @>728B>: F5=B@C <VAB0
t o w n c e n t r e d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n ?;0= @>728B:C F5=B@C <VAB0
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 5@5:;04VBL A;>2>A?>;CG5==O. 25@=VBL C203C =0 B5, O: 2>=8 26820NBLAO 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V:
S u m m e r h o u s e , s c h o o l t e a c h e r , u n i v e r s i t y h o s t e l , r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , c i t y c e n t r e , b u s s t a t i o n , b u s s t a t i o n c o n s t r u c t i o n , s p r i n g m o n t h s , a p p l e g a r d e n , s u m m e r t i m e .
2 . !:06VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
5@602=89 ?@0?>@, H:V;L=89 ( =02G0;L=89) @V:, AV<59=0 D5@<0, :8W2AL:89 C=V25@A8B5B, 70E8AB ?@8@>48.
'8A;V2=8:8
'8A;V2=8:8 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V ?>4V;ONBLAO =0 :V;L:VA=V V ?>@O4:>2V.
V;L:VA=V G8A;V2=8:8
V;L:VA=V G8A;V2=8:8 ?>7=0G0NBL :V;L:VABL ?@54<5BV2 V 2V4?>2V40NBL =0 ?8B0==O A:V;L:8?
1 o n e 1 1 e l e v e n 3 0 t h i r t y
2 t w o 1 2 t w e l v e 4 0 f o r t y
3 t h r e e 1 3 t h i r t e e n 5 0 f i f t y
4 f o u r 1 4 f o u r t e e n 6 0 s i x t y
5 five 15 fifteen 70 seventy
6 six 16 sixteen 80 eighty
7 seven 17 seventeen 90 ninety
8 eight 18 eighteen 100 one hundred
9 nine 19 nineteen 1,000 one thousand
10 ten 20 twenty 1,000,000 one million
'8A;V2=8:8 2V4 1 4> 1 2 , 0 B0:>6 1 0 0 ; 1 , 0 0 0 V 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ?@>ABV.
'8A;V2=8:8 2V4 1 3 4> 1 9 CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 t e e n V <0NBL 420 =03>;>A8: f o u r t e e n [ ( f : ( t i : n ] , s e v e n t e e n [ ( s e v n ( t i : n ] .
@8 CB2>@5==V G8A;V2=8:V2 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 8 2V41C20NBLAO 7<V=8:
t h r e e t h i r t e e n
f i v e f i f t e e n
e i g h t e i g h t e e n
'8A;V2=8:8, I> ?>7=0G0NBL 45AOB:8 ( 2V4 2 0 4> 9 0 ) CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 t y V <0NBL =03>;>A =0 ?5@H><C A:;04V: s i x t y [ ( s i x t i ] , s e v e n t y [ ( s e v n t i ] .
@8 CB2>@5==V G8A;V2=8:V2 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 8 0 2V41C20NBLAO 7<V=8:
t w o t w e n t y f i v e f i f t y
t h r e e t h i r t y e i g h t e i g h t y
f o u r f o r t y
5@54 G8A;V2=8:0<8 1 0 0 ; 1 , 0 0 0 ; 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 AB028BLAO 0@B8:;L 0 01> G8A;V2=8: o n e
a ( o n e ) h u n d r e d
a ( o n e ) t h o u s a n d
a ( o n e ) m i l l i o n
&V G8A;V2=8:8 =5 <0NBL D>@<8 <=>68=8 ( 70:V=G5==O s ) , O:I> ?5@54 =8<8 AB>OBL V=HV G8A;V2=8:8 ( 3 , 1 0 , 8 0 B0 V=. )
t h r e e h u n d r e d 3 0 0
t e n t h o u s a n d 1 0 , 0 0 0
e i g h t y m i l l i o n 8 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
# D>@<V <=>68=8 FV G8A;V2=8:8 26820NBLAO, :>;8 ?5@54 =8<8 =5 AB>OBL G8A;V2=8:8. B0:8E 28?04:0E 2>=8 26820NBLAO O: V<5==8:8. VA;O =8E >1>2 O7:>2> AB028BLAO ?@89<5==8: o f B0 V<5==8: C <=>68=V:
h u n d r e d s o f b o o k s A>B=V :=86>:
t h o u s a n d s o f t r e e s B8AOGV 45@52
m i l l i o n s o f w o r k e r s <V;L9>=8 @>1VB=8:V2
# A:;04=8E G8A;V2=8:0E ( I> A:;040NBLAO 7 45AOB:V2 B0 >48=8FL) <V6 45AOB:0<8 B0 >48=8FO<8 AB028BLAO 45DVA:
f o r t y - s i x 4 6
s e v e n t y - n i n e 7 9
# A:;04=8E G8A;V2=8:0E ?VA;O A>B5=L ( B8AOG, <V;L9>=V2) ?5@54 45AOB:0<8 ( 0 O:I> WE =5<0, B> ?5@54 >48=8FO<8) 26820TBLAO A?>;CG=8: a n d :
5 2 8 f i v e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y - e i g h t
5 0 8 f i v e h u n d r e d a n d e i g h t
2 , 0 7 3 t w o t h o u s a n d a n d s e v e n t y - t h r e e
2 , 0 0 3 t w o t h o u s a n d a n d t h r e e
>7@O48 1030B>7=0G=8E G8A5; 2V4>:@5<;NNBLAO >48= 2V4 >4=>3> :><0<8:
1 , 7 6 2 ; 8 3 , 2 4 9 ; 3 , 2 3 9 , 6 2 1 ; 9 , 4 8 1 , 5 9 3
>:8 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V ?>7=0G0NBLAO :V;L:VA=8<8 G8A;V2=8:0<8 V, O: ?@028;>, G8B0NBLAO ?> 42V F8D@8 ( 4V;OBLAO =02?V; ) :
1 8 6 1 e i g h t e e n s i x t y - o n e
1 9 4 5 n i n e t e e n f o r t y f i v e
1 6 0 0 s i x t e e n h u n d r e d
1 7 0 8 s e v e n t e e n e i g h t ( s e v e n t e e n o [ o u ] e i g h t )
'8A;> <VAOFO ?>7=0G0TBLAO ?>@O4:>28< G8A;V2=8:><:
M a y , 9 t h e n i n t h o f M a y ( M a y t h e n i n t h ) 452 OB5 B@02=O
S e p t e m b e r , 1 t h e f i r s t o f S e p t e m b e r ?5@H5 25@5A=O
( S e p t e m b e r t h e f i r s t )
>@O4:>2V G8A;V2=8:8
>@O4:>2V G8A;V2=8:8 ?>7=0G0NBL ?>@O4>: ?@54<5BV2 V 2V4?>2V40NBL =0 ?8B0==O :>B@89? 5@54 ?>@O4:>28<8 G8A;V2=8:0<8 26820TBLAO >7=0G5=89 0@B8:;L t h e .
>@O4:>2V G8A;V2=8:8 CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 t h , I> 4>40TBLAO 4> :V;L:VA=8E G8A;V2=8:V2 ( :@V< G8A;V2=8:V2 ?5@H89, 4@C389, B@5BV9) :
1 - 9 t h e f i r s t 1 3 - 9 t h e t h i r t e e n t h
2 - 9 t h e s e c o n d 1 4 - 9 t h e f o u r t e e n t h
3 - 9 t h e t h i r d 1 5 - 9 t h e f i f t e e n t h
4 - 9 t h e f o r t h 1 6 - 9 t h e s i x t e e n t h
5 - 9 t h e f i f t h 1 7 - 9 t h e s e v e n t e e n t h
6 - 9 t h e s i x t h 1 8 - 9 t h e e i g h t e e n t h
7 - 9 t h e s e v e n t h 1 9 - 9 t h e n i n e t e e n t h
8 - 9 t h e e i g h t h 2 0 - 9 t h e t w e n t i e t h
9 - 9 t h e n i n t h 2 1 - 9 t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t
1 0 - 9 t h e t e n t h 2 2 - 9 t h e t w e n t y - s e c o n d
1 1 - 9 t h e e l e v e n t h
1 2 - 9 t h e t w e l f t h
3 0 - 9 t h e t h i r t i e t h 8 0 - 9 t h e e i g h t i e t h
4 0 - 9 t h e f o r t i e t h 9 0 - 9 t h e n i n e t i e t h
5 0 - 9 t h e f i f t i e t h 1 0 0 - 9 t h e h u n d r e d t h
6 0 - 9 t h e s i x t i e t h 1 0 1 - 9 t h e h u n d r e d a n d f i r s t
7 0 - 9 t h e s e v e n t i e t h 2 0 0 - 9 t h e t w o h u n d r e d t h
2 0 1 - 9 t h e t w o h u n d r e d a n d f i r s t 1 0 0 1 - 9 t h e t h o u s a n d a n d f i r s t
1 0 0 0 - 9 t h e t h o u s a n d t h 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 9 t h e m i l l i o n t h
@8 CB2>@5==V ?>@O4:>28E G8A;V2=8:V2 2V4 :V;L:VA=8E 2V41C20NBLAO B0:V 7<V=8:
1 . C G8A;V2=8:0E f i v e V t w e l v e , - v e 7<V=NTBLAO =0 f :
f i v e t h e f i f t h
t w e l v e t h e t w e l f t h
2 . 4> G8A;V2=8:0 e i g h t 4>40TBLAO BV;L:8 ;VB5@0 h :
e i g h t t h e e i g h t h
3 . C G8A;V2=8:C n i n e =5 AB028BLAO ( 2B@0G0TBLAO) ;VB5@0 e
?5@54 ACDV:A>< - t h :
n i n e t h e n i n t h
4 . C G8A;V2=8:0E, I> ?>7=0G0NBL 45AOB:8, :V=F520 - y 7<V=NTBLAO =0 i e - :
t w e n t y t h e t w e n t i e t h
t h i r t y t h e t h i r t i e t h
# A:;045=8E ?>@O4:>28E G8A;V2=8:0E BV;L:8 >AB0==V9 G8A;V2=8: ?>@O4:>289. "V, I> ?5@54 =8<8, <0NBL D>@<C :V;L:VA=8E G8A;V2=8:V2:
t h e t w e n t y - s e c o n d 4204FOBL 4@C389
t h e ( o n e ) h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y - n i n t h AB> ? OB45AOB 452 OB89
>@O4:>2V G8A;V2=8:8 =5 26820NBLAO ?@8 ?>7=0G5==V =><5@V2 2?@02, AB>@V=>:, @>74V;V2 :=86>:, =><5@V2 1C48=:V2, :20@B8@, 02B>1CAV2, B@>;591CAV2 B>I>. 0<VABL =8E 26820NBLAO :V;L:VA=V:
p a r t o n e ?5@H0 G0AB8=0
p a g e t e n 45AOB0 AB>@V=:0
a p a r t m e n t 1 0 :20@B8@0 !1 0 ( 45AOB0 :20@B8@0)
b u s !3 1 02B>1CA !3 1
<5==8:8 2 B0:8E 28?04:0E 26820NBLAO 157 0@B8:;O.
@>18
# ?@>AB8E 4@>10E G8A5;L=8: :V;L:VA=89 G8A;V2=8:, 7=0<5==8: ?>@O4:>289 G8A;V2=8::
1 / 3 - 0 ( 01> o n e ) t h i r d
1 / 5 - 0 ( 01> o n e ) f i f t h
@>18 1 / 2 B0 1 / 4 G8B0NBLAO V=0:H5:
1 / 2 - 0 ( o n e ) h a l f , 1 / 4 - a ( o n e ) q u a r t e r .
>;8 G8A5;L=8: 1V;LH89 2V4 >48=8FV, B> 7=0<5==8: <0T 70:V=G5==O - s
2 / 3 - t w o t h i r d s
4 / 5 - f o u r f i f t h s
# <VH0=8E 4@>10E ?VA;O FV;>3> G8A;0 28<>2;OTBLAO a n d :
7 3 / 6 s e v e n a n d t h r e e s i x t h s
2 1 / 2 t w o a n d a ( o n e ) h a l f
<5==8:, I> AB>WBL ?VA;O ?@>AB>3> 4@>1C, 26820TBLAO 2
>4=8=V 7 ?@89<5==8:>< o f :
2 / 3 k i l o m e t r e t w o t h i r d s o f a k i l o m e t r e
1 / 2 h o u r a h a l f o f a n h o u r
VA;O <VH0=8E 4@>1V2 V<5==8: 26820TBLAO 2 <=>68=V:
5 3 / 4 m e t r e s f i v e a n d t r e e f o u r t h s m e t r e s
# 45AOB:>28E 4@>10E <V6 FV;8< G8A;>< V 4@>1>< AB028BLAO :@0?:0
. p o i n t
>6=0 F8D@0 2 45AOB:>28E 4@>10E G8B0TBLAO >:@5<>, =C;L O:
n o u g h t :
0 . 7 5 n o u g h t p o i n t s e v e n f i v e ( 01> ?@>AB> p o i n t s e v e n f i v e )
2 1 . 4 3 t w o o n e p o i n t f o u r t h r e e
V4A>B:8 ?>7=0G0NBLAO 5 % , 1 / 2 % , 0 G8B0NBLAO f i v e p e r c e n t ,
o n e a n d a h a l f p e r c e n t .
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . @>G8B09B5 G8A;V2=8:8 A?>G0B:C O: :V;L:VA=V, 0 ?>BV< O: ?>@O4:>2V:
2 ; 5 ; 1 3 ; 1 5 ; 2 1 ; 3 3 ; 5 7 ; 1 4 6 ; 7 9 4 ; 7 , 8 6 7 ; 4 9 , 3 7 8 ; 1 3 8 , 5 0 9 ; 6 , 6 0 5 , 9 0 1 .
2 . @>G8B09B5 @>:8:
1 3 0 0 , 1 5 0 7 , 1 6 7 8 , 1 8 0 0 , 1 4 2 3 , 1 8 1 2 , 1 9 4 1 , 1 8 9 8 , 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 2 , 2 1 1 5 .
3 . @>G8B09B5 4@>18:
1 / 2 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 7 , 2 / 5 , 7 / 9 , 6 / 8 , 0 . 2 5 ; 0 . 4 1 ; 2 . 3 8 ; 5 . 7 6 ; 3 7 . 5 9 ; 2 4 8 . 9 2 .
4 . 072VBL 4=V =0@>465==O 2AVE G;5=V2 20H>W @>48=8.
5 . !?8B09B5 C A2>3> ACAV40, :>;8 2V= =0@>482AO; =5E09 2V= 20< 2V4?>2VABL.
5>7=0G5=V 709<5==8:8 s o m e , a n y
5@5:;040NBLAO 2 1V;LH>ABV 28?04:V2: O:89- =51C4L, O:V- =51C4L, O:89AL, O:VAL, 45:V;L:0, 45O:V, 1C4L- O:89, 1C4L- O:V.
/:I> s o m e , a n y ?>7=0G0NBL =5287=0G5=C ( =525;8:C :V;L:VABL) ?@54<5BV2 01> @5G>28=8, G0AB> =5 ?5@5:;040NBLAO.
S o m e 26820TBLAO C AB25@46C20;L=8E @5G5==OE, a n y C ?8B0;L=8E
V 70?5@5G=8E.
W e h a v e s o m e E n g l i s h b o o k s . # =0A T 45:V;L:0 0=3;V9AL:8E :=86>: ( C =0A T 0=3;V9AL:V
:=86:8) .
H e h a s s o m e f r i e n d s i n O d e s s a . # =L>3> T 45:V;L:0 4@C7V2 ( 4@C7V)
2 45AV.
H a v e y o u a n y f o r e i g n j o u r n a l s ? # B515 T ( O:VAL) V=>75<=V
6C@=0;8?
A r e t h e r e a n y G e r m a n n e w s p a p e r s # 1V1;V>B5FV T O:V- =51C4L
i n t h e l i b r a r y ? =V<5FL:V 3075B8?
/:I> s o m e 26820TBLAO 7 =57;VGC20=8<8 V<5==8:0<8, B> >7=0G0T 45O:C :V;L:VABL, V 2 FL><C 28?04:C 2V= =5 ?5@5:;040TBLAO 01> ?5@5:;040TBLAO B@>E8 :
G i v e m e s o m e c o f f e e , p l e a s e . 09 <5=V ( B@>E8) :028, 1C4L ;0A:0.
T a k e s o m e b r e a d f o r d i n n e r . V7L<8 ( B@>E8) E;V10 =0 >1V4.
09<5==8: a n y <>65 26820B8AO V 2 AB25@46C20;L=8E @5G5==OE
V7 7=0G5==O< 1C4L- O:89 :
C a l l m e a t a n y t i m e . 0B5;5D>=C9 <5=V 2 1C4L- O:89 G0A.
09<5==8:8 s o m e , a n y V7 A;>20<8 o n e , b o d y , t h i n g CB2>@NNBL A:;04=V =5>7=0G5=V 709<5==8:8 s o m e o n e , s o m e b o d y , a n y o n e , a n y b o d y - EB>AL, EB>- =51C4L, s o m e t h i n g , a n y t h i n g - I>AL, I>- =51C4L, O:V 26820NBLAO O: 709<5==8:8- V<5==8:8. S o m e o n e , s o m e b o d y , s o m e t h i n g 26820NBLAO 2 AB25@46C20;L=8E @5G5==OE, a n y o n e , a n y b o d y , a n y t h i n g - C ?8B0;L=8E V 70?5@5G=8E.
S o m e b o d y i s s t a n d i n g a t t h e d o o r . %B>AL AB>WBL 1V;O 425@59.
S o m e o n e m u s t d o t h i s w o r k . %B>- =51C4L ?>28=5= 28:>=0B8 FN @>1>BC.
G i v e h i m s o m e t h i n g t o e a t . 09 9><C I>AL ?>WAB8.
I s a n y b o d y ( a n y o n e ) a t h o m e ? EB>- =51C4L 24><0?
# 70?5@5G=8E @5G5==OE a n y b o d y <>65 ?5@5:;040B8AO O: =V:>3>,
a n y t h i n g =VG>3>:
T h e r e i s n t a n y b o d y h e r e . "CB =V:>3> =5<0T.
T h e r e i s n t a n y t h i n g o n t h e d e s k . 0 AB>;V =5<0T =VG>3>.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O:
1 . G i v e m e s o m e b o o k s t o r e a d .
2 . H e h a s n o t a n y d i c t i o n a r i e s .
3 . S o m e s t u d e n t s l i v e i n t h e h o s t e l .
4 . T h e r e i s n o t a n y p e n i n m y b a g .
5 . S o m e b o d y k n o w s h e r n a m e .
6 . C a n a n y b o d y g o w i t h m e ?
7 . H e h a s s o m e t h i n g i n h i s h a n d s .
8 . I s t h e r e a n y t h i n g i n t h e b o x ?
2 . /:89 709<5==8: s o m e G8 a n y A;V4 268B8 2 @5G5==V:
M y f r i e n d h a s n o t & p r o b l e m s w i t h h i s p a r e n t s .
3 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T : W E S T U D Y E N G L I S H
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
1 . u s e f u l :>@8A=89
2 . n u m b e r G8A;>, =><5@, :V;L:VABL
3 . k n o w l e d g e 7=0==O
4 . t o d e v e l o p @>72820B8( AO)
5 . s a t e l l i t e AC?CB=8:
6 . a b r o a d 70 :>@4>=><, 70 :>@4>=
7 . a n y w h e r e 1C4L- 45, 1C4L- :C48
8 . s u r e 2?52=5=89
9 . t r a d e B>@3V2;O
1 0 . p r o n u n c i a t i o n 28<>20
1 1 . v o c a b u l a r y A;>2=8:, A;>20
1 2 . t o c o m m u n i c a t e ?>2V4><;OB8, A?V;:C20B8AO,
1 3 . t o m a s t e r >2>;>4V( 20) B8 <>2>N
1 4 . t o f i n d 7=0E>48B8, 7=09B8
1 5 . j o b @>1>B0
I t i s u s e f u l :>@8A=>
t o b e s u r e 1CB8 2?52=5=8<
i t i s s p o k e n =5N ( <>2>N) @>7<>2;ONBL
a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d 2 CAL><C A2VBV
i t h a s b e c o m e 2>=0 ( <>20) AB0;0
i t i s s t u d i e d WW ( <>2C) 282G0NBL
s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l A5@54=O H:>;0
h i g h e r s c h o o l 28I89 =02G0;L=89 70:;04
w o r d - c o m b i n a t i o n A;>2>A?>;CG5==O
T E X T : W E S T U D Y E N G L I S H
I t i s v e r y u s e f u l a n d n e c e s s a r y t o k n o w f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s i n o u r m o d e r n l i f e . T h e t o t a l n u m b er of languages in the world is about 5,000. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people. Foreign languages are very important for the development of international contacts. Speaking foreign languages we can read foreign newspapers, magazines and journals, scientific articles and original books by great writers, watch satellite TV programs, listen to the songs, have pen-friends abroad, travel anywhere and be sure that other people will understand us.
English is the most important language now. Practically it is spoken all over the world. It has become the international language.
English is the national language in the United States of America, Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In many countries English is the language of business, commerce and technology. It is studied as a foreign language at secondary and higher schools.
English is very popular now. Its the language of computers, science, trade, sport and politics.
We study English too. We study pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. We read a lot of texts, learn many new words and word-combinations, speak on different topics, and do grammar exercises.
At home we read magazines and journals in English, listen to the songs, watch different films and satellite TV programs.
I study English because I want to read English books and scientific journals on my future speciality. I want to communicate with people from different countries, to understand their culture and traditions. I want to tra v e l a b r o a d t o m a s t e r m y E n g l i s h .
I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t E n g l i s h i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o f i n d a g o o d j o b .
#" "
1 . AB02B5 ?>B@V1=89 709<5==8:: s o m e b o d y , a n y b o d y , s o m e t h i n g , a n y t h i n g :
1 . T h e r e i s & i n t h e c l a s s - r o o m .
2 . H a v e y o u & t o e a t ?
3 . H e k n o w s & a b o u t i t .
4 . C a n & h e l p u s ?
2 . 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N B0 2?8HVBL WE ?> 3>@87>=B0;V. @>G8B09B5 V ?5@5:;04VBL A;>2> C 284V;5=8E :;VB8=:0E ?> 25@B8:0;V.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 ) =5>1EV4=89 7 ) V=>75<=89
2 ) 70 :>@4>= 8 ) 2?@020
3 ) 3@0<0B8:0 9 ) 3075B0
4 ) 206;8289 1 0 ) AB0BBO
5 ) A;>2=8: 1 1 ) @>7C<VB8
6 ) <>20
3 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h a t i s t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f l a n g u a g e s i n t h e w o r l d ?
W h y a r e f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s i m p o r t a n t ?
W h a t c a n w e d o s p e a k ing foreign languages?
What language is the most important now?
What language is spoken all over the world?
In what countries English is the national language?
Why is English very popular now?
What do we study in English?
How do we use our knowledge of English?
Why do you study English?
V0;>3
A : W h a t f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e d o y o u s t u d y ?
B : I s t u d y E n g l i s h . A n d y o u ?
A : I s t u d y G e r m a n . B u t I s t u d i e d E n g l i s h a t s c h o o l .
B : W h a t f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s d o y o u r s i s t e r a n d b r o t h e r s t u d y ?
A : M y s i s t e r s t u d i e s E n g l i s h a n d m y b r o t h e r s t u d i e s S p a n i s h . A n d what foreign languages do the students study at your Vlog?
B : They study English, German, French, Spanish and Latin.
A : Do you like to study English?
B : Yes, I do. I think that it is useful and necessary. And what about you?
A : So do I. Foreign languages are very important in our modern life. We can read many interesting and useful books, and journals.
B : Yes, you are right. And we also can read newspapers, listen to the songs in English or in other language.
A : But we must learn many new words a n d g r a m m a r r u l e s i f w e w a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d t o s p e a k w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e .
! !" "
1 . 815@VBL ?>B@V1=C D>@<C 7 2 - E, =02545=8E C 4C6:0E. 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O.
1 . T h i s ( w o m e n , w o m a n ) i s o u r t e a c h e r .
2 . G i v e m e t h r e e ( g l a s s , g l a s s e s ) o f t e a .
3 . T h e r e a r e m a n y ( s h e e p , s h e e p s ) o n t h e f a r m .
4 . T h e s e ( c h i l d , c h i l d r e n ) l i v e i n a n e w h o u s e .
5 . F o r e i g n ( l a n g u a g e , l a n g u a g e s ) a r e v e r y n e c e s s a r y .
6 . T h e n e w ( t e x t , t e x t s ) i s d i f f i c u l t .
7 . T h e ( f i s h , f i s h e s ) a r e n i c e .
2 . >AB02B5 A;>20, =02545=V 2 4C6:0E, C D>@<V <=>68=8. 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O.
1 . M y s i s t e r k n o w s t w o f o r e i g n ( l a n g u a g e ) .
2 . T h e r e a r e t w o ( l i b r a r y ) a t o u r u n i v e r s i t y .
3 . T h e s e ( m a n ) a r e v e r y c l e v e r .
4 . T h e i r ( b o o k ) a r e o n t h e ( s h e l f ) .
5 . W e h a v e 3 o r 4 ( c l a s s ) a d a y .
6 . 3 ( b o y ) o f o u r g r o u p l i v e i n b i g ( c i t y ) .
3 . 8?8HVBL A;>20 C B@8 :>;>=:8, 73V4=> 7 ?@028;0<8 G8B0==O 70:V=G5==O: [ s ] , [ z ] , [ i z ] :
m a t c h e s , s t u d e n t s , n a m e s , m a p s , b o y s , r o s e s , p a g e s , d o g s , c l a s s e s , c u p s , b u s e s , c a t s , b a g s , b o o k s , g i r l s .
4 . 072VBL 40B8 ( G8A;> V <VAOFL) :
1 . 0 1 ; 1 0 . 0 4 ; 1 7 . 0 5 ; 2 3 . 0 7 ; 1 3 . 1 0 ; 2 8 . 0 2 ; 3 1 . 0 8 ; 2 0 . 6 ; 1 2 . 1 1 ; 3 . 1 2 .
5 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O:
1 . "@025=L ? OB89 <VAOFL @>:C.
2 . 8AB>?04 >48=04FOB89 <VAOFL @>:C.
3 . !VG5=L ?5@H89 <VAOFL @>:C.
4 . V2B>@>: 4@C389 45=L B86=O, G5B25@ G5B25@B89 45=L B86=O, AC1>B0 H>AB89 45=L B86=O.
5 . 8 6825<> C 2 1 - <C AB>;VBBV.
6 . V= W45 3 1 - < 02B>1CA><.
7 . >=8 682CBL C 2 1 3 - 9 :V<=0BV.
6 . 0?8HVBL G8A;0 A;>20<8:
1 5 ; 2 0 3 ; 1 / 5 ; 3 . 4 9 ; 1 , 0 5 8 ; 3 - 9; 3 4 7 , 9 3 5 ; 8 2 - 9; 1 9 8 0 @V:; 3 / 7 ; 7 . 2 1 ; 1 / 2 ; 2 0 0 3 @V:; 1 / 4 .
7 . 815@VBL ?>B@V1=C D>@<C:
1 . H e h a s n o t ( s o m e , a n y ) s i s t e r s .
2 . ( s o m e , a n y ) s t u d e n t s c a m e f r o m L v i v .
3 . I k n o w ( s o m e , a n y ) E n g l i s h s o n g s .
4 . A r e t h e r e ( s o m e , a n y ) n e w p r o g r a m s i n y o u r c o m p u t e r ?
5 . ( s o m e b o d y , s o m e t h i n g ) a s k e d h i m a b o u t h i s c o l l e g e .
6 . I s t h e r e ( s o m e t h i n g , a n y t h i n g ) o n t h e w a l l ?
7 . I s t h e r e ( s o m e b o d y , a n y b o d y ) i n t h e r e a d i n g - r o o m ?
8 . /:89 709<5==8: B@510 268B8 2 @5G5==OE? 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O:
1 . # =8E T & @>48GV 2 >@8A?>;V.
2 . # 1V1;V>B5FV T & :=86:8 7 1V>;>3VW?
3 . %B>AL <>65 <5=V 4>?><>3B8?
4 . / E>GC ?>A;CE0B8 & 0=3;V9AL:V ?VA=V.
5 . V= ?>?@>A82 & 9><C 4>?><>3B8.
6 . # G0HFV T & <>;>:>.
9 . 09B5 ?>2=V 2V4?>2V4V =0 ?8B0==O, 26820NG8 =5>7=0G5=V 709<5==8:8 C ?>B@V1=V9 D>@<V:
1 . D o t h e s t u d e n t s s t u d y a n y n e w s u b j e c t s ?
2 . I s a n y b o d y i n t h e h o s t e l n o w ?
3 . M u s t y o u l e a r n a n y w o r d ?
4 . H a s h e a n y i n t e r e s t i n g b o o k s o n h i s t o r y ?
5 . I s a n y t h i n g n e w i n y o u r l i f e ?
6 . D o y o u w a n t a n y a p p l e s ?
7 . I s t h e r e a n y t h i n g i n t e r e s t i n g i n t h i s b o o k ?
8 . D o y o u s e e a n y b o d y n e a r t h e d o o r ?
1 0 . @>G8B09B5 V ?5@5:;04VBL ?@8A;V2 O B0 =0254VBL WE 2V4?>2V4=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . E v e r y t h i n g c o m e s t o h i m w h o m w h o w a i t s .
2 . B e s l o w t o p r o m i s e a n d q u i c k t o p e r f o r m .
3 . B e t t e r l a t e t h a n n e v e r .
1 1 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB:
T E X T B : L a n d E c o n o m i c s
w o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
t h e l a t t e r >AB0==V9
m o i s t 2>;>389
t o a f f e c t ?V44020B8 2?;82C
e f f e c t 5D5:B, 7<V=0
n e t e f f e c t :V=F5289 @57C;LB0B
s u s t a i n a b l e ABV9:89, 68BBT740B=89
s u s t a i n a b l e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h AB0;89 5:>=><VG=89 7@VAB
s u s t a i n a b l e s e r i c u l t u r e 5:>;>3VG=> @0FV>=0;L=5 A/ 3
s u s t a i n a b l e u s e o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s @0FV>=0;L=5 28:>@8AB0==O ?@8@>4=8E @5AC@AV2
T E X T B : L a n d E c o n o m i c s
T h e l a n d a r e a o f U k r a i n e i s 6 0 . 4 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s . P r e d o m i n a n t l y r e a c h f e r t i l e s o i l s a n d f a v o r a b l e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i ons have ensured a very high degree of economic development in 92% of the territory. The are of agriculture developed lands exceeds 70% and this index is one of the highest in the world. The same applies to the arable land area (56%).
Due to a shortage in reserves of vacant land, the allocation of agricultural lands for production facilities continue. For this reason the overall loss of farmlands in the last 30 years has exceeded two million hectares.
The problems of rational utilization, protection from contamination, increasing productivity and the improvement of physic-chemical properties in soils is becoming more and more acute in Ukraine. The exhausting use of lands and the large-scale application of high-power agricultural machinery have had an adverse effect on the mechanical structure of soil, reducing humus content and soil fertility.
The condition of agricultural land has deteriorated due to the low quality of land reclamation works.
On special concern is the contamination of agricultural lands with chemical compounds, technogenous materials, etc. This is the reason for the accumulation in soils of great amounts of toxic substances, which have a negative effect on the quality of plant growth and livestock farming.
I. Fill the gaps in the sentences:
1. The system brings both financial and environmental benefits, _______________ being especially welcome.
2. _______________ of this policy was even worse inflation.
3. Make sure the soil is _____________ before planting the seeds.
4. How will the tax ________________________ people on low incomes?
5. Inflation is having a disastrous _________________ on the economy.
6. The __________________________ development of agriculture can be achieved on the basis of the theory of ecologically optimal bioproductivity.
II. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following phrases:
to deal with the efficiency of the use of land
to depend on land
to keep up the productivity of soil
to vary from one region to another
to destroy to some extent
to remove the essential food elements
to expose soil to the effects of erosion
to lower productive value
to include measures
to apply proper tillage methods
to affect yields
to be affected by many factors
to be adapted to the climatic conditions
to increase yields
to improve the soil
III. Match the words with their definitions:
essential, b) value, c) fertilizer, d) efficiency, e) crop rotation
importance, usefulness - ________________________________
a substance that is put on the land to make crops grow - _________________________
the quality of doing something well and effectively - __________________________
extremely important and necessary - __________________________
the practice of regularly changing the crops grown on a piece of land _______________________________
IV. Find in the text English equivalents to the following phrases:
A?@8OB;82V DV78G=V C<>28;
28A>:89 ABC?V=L 5:>=><VG=>3> @>728B:C;
70E8AB 2V4 701@C4=5==O;
?>;V?H5==O DV78:>- EV<VG=8E 2;0AB82>AB59 @C=BC;
=0928I89 ?>:07=8:;
7030;L=0 2B@0B0 C3V4L;
A:>@>G5==O @575@2V2;
?>BC6=0 A/ 3 B5E=V:0;
=5A?@8OB;8289 ( H:V4;8289) 5D5:B;
28A=06;825 28:>@8AB0==O 75<5;L;
@>4NGVABL @C=BC;
<5;V>@0B82=V @>1>B8;
=0:>?8G5==O >B@C9=8E @5G>28=;
@>A;8==8FB2> B0 B20@8==8FB2>.
V . R e a d t h e t e x t a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n :
- A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t h e o r y o f e c o n o m i c a l l y o p t i m a l b i o p r o d u c t i v i t y w h a t p r a c t i c a l steps can be applied for the sustainable development of agriculture?
The sustainable development of agriculture can only be achieved on the basis of the theory of ecologically optimal bioproductivity, and on the basis of its practical application.
Firstly, the optimization of crop cultures is based on the criteria that predicted ecological losses from the pollution of the environmental permit the redistribution of the subsides which ensure stable profits in agricultural regions.
Secondly, the natural biochemical cycles of various elements permit the selection of the most optimal regions for growing a particular type of crop.
Thirdly, agricultural production on the basis of the parameters of ecologically optimal bioproductivity, which combines ecologically required yield with a minimization of negative ecological effects, preserves soil as the main natural resource of agrolandscapes.
Time for fun
The Answers Have Changed
When David Williams left the university, he went to Australia. When he returned to England for a visit twenty years later, he decided to go back to his old university. David was delighted to discover that his old professor was still teaching there. He went to visit the old man, and after some interesting talk, the professor went out to get something. While he was away, David saw an examination paper on the desk. He looked at the date on it and saw that it had been given to the students the week before. David picked the paper up and read it through.
When the professor came back, David told him, Professor, Im certain that these are exactly the same questions that you asked us in our examinations twenty years ago! How is that possible? Yes, thats right, agreed the professor calmly. The questions are the same, but the answers have changed.
Why are you crying?
Mummy said I must wait for a tram to go past before I cross the road, and there arent any trams in the street.
Notes: left-- 70;8H82; 70:V=G82; w a s d e l i g h t e d 1C2 @0489; t o d i s c o v e r 28O28B8; p i c k e d & u p - - ?V4=O2; e x a c t l y A0<5; B>G=>; c a l m l y A?>:V9=>.
* * *
#@>: 4
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
U K R A I N E . K Y I V
5:A8G=0 B5<0: U k r a i n e . K y i v .
!;>2>B2>@5==O. !CDV:A8 ?@8:<5B=8:V2:
- i a n , - e n t , ( - a n t ) .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: 8=C;89 =5>7=0G5=89 G0A ( P a s t I n d e f i n i t e ( S i m p l e ) T e n s e ) . @89<5==8:8. @8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: V<5==8:V2.
"5:AB: S o i l .
!;>2>B2>@5==O
1 . !CDV:A i a n CB2>@NT ?@8:<5B=8:8 7V 7=0G5==O< =0;56=>ABV 4> =0FV>=0;L=>ABV 01> :@0W=8. U k r a i n i a n C:@0W=AL:89, I n d i a n V=4V9AL:89 ( 0 B0:>6 V=4V0=AL:89) .
2 . @8:<5B=8:8 7 ACDV:A>< e n t ( - a n t ) CB2>@NNBLAO 2V4 4VTA;V2 V 2V4?>2V40NBL V<5==8:0<, CB2>@5=8E 2V4 4VTA;V2 7 ACDV:A0<8 e n c e ( - a n c e ) ;
t o d i f f e r 2V4@V7=OB8AO
d i f f e r e n t @V7=><0=VB=89
d i f f e r e n c e @V7=8FO
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . #B2>@VBL ?@8:<5B=8:8 2V4 B0:8E V<5==8:V2, O:V >7=0G0NBL 35>3@0DVG=V =0728:
U k r a i n e , R u s s i a , E n g l a n d , I r e l a n d , A m e r i c a , C a n a d a , A u s t r a l i a , G e r m a n y , C h i n a , T u r k e y , F i n l a n d .
2 . 87=0GB5 7=0G5==O 0=3;V9AL:8E A;V2 70 ?>4V1=VABN 4> C:@0W=AL:8E A;V2:
T e r r i t o r y , e c o n o m y , i n d u s t r y , U k r a i n i a n , r e g i o n , m e t a l s , c u l t u r a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l , o r g a n i z a t i o n , p o s i t i o n .
3 . #B2>@VBL ?@8:<5B=8:8 2V4 V<5==8:V2: d i f f e r e n c e , s i g n i f i c a n c e .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
8=C;89 =5>7=0G5=89 G0A ( P a s t I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e ) .
P a s t I n d e f i n i t e ( S i m p l e ) T e n s e 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O 4VW, I> 2V41C;0AO 01> 2V41C20;0AO 2 <8=C;><C, 7 B0:8<8 >1AB028=0<8 G0AC: y e s t e r d a y CG>@0, t h e d a y b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y - ?>702G>@0, l a s t w e e k <8=C;>3> B86=O, l a s t y e a r B>@V:, l a s t s u m m e r <8=C;>3> ;VB0, t h e o t h e r d a y =5I>402=>, F8<8 4=O<8, i n 1 9 9 5 y 1 9 9 5 @. , o n t h e 1 0 t h o f S e p t e m b e r 1 0 3> 25@5A=O B0 V=. .
I t r a i n e d y e s t e r d a y G>@0 9H>2 4>I.
T h e w e a t h e r w a s b a d >3>40 1C;0 ?>30=>N <8=C;>3>
l a s t s u m m e r . ;VB0.
0 A?>A>1>< CB2>@5==O D>@< P a s t I n d e f i n i t e ( S i m p l e ) T e n s e 4VTA;>20 ?>4V;ONBLAO =0 ?@028;L=V ( AB0=40@B=V) V =5?@028;L=V ( =5AB0=40@B=V) .
@028;L=V 4VTA;>20 CB2>@NNBL ?@>AB89 <8=C;89 G0A 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 e d , O:89 4>40TBLAO 4> >A=>28 4VTA;>20 ( V=DV=VB820) :
t o o p e n o p e n e d
t o w o r k w o r k e d
0:V=G5==O e d 28<>2;OTBLAO O::
[ d ] - ?VA;O 3>;>A=8E V 472V=:8E ?@83>;>A=8E 72C:V2, :@V< d ;
t o l i v e - l i v e d
t o o p e n - o p e n e d
[ t ] ?VA;O 3;CE8E ?@83>;>A=8E, :@V< t :
t o h e l p h e l p e d
t o p a s s p a s s e d
[ i d ] ?VA;O d V t :
t o w a i t w a i t e d
t o l a n d l a n d e d
@8 CB2>@5==V ?@>AB>3> <8=C;>3> G0AC 70 4>?><>3>N - e d 2V41C20NBLAO 45O:V 7<V=8 2 >@D>3@0DVW.
/:I> 4VTA;>2> 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 y 7 ?>?5@54=L>N ?@83>;>A=>N, B> y 7<V=NTBLAO =0 V :
t o d r y d r i e d .
;5 O:I> y ?5@54CT 3>;>A=0, B> =VO:8E 7<V= =5 2V41C20TBLAO:
t o p l a y p l a y e d .
/:I> 4VTA;>2> 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 =V<5 e ( I> =5 G8B0TBLAO) , B> 2>=> >?CA:0TBLAO ?@8 4>4020==V 70:V=G5==O e d :
t o l i v e l i v e d .
/:I> >4=>A:;04>25 4VTA;>2> 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 >4=C ?@83>;>A=C 7 ?>?5@54=L>N :>@>B:>N 3>;>A=>N, B> :V=F520 ?@83>;>A=0 ?>42>NTBLAO:
t o s t o p s t o p p e d .
2>A:;04>2V B0 1030B>A:;04>2V 4VTA;>20, O:V 70:V=GCNBLAO =0 >4=C ?@83>;>A=C 7 ?>?5@54=L>N :>@>B:>N 3>;>A=>N, ?>42>NNBL :V=F52C ?@83>;>A=C, O:I> >AB0==V9 A:;04 =03>;>H5=89:
t o p e r m i t p e r m i t t e d ,
t o r e f e r r e f e r r e d .
;5: t o d e v e l o p d e v e l o p e d .
/:I> 4VTA;>2> 70:V=GCTBLAO =0 l , B> l ?>42>NTBLAO =570;56=> 2V4 =03>;>AC 2 A;>2V:
t o t r a v e l t r a v e l l e d .
5?@028;L=V 4VTA;>20 CB2>@NNBL D>@<C ?@>AB>3> <8=C;>3> G0AC @V7=8<8 V=482V4C0;L=8<8 H;OE0<8 ( 482. B01;8FN =5?@028;L=8E 4VTA;V2) :
- 7<V=>N :>@5=52>W 3>;>A=>W:
t o b e g i n b e g a n
?>G8=0B8 ?>G02;
- 7<V=>N ?@83>;>A=>W :>@5=O 4VTA;>20:
t o h a v e h a d
<0B8 <02.
5AB0=40@B=V 4VTA;>20 t o g o V t o b e CB2>@NNBL D>@<8 ?@>AB>3> <8=C;>3> G0AC 2V4 V=H>3> :>@5=O:
t o g o w e n t
t o b e w a s , w e r e
8B0;L=0 B0 70?5@5G=0 D>@<8 CB2>@NNBLAO 7 28:>@8AB0==O< 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 d i d . A=>2=5 4VTA;>2> 26820TBLAO C D>@<V V=DV=VB82C 157 G0AB:8 t o , 0 =5 C D>@<V <8=C;>3> G0AC.
$>@<0
!B25@46C20;L=0 8B0;L=0 0?5@5G=0 I , w e , y o u
t h e y w r o t e
h e , s h e , i t I , w e , y o u ,
D i d t h e y w r i t e
h e , s h e , i t I , w e , y o u , d i d n o t
t h e y ( d i d n t )
h e , s h e , i t w r i t e
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . O:><C @5G5==V 4VTA;>2> t o b e c o m e 26820TBLAO C D>@<V ?@>AB>3> <8=C;>3> G0AC?
1 . T a r a s a n d O k s a n a b e c a m e s t u d e n t s l a s t y e a r .
2 . T h e y a r e g o i n g t o b e c o m e s t u d e n t s .
3 . A s a r u l e m a n y y o u n g p e o p l e b e c o m e s t u d e n t s a t s e v e n t e e n .
2 . O:><C @5G5==V ?@8AC4>: 26820TBLAO 2 ?@>AB><C <8=C;><C G0AV?
1 . T h e y w o r k o n t h e f a r m e v e r y s u m m e r .
2 . T h e s t u d e n t s w o r k o n t h e f a r m b e g a n i n J u l y .
3 . T h e c l a s s e s b e g i n a t 8 . 3 0 .
3 . /:5 @5G5==O CB2>@NT ?8B0;L=C D>@<C 70 4>?><>3>N 4VTA;>20 t o d o C D>@<V d i d ?
1 . W e w e r e o n t h e f a r m l a s t m o n t h .
2 . W e w e n t t o t h e l i b r a r y y e s t e r d a y .
4 . O:><C @5G5==V ?@8AC4>: 26820TBLAO 2 70?5@5G=V9 D>@<V C ?@>AB><C <8=C;><C G0AV ?
1 . T h e s t u d e n t s d i d m u c h w o r k i n t h e f i e l d l a s t s u m m e r .
2 . D i d t h e s t u d e n t s w o r k i n t h e f i e l d l a s t s u m m e r ?
3 . T h e s t u d e n t s o f o u r f a c u l t y d i d n t w o r k i n t h e f i e l d i n M a y .
5 . /:5 @5G5==O T ?8B0;L=>N D>@<>N AB25@46C20;L=>3> @5G5==O: T h e y m a d e t h e e x p e r i m e n t i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y ?
1 . D o t h e y m a k e t h e e x p e r i m e n t i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y ?
2 . D i d t h e y m a k e t h e e x p e r i m e n t i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y ?
6 . @>G8B09B5 V ?5@5:;04VBL 4VTA;>20. 25@B09B5 C203C =0 28<>2C ACDV:A0 e d :
L i v e d , t u r n e d , s p e l l e d , r a i n e d , p l o w e d , w o r k e d , p a s s e d , h e l p e d , t h a n k e d , a s k e d , c r e a t e d , c o n s t r u c t e d , i r r i g a t e d , i n v e n t e d , s t u d i e d .
@89<5==8:8
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V <0965 7>2AV< 2V4ACB=V 2V4<V=:8, B><C 72 O7>: <V6 A;>20<8 2 @5G5==V 74V9A=NTBLAO 7024O:8 ?@89<5==8:0< B0 ?>@O4:C A;V2. 5O:V ?@89<5==8:8 2 A?>;CG5==V 7 V<5==8:><, 28:>=CNBL ACB> 3@0<0B8G=C DC=:FVN V 2V4?>2V40NBL @V7=8< 2V4<V=:0< 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V:
o f @>4>2><C 2V4<V=:C:
t h e s t u d e n t s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y ABC45=B8 C=V25@A8B5BC
t o 4020;L=><C 2V4<V=:C:
t h e l e t t e r t o h i s f r i e n d ;8AB 9>3> B>20@8HC
b y >@C4=><C 2V4<V=:C, 2:07CNG8 =0 >A>1C, I> 28:>=CT 4VN:
t h e t e x t i s t r a n s l a t e d b y h e r B5:AB ?5@5:;045=89 =5N
w i t h B0:>6 >@C4=><C 2V4<V=:C, 2:07CNG8 =0 ?@54<5B, 70 4>?><>3>N O:>3> 28:>=CTBLAO 4VO:
T h e t e s t w a s w r i t t e n w i t h a "5AB ( :>=B@>;L=0 @>1>B0) 1C;0
b l a c k p e n . =0?8A0=0 G>@=>N @CG:>N.
B0:8E 28?04:0E 2>=8 =5 ?5@5:;040NBLAO
/:I> ?@89<5==8:8 26820NBLAO 2 @5G5==V A0<>ABV9=>, B> 45O:V 7 =8E <>6CBL <0B8 :V;L:0 ;5:A8G=8E 7=0G5=L. "><C 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V 2>=8 ?>4V;ONBLAO =0 3@C?8:
?@89<5==8:8 <VAFO
?@89<5==8:8 =0?@O<:C @CEC
?@89<5==8:8 G0AC
45O:V V=HV ?@89<5==8:8
@89<5==8:8 <VAFO:
i n 2 ( C) , =0 2A5@548=V G>3>AL
i n t h e r o o m 2 :V<=0BV
i n t h e b o x C :>@>1FV ( 2 OI8:C)
i n t h e N o r t h =0 ?V2=>GV
i n t h e S o u t h =0 ?V24=V
o n =0 ?>25@E=V G>3>AL
o n t h e t a b l e =0 AB>;V
o n t h e w a l l =0 ABV=V
a t 1V;O, 2, =0, 70
a t t h e d o o r 1V;O 425@59
a t s c h o o l 2 H:>;V
a t h o m e 24><0
a t t h e s t a t i o n =0 AB0=FVW ( 2>:70;V)
a t t h e l e s s o n =0 C@>FV
a t t h e d e s k 70 AB>;><
b y
n e a r 1V;O, ?>@CG 7, =540;5:> 2V4
b y ( n e a r ) t h e w i n d o w 1V;O 2V:=0
n o t f a r f r o m t h e f o r e s t =540;5:> 2V4 ;VAC
u n d e r ?V4
u n d e r t h e t a b l e ?V4 AB>;><
a b o v e
o v e r =04
a b o v e ( o v e r ) t h e t a b l e =04 AB>;><
b e l o w ?V4, =86G5
b e l o w z e r o =86G5 =C;O
b e l o w h i s s u r n a m e ?V4 9>3> ?@V728I5<
b e h i n d 70, ?>704C
b e h i n d t h e h o u s e 70 1C48=:><
b e f o r e
i n f r o n t o f ?5@54, =02?@>B8
b e f o r e ( i n f r o n t o f ) t h e h o s t e l =02?@>B8 3C@B>68B:C
b e t w e e n <V6
b e t w e e n t w o b u i l d i n g s <V6 42><0 1C48=:0<8
b e t w e e n o u r u n i v e r s i t i e s <V6 =0H8<8 C=V25@A8B5B0<8
( c o u n t r i e s ) ( :@0W=0<8)
a l o n g 274>26
a l o n g t h e r o a d 274>26 4>@>38
a l o n g t h e w a l l 274>26 ABV=8
a r o u n d =02:>;>
a r o u n d t h e h o s t e l =02:>;> 3C@B>68B:0
i n s i d e 2 ( 2A5@548=V, 2 ?@8<VI5==V)
i n s i d e t h e h o u s e 2 ( 2A5@548=V) 1C48=:C
o u t s i d e ?>70, =042>@V ( =5 2 ?@8<VI5==V) , =07>2=V
o u t s i d e t h e h o u s e =042>@V, ?>70 1C48=:><.
@89<5==8:8 =0?@O<:C @CEC
t o 4> ( 2) , =0 =0?@O<>: @CEC 4> G>3>AL 01> 4> :>3>AL
t o t h e l i b r a r y 4> 1V1;V>B5:8
t o t h e f o r e s t 4> ;VAC
t o w o r k =0 @>1>BC
;5: I g o h o m e / 94C 4>4><C ( 157 ?@89<5==8:0)
f r o m 7 ( 7V) , 2V4 =0?@O<>: @CEC 2V4 :>3>AL 01> 2V4 G>3>AL
f r o m t h e v i l l a g e 7 A5;0
f r o m L v i v 7V L2>20
t h e l e t t e r f r o m m y f r i e n d ;8AB 2V4 <>3> 4@C30
i n t o 2 ( 4>) =0?@O<>: @CEC 2 A5@548=C G>3>AL
t o c o m e i n t o t h e r o o m 709B8 4> :V<=0B8
t o p u t i n t o t h e b a g ( b o x ) ?>:;0AB8 2 ?>@BD5;L ( :>@>1:C)
o u t o f 7 ( 7 A5@548=8) =0?@O<>: @CEC 7 A5@548=8 =07>2=V
g o o u t o f t h e r o o m 289B8 7 :V<=0B8
t a k e t h e b o o k o u t o f t h e b a g 4VAB0B8 :=86:C 7 ?>@BD5;O
a c r o s s G5@57 =0?@O<>: @CEC G5@57 I>AL ( ?5@5AVG5==O)
a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t G5@57 4>@>3C
a c r o s s t h e r i v e r G5@57 @VG:C
t h r o u g h G5@57, :@V7L, C =0?@O<>: @CEC :@V7L I>AL
t o g o t h r o u g h t h e t u n n e l WE0B8 G5@57 BC=5;L
t o l o o k t h r o u g h t h e w i n d o w 4828B8AO C 2V:=> ( G5@57 2V:=>)
u p 225@E, 23>@C
t o g o u p t h e h i l l VB8 ( WE0B8) 23>@C
t o g o u p t h e r i v e r VB8 ( WE0B8) 23>@C ?> @VFV
d o w n 2=87, 7
t o g o d o w n t h e h i l l VB8 ( WE0B8) 2=87 V7 3>@8
t o g o d o w n t h e r i v e r VB8 ( WE0B8) 2=87 ?> @VGFV
@89<5==8:8 G0AC:
a t >, 2 26820TBLAO 7 3>48=0<8 B0 C 45O:8E A;>2>A?>;CG5==OE
a t 9 o c l o c k > 9 3>48=V
a t n i g h t 2=>GV
a t t h a t t i m e 2 B>9 G0A, B>4V
o n 2 26820TBLAO 7 4=O<8 B86=O, 7 40B0<8
o n S u n d a y 2 =54V;N
o n t h e 1 s t o f S e p t e m b e r ?5@H>3> 25@5A=O
i n 2, G5@57 26820TBLAO 7 @>:0<8, <VAOFO<8, ?>@0<8 @>:C, 4=O, 4;O ?>7=0G5==O ?5@V>4C, G0AC, G5@57 O:89 1C45 28:>=0=0 4VO:
i n 1 9 8 6 2 1 9 8 6 @>FV
i n O c t o b e r C 6>2B=V
i n s u m m e r 2;VB:C
i n t h e e v e n i n g 225G5@V
i n a n h o u r ( a w e e k ) G5@57 3>48=C ( B8645=L)
i n a y e a r ( m o n t h ) G5@57 @V: ( <VAOFL)
b y 4> 2:07CT =0 B5@<V=, 4> O:>3> 1C45 28:>=0=0 4VO
b y t h e e v e n i n g 4> 25G>@0
b y t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r 4> :V=FO @>:C
b y 5 o c l o c k 4> ? OB>W 3>48=8
s i n c e 7 2:07CT =0 ?>G0B>: 4VW, O:0 B@820T 2 <><5=B <>2;5==O
s i n c e l a s t y e a r 7 <8=C;>3> @>:C
s i n c e m o r n i n g 7 @0=:C
s i n c e 9 o c l o c k 7 452 OB>W 3>48=8
f r o m 7 2:07CT =0 ?>G0B>: 4VW, O:0 265 70:V=G8;0AO; G0AB> 26820TBLAO 7 ?@89<5==8:0<8 t i l l ( u n t i l ) 01> t o .
t i l l 4> 2:07CT =0 G0A 70:V=G5==O 4VW
f r o m 7 t i l l 9 o c l o c k 7 AL><>W 4> 452 OB>W 3>48=8
f r o m m o r n i n g t i l l n i g h t 7 @0=:C 4> =>GV
f o r ?@>BO3><, =0 2:07CT =0 B5, O: 4>23> 2V41C20TBLAO 4VO 01> B5@<V= 4VW
f o r 5 y e a r s ?@>BO3>< ? OB8 @>:V2
t o g o f o r a w e e k ?>WE0B8 =0 B8645=L
b e f o r e 4>, ?5@54 2:07CT =0 B5, I> 4VO 2V41C20TBLAO @0=VH5 V=H>W 4VW ( ?>4VW) 01> 4> O:>3>AL G0AC
b e f o r e b r e a k f a s t ?5@54 ( 4>) A=V40=:><
b e f o r e 1 1 o c l o c k 4> >48=04FOB>W 3>48=8
a f t e r ?VA;O 2:07CT =0 B5, I> 4VO 2V41C20TBLAO ?V7=VH5 V=H>W 4VW 01> G0AC
a f t e r d i n n e r ?VA;O >1V4C
a f t e r 7 o c l o c k ?VA;O AL><>W 3>48=8
d u r i n g ?V4 G0A, ?@>BO3><
d u r i n g 2 y e a r s ?@>BO3>< 42>E @>:V2
d u r i n g t h e m e e t i n g ?V4 G0A 71>@V2
d u r i n g t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n ?V4 G0A @>7<>28
5O:V V=HV ?@89<5==8:8
w i t h 7 2:07CT =0 B5, I> 4VO 28:>=CTBLAO @07>< 7 :8<>AL 01> 70 4>?><>3>N G>3>AL
w i t h m y f r i e n d ( @07><) 7 <>W< B>20@8H5<
t o w r i t e w i t h a p e n ?8A0B8 @CG:>N
w i t h o u t 157 2:07CT =0 2V4ACB=VBL :>3>AL 01> G>3>AL
w i t h o u t d i c t i o n a r y 157 A;>2=8:0
w i t h o u t h i s b r o t h e r 157 9>3> 1@0B0
f o r 4;O, 70
i t s f o r h e r F5 4;O =5W
t h a n k y o u f o r y o u r h e l p 4O:CN 70 4>?><>3C
6820TBLAO C 28@070E:
f o r e v e r =0702648
f o r e x a m p l e =0?@8:;04
f o r t h e f i r s t ( l a s t ) t i m e 2?5@H5 ( 2 >AB0==T)
a b o u t ?@>, ?@81;87=>, 1V;O
t h e t e x t a b o u t a g r i c u l t u r e B5:AB ?@> AV;LAL:5 3>A?>40@AB2>
a b o u t 1 0 o c l o c k ?@81;87=> > 45AOBV9 3>48=V
a b o u t 5 0 0 s t u d e n t s 1;87L:> ? OBA>B ABC45=BV2
a g a i n s t ?@>B8
a g a i n s t t h e w a r ?@>B8 2V9=8
a m o n g A5@54, <V6
t h e f r i e n d s h i p a m o n g p e o p l e 4@C610 <V6 ;N4L<8
a m o n g t h e i r t h i n g s A5@54 WE=VE @5G59
b y 2 A?>;CG5==V 7 V<5==8:>< 2V4?>2V40T >@C4=><C 2V4<V=:C 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V, 2:07CT =0 28:>=02FO 4VW ( 2 @5G5==V <>65 =5 ?5@5:;040B8AO)
T h e b o o k i s w r i t t e n :=86:0 =0?8A0=0
b y J . L o n d o n 65:>< >=4>=><
5O:V 4VTA;>20 B0 28@078 ?>B@51CNBL 26820==O ?VA;O A515 ?52=8E ?@89<5==8:V2:
t o p r e p a r e f o r 3>BC20B8AL 4>
t o d e p e n d o n 70;560B8 2V4
t o l a u g h a t A<VOB8AL 7
t o l i s t e n t o A;CE0B8 :>3>AL / I>AL
t o w a i t f o r G5:0B8 :>3>AL / I>AL
t o a s k f o r ?>?@>A8B8 I>AL
t o b e l o n g t o =0;560B8 :><CAL / 4> G>3>AL
t o l e a v e f o r 2V4 W6460B8 4>
t o c o n s i s t o f A:;040B8AL 7
t o b e a f r a i d o f 1>OB8AL :>3>AL / G>3>AL
t o t r a n s l a t e i n t o ?5@5:;040B8 =0
t o d i v i d e i n t o ?>4V;8B8 =0
t o s p e a k t o 3>2>@8B8 7 :8<>AL
t o b e f o n d o f ;N18B8 I>AL, 70E>?;N20B8AL G8<>AL
t o b e a n g r e e w i t h 1CB8 A5@48B8< =0
t o b e s u r e o f 1CB8 2?52=5=8< C
5O:V 4VTA;>20 26820NBLAO 7 @V7=8<8 ?@89<5==8:0<8 V <0NBL @V7=V 7=0G5==O:
t o l o o k a t 4828B8AL =0
t o l o k f o r HC:0B8 :>3>AL / I>AL
t o l o o k a f t e r 4>3;O40B8 70
;5 T V B0:V 4VTA;>20, O:V =5 ?>B@51CNBL 26820==O ?VA;O A515 ?@89<5==8:0, E>G0 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V 2V4?>2V4=V 4VTA;>20 26820NBLAO 7 ?@89<5==8:0<8:
t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s 2V4?>2V40B8 =0 ?8B0==O
t o e n t e r t h e r o o m C2V9B8 4> :V<=0B8
t o m e e t s o m e b o d y 7CAB@VG0B8AL ( 7=09><8B8AL) 7
t o f o l l o w s o m e b o d y 9B8 70 :8<>AL ( A;V4><)
t o m a r r y s o m e b o d y >4@C68B8AL 7 :8<>AL
t o a d d r e s s s o m e b o d y 725@B0B8AL 4> :>3>AL
t o i n f l u e n c e s m t h . / s m b 2?;820B8 =0 I>AL/ :>3>AL
5O:V ?@89<5==8:8 2E>4OBL 4> A:;04C A;>2>A?>;CG5=L:
a t l a s t =0@5HBV f o r e x a m p l e =0?@8:;04
i n v a i n 40@5<=> f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e 2?5@H5
f o r e v e r =0702648 i n g e n e r a l 27030;V
a t o n c e 2V4@07C i n t i m e 2G0A=>
b y h e a r t =0?0< OBL o n f o o t ?VH:8
b y t h e w a y <V6 V=H8< u p - t o - d a t e ACG0A=89
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O:
1 ) 02:>;> =0H>3> C=V25@A8B5BC T ;VA.
2 ) 0E>4L 4> :V<=0B8!
3 ) 5@520 @>ABCBL 274>26 4>@>38.
4 ) VA;O ;5:FVW 2AV ABC45=B8 289H;8 7 0C48B>@VW.
5 ) 0HV 70=OBBO ?>G8=0NBLAO > 8 . 3 0 .
6 ) 8 =5 <>65<> ?5@5:;0AB8 B5:AB 157 A;>2=8:0.
@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: V<5==8:V2
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V V<5==8:8 <0NBL 420 2V4<V=:8: 7030;L=89 ( t h e C o m m o n C a s e ) V ?@8A2V9=89 ( t h e P o s s e s s i v e C a s e ) . <5==8: 2 7030;L=><C 2V4<V=:C =5 <0T A?5FV0;L=8E 70:V=G5=L. /:I> B0:89 V<5==8: ( 157 ?@89<5==8:0) AB>WBL ?5@54 ?@8AC4:><, B> 2V= 28:>=CT 2 @5G5==V @>;L ?V4<5B0 V 2V4?>2V40T V<5==8:C 2 =0782=><C 2V4<V=:C 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V.
T h e s t u d e n t s l i v e i n t h e h o s t e l . !BC45=B8 682CBL 2 3C@B>68B:C.
M y f r i e n d i s a f a r m e r . V9 4@C3 D5@<5@.
/:I> V<5==8: 2 7030;L=><C 2V4<V=:C 26820TBLAO 7 ?@89<5==8:0<8, B> B0:8< G8=>< 28@060NBLAO 2V4=>H5==8O <V6 V<5==8:0<8, O:V 2V4?>2V40NBL @V7=8< 2V4<V=:0< 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V ( :@V< =0702=>3>) .
@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: V<5==8:V2 28@060T =0;56=VABL ?@54<5B0 :><CAL ( G><CAL) 01> 9>3> 2V4=>H5==O 4> V=H>3> ?@54<5B0.
<5==8: C ?@8A2V9=><C 2V4<V=:C, O: ?@028;>, AB>WBL ?5@54 V=H8< V<5==8:>< V T >7=0G5==O< 4> =L>3>, 2V4?>2V40NG8 =0 ?8B0==O G89? G8O? G8T? G8W? ( w h o s e ? ) . 0 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C ?@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: 70728G09 ?5@5:;040TBLAO @>4>28< 2V4<V=:><:
J o h n s f a m i l y @>48=0 6>=0
s i s t e r s n a m e V< O A5AB@8
# ?@8A2V9=><C 2V4<V=:C 26820NBLAO 2 >A=>2=><C V<5==8:8, I> T =0720<8 6828E VAB>B ( ;N48=8 G8 B20@8=8) :
g i r l s b o o k s :=86:8 4V2G8=8
c a t s n o s e =VA :>B0
=>4V ?@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: <>6CBL CB2>@N20B8 V<5==8:8, I> >7=0G0NBL G0A, 2V4AB0=L, =072C :@0W=8, <VAB0, ?;0=5B8 B0 45O:V V=HV:
t o d a y s n e w s p a p e r AL>3>4=VH=O 3075B0
U k r a i n e s p o p u l a t i o n =0A5;5==O #:@0W=8
s u n s r a y s ?@><5=V A>=FO
@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: V<5==8:V2 CB2>@NTBLAO 4>4020==O< 0?>AB@>D0 B0 70:V=G5==O s 4> V<5==8:0 C D>@<V >4=8=8, 0 C D>@<V <=>68=V ?VA;O 70:V=G5==O - s . /:I> V<5==8: C D>@<V <=>68=8 =5 <0T 70:V=G5==O s , B> ?@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: CB2>@NTBLAO 4>4020==O< s , O: C V<5==8:V2 2 >4=8=V:
b o y s d o g s A>10:8 E;>?FV2
c h i l d r e n s b o o k s :=86:8 4VB59
w o m e n s b a g s AC<:8 6V=>:
/:I> V<5==8: 28@060T =0;56=VABL G>3>AL =5682V9 VAB>BV, B> 70<VABL ?@8A2V9=>3> 2V4<V=:0 <>65 26820B8AL V<5==8: 7 ?@89<5==8:>< o f :
t h e w i n d o w o f t h e r o o m 2V:=> :V<=0B8
t h e r o o m s o f t h e h o s t e l :V<=0B8 3C@B>68B:C
2 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T A : U K R A I N E
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
i n d e p e n d e n t =570;56=89
p o p u l a t i o n =0A5;5==O
u r b a n <VAL:89
t o w n s h i p <VAB5G:>, A5;8I5
f l a t @V2=8==89
t o c o v e r 2:@820B8
m o d e r a t e ?><V@=89
n u m e r o u s 1030B>G8A5;L=89
k i n d 284
c o a l 2C3V;;O
i r o n 70;V7>
o r e @C40
o i l =0DB0
m a n g a n e s e <0@30=5FL
b r a n c h 30;C7L
e n t e r p r i s e ?V4?@8T<AB2>
f e r t i l e @>4NG89
m i l d < O:89, ?><V@=89
f a v o u r a b l e A?@8OB;8289, ?@840B=89
s c i e n c e =0C:0
e s t a b l i s h m e n t 70:;04
c o n t r i b u t i o n 2=5A>:
f a m o u s 2V4><V
d i s c o v e r y 2V4:@8BBO
i n v e n t i o n 28=0EV4
c o m m u n i t y A?V2B>20@8AB2>, A?V24@C6=VABL
t o b e s i t u a t e d 1CB8 @>7B0H>20=8<
b o r d e r s o n <56CT 7
i s w a s h e d b y ><820TBLAO
c i t y - l i k e <VAL:>3> B8?C
p e t r o c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y =0DB>EV<VG=0 ?@><8A;>2VABL
l i g h t i n d u s t r y ;53:0 ?@><8A;>2VABL
h i g h l y - d e v e l o p e d 28A>:> @>728=5=89
c o n s u m e r g o o d s A?>682GV B>20@8
s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h =0C:>2>- 4>A;V4=89
T E X T A : U K R A I N E
U k r a i n e i s a n i n d e p e n d e n t d e m o c r a t i c s t a t e . I t i s s i t u a t e d i n t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n p a r t o f E u r o p e . T h e a r e a o f U k r a i n e i s 6 0 3 , 7 0 0 s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s . I t s p o p u l a t i o n i s a b o u t 5 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e . T h e r e a r e 2 4 administrative regions and the Republic of the Crimea in Ukraine.
Ukraine borders on Russia, Byelarus, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Roumania. Its territory is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. There are more than 130 rivers in Ukraine. The largest of them are the Dnipro, the Dniester, the Southern Bug and others.
Most of Ukraines population is urban. About 70% of people live in cities and towns. There are over 400 cities and 900 city-like townships in the country. The largest cities of Ukraine are: Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Odesa, Lviv and others.
Most of the territory of Ukraine is flat. But some parts of the country are covered with mountains and hills. The Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains make up 5% of its area.
The climate of Ukraine is moderate-continental and only on the southern cost of the Crimea it is sub-tropical.
The flora and the fauna of Ukraine are very rich and numerous. Many kinds of animals and birds live in its territory.
Ukraine is an industrial and agricultural country. It is rich in coal, iron ore, natural gas, oil, manganese ore and other mineral resources.
The main branches of industry in Ukraine are: metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, light and food industries. Ukraine has a highly-developed energetic industry, many ship-building enterprises. Ukraine produces planes, computers, modern instruments, electronic microscopes, chemical and consumer goods.
Agriculture is also a very important branch of Ukrainian economy. Fertile black soil and mild climate are favourable for the development of agriculture.
Ukraine is a country of developed science and education. There are a lot of scientific-research institutes and educational establishments in Ukraine. Our scientists make a great contribution to world science and many of them are famous for their discoveries and inventions.
Ukraine is one of the members of the United Nations Organization, European Community and many other international organizations.
#" "
1 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:><C G0AV V O:>N D>@<>N ( AB0=40@B=>N G8 =5AB0=40@B=>N) 28@065=V 4VTA;>20 2 B5:ABV:
T h e w o r d C o s s a c k m e a n t a f r e e a n d i n d e p e n d e n t m a n . T h e f i r s t n e w s a b o u t t h e m d a t e f r o m t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y . T h e y w e r e e n g a g e d i n f i s h i n g , h unting, bee-keeping and building settlements. In the 16th century the Cossacks united in a single military organization. They built the first permanent fortress, the Zaporizhian Sich. They defended the Southern Ukraine from Polish landlords and Tatars. They played an important role in the history of Ukraine.
2 . #B2>@VBL D>@<8 ?@>AB>3> <8=C;>3> G0AC 2V4 B0:8E 4VTA;V2:
T o h a v e , t o f e e d , t o c o m e , t o t h i n k , t o r e a d , t o s e e , t o s p e a k , t o p l o u g h , t o l i v e , t o w r i t e , t o s o w .
3 . >AB02B5 4VTA;>20 2 4C6:0E C 2V4?>2V4=C G0A>2C D>@<C:
1 . K i e v a n r u l e r s ( t o b e ) u s u a l l y w e ll-educated men.
2. Prince Vsevolod who (to rule) in the 11th century (to speak) five languages fluently.
3. With the blue-and-yellow flag for many years the trident (to symbolize) the aspirations of the Ukrainian people for freedom and independence.
4. In 1992 after the restoration of Ukrainian independence the Supreme Council of Ukraine (to accept) the trident as the main element of the official emblem of our state.
5. Bohdan Hmelnytsky (to know) six languages. He (to have) great knowledge of histor y , g e o g r a p h y , l a w a n d o t h e r s c i e n c e s .
4 . >?>2=VBL =02545=V =86G5 @5G5==O:
1 . U k r a i n e i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s t a t e .
2 . I t i s s i t u a t e d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
3 . T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4 . I t b o r d e r s o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
5 . U k r a i n e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y t h e b l a c k S e a t h e S e a o f A z o v .
6 . T h e c l i m a t e o f U k r a i n e i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
7 . U k r a i n e i s r i c h i n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
8 . T h e m a i n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o f i n d u s t r y a r e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
9 . U k r a i n e p r o d u c e s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
1 0 . O u r s c i e n t i s t s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t o w o r l d s c i e n c e .
5 . >:06VBL =0 35>3@0DVG=V9 :0@BV ACAV4V2 #:@0W=8.
6 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4L =0 70?8B0==O 4> B5<8 U k r a i n e
1 . W h a t i s t h e a r e a o f U k r a i n e ?
2 . W h a t i s t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f U k r a i n e ?
3 . W h a t c o u n t r i e s d o e s U k r a i n e b o r d e r o n ?
4 . W h a t a r e t h e m a i n b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y i n U k r a i n e ?
5 . W h a t a r e t h e l a r g e s t c i t i e s o f U k r a i n e ?
6 . W h a t r a w m a t e r i a l s i s U k r a i n e r i c h i n ?
7 . W h a t a r e t h e l a r g e s t r i v e r s o f U k r a i n e ?
8 . W h a t a r e t h e f l o r a a n d t h e f a u n a o f U k r a i n e ?
9 . W h a t d i d o u r s c i e n t i s t s d o f o r t h e w o r l d s c i e n c e ?
1 0 . W h y i s U k r a i n e a n a g r i c u l t u r a l c o u n t r y ?
V0;>3
J o u r n a l i s t : M a y I a s k y o u a f e w q u e s t i o n s ?
P h i l i p : N o p r o b l e m . Y o u a r e w e l c o m e .
J o u r n a l i s t : H a v e y o u e v e r b e e n t o U k r a i n e b e f o r e ?
P h i l i p : N o , I h a v e n t .
J o u r n a l i s t : A f t e r a m o n t h i n U k r a i n e , w h a t a r e y o u r i m p r e s s i o n s o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d p e o p l e ?
P h i l i p : O h , t h e t r i p w a s v e r y e x c i t i n g , i n f o r m a t i v e a n d n e v e r d u l l a m o m e n t . E v e r y o n e w 5 v e m e t h a s b e e n f r i e n d l y a n d n i c e .
J o u r n a l i s t : D o y o u f e e l t h a t i t s p o s s i b l e t o g e t t o k n o w t h e r e a l U k r a i n e i n s u c h a s h o r t t i m e ?
P h i l i p : O f c o u r s e . W e v e v i s i t e d s o m a n y places of interest, had many pleasant meetings with farmers and students, industrial workers and public figures.
Journalist: But tell me, what cities and towns have you been already to?
Philip: Ive already visited Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkiv, Lviv, Poltava, Chernihiv. Now we are going to Zaporizhya.
Journalist: Its very exciting. This place is closely connected with the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for their freedom.
Philip: Its so interesting.
Journalist: And what struck you most of all in this co u n t r y ?
P h i l i p : U k r a i n i a n p e o p l e , t h e i r h o s p i t a b i l i t y . T h e y a r e s o e n t h u s i a s t i c . T h a t s w h y I b e l i e v e i n t h e f u t u r e o f t h i s c o u n t r y .
! !" "
1 . 815@VBL ?@028;L=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20.
1 . M r . G r a y ( g o e s , g o , w e n t ) t o w o r k b y c a r y e s t e r d a y .
2 . I ( got up, get up, gets up) early last Monday.
3. The children (to play, played, plays) in the yard 2 hours ago.
4. His sister (finished, finishes, finish) school in 2008.
5. Our classes (begin, began, begun) at 10.05 yesterday.
6. We (study, studed, studied) English at school.
2. >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 4VTA;>20 C D>@<V <8=C;>3> =5>7=0G5=>3> G0AC. 25@=VBL C203C =0 >A>1;82>ABV CB2>@5==O ?8B0;L=8E V 70?5@5G=8E @5G5=L.
1 . W e ( t o h a v e ) 4 c l a s s e a s y e s t e r d a y .
2 . K a t e ( t o c o m e ) 2 0 m i n u t e s a g o .
3 . H e ( n o t t o t r a n s l a t e ) t h e t e x t l a s t S u n d a y .
4 . O u r t e a c h e r ( t o h e l p ) u s t o d o t h e e x e r c i s e .
5 . T h e s t u d e n t s ( t o w r i t e ) t h e t e s t y e s t e r d a y ?
6 . T h e f a r m e r s ( t o w o r k ) h a r d l a s t s u m m e r .
7 . Y o u ( t o d o ) y o u r h o m e w o r k ?
8 . M y p a r e n t s ( n o t t o t e l l ) m e a b o u t i t l a s t t i m e .
3 . #B2>@VBL ?8B0;L=V ( 7030;L=V ?8B0==O) V 70?5@5G=V @5G5==O. > @5G5=L 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 ?>AB02B5 2AV <>6;82V A?5FV0;L=V ?8B0==O.
1 . I s a w m y f r i e n d 2 w e e k s a g o .
2 . T h e s t u d e n t a n s w e r e d t h e q u e s t i o n .
3 . T h e y t o o k m a n y b o o k s f r o m t h e l i b r a r y .
4 . W e b e c a m e s t u d e n t s i n S e p t e m b e r .
5 . H e p l a y e d f o o t b a l l w i t h u s l a s t n i g h t .
6 . A n n g a v e m e h e r n e w d i c t i o n a r y .
4 . AB02B5 ?@89<5==8:8 B0<, 45 =5>1EV4=>:
I v a n F r a n k o , a g r e a t U k r a i n i a n p o e t , p u b l i c l e a d e r a n d s c h o l a r , w a s b o r n & A u g u s t 1 8 5 6 & a f a m i l y & a r u r a l s m i t h & t h e v i l l a g e . . . N a g u y e v i c h i & t h e Carpathian Mountains. However, Franko never was a writer Galicia alone. He stands next Taras Shevchenko Ukrainian poetry. The earliest prehistoric camp found Ukraine belongs the Early Paleolithic period. As Slavs proper, they are mentioned Pliny the Elder and Tacius the first century A.D. Ukraine consists many administrative regions. The capital Ukraine is Kyiv. 1982 Kyiv marked its 1500th anniversary.
5. >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 2V4?>2V4=89 ?@89<5==8:.
1 . L e t s g o f o r a w a l k ( & ) S u n d a y .
2 . T h i s t e x t i s ( & ) U k r a i n e .
3 . I u s u a l l y g e t u p e a r l y ( & ) t h e m o r n i n g . 4 . O u r c l a s s e s b e g i n ( & ) 8 . 3 0 .
5 . H i s s i s t e r w a s b o r n ( & ) 1 9 9 7 .
6 . W e m u s t s l e e p ( & ) n i g h t .
7. The students go () the library after classes.
8. There are three books () the desk.
9. The pupils always stand () when the teacher comes () the class.
10. The students () the university study many subjects.
(On, at, into, of, in, about, to, for, up)
6. 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 @V7=V D>@<8 CB2>@5==O ?@8A2V9=>3> 2V4<V=:C V<5==8:V2. >OA=VBL G><C 2 45O:8E @5G5==OE ?@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: =5 26820TBLAO:
1 . M y m o t h e r s n a m e i s O l e n a .
2 . P e t e s f r i e n d i s a f a r m e r .
3 . T h i s b o y s b a l l i s n e w .
4 . The windows of this room are big.
5. Your childrens books are interesting.
6. Tom and Anns parents live in Lviv.
7. The library of our university is in the building number four.
8. Our teachers hair is dark.
9. Students hostel is not far from the university.
10. His dogs nose is black.
11. Teachers room is large.
12. These girls dresses are nice.
13. The students answer was good.
14. We are students of the university.
7. 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O =0 0=3;V9AL:C <>2C, 26820NG8 ?@8A2V9=89 2V4<V=>: 45 ?>B@V1=>.
1 . >1>B0 <>3> 10BL:0 4C65 FV:020.
2 . CE0 =0H>W :VH:8 <0;5=L:V.
3 . 25@V FVTW :V<=0B8 1V;V.
4 . ;VB:C 2V= 6825 2 1C48=:C 9>3> 10BL:V2.
5 . 0 45@520E 1030B> ?B0H8=8E 3=V74.
6 . 0B8 "5BO=8 ;V:0@.
7 . &5 ABC45=B8 =0H>W 3@C?8.
8 . >:068 <5=V D>B> B2>WE 4@C7V2.
9 . 3@0H:8 4VB59 C OI8:C.
1 0 . =830 28:;040G0 =0 AB>;V.
1 1 . !B>@V=:8 :=86:8 6>2BV.
8 . 5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
#:@0W=0 >4=0 7 45@602 70A=>2=8FL @30=V70FVW 1 T4=0=8E 0FV9. #:@0W=0 >4=0 7 =091V;LH8E :@0W= 2@>?8. #:@0W=0 T @V2=>?@02=8< CG0A=8:>< <V6=0@>4=>3> A?V;:C20==O, 0:B82=> A?@8OT 7<VF=5==N <8@C V <V6=0@>4=>W 157?5:8. :>=><VG=89 ?>B5=FV0; #:@0W=8 4>A8BL 7=0G=89. #:@0W=0 <>65 ?8H0B8AL A2>TN =0C:>N, :C;LBC@>N 9 ;VB5@0BC@>N. #:@0W=0 709<0T B5@8B>@VN 6 0 3 7 0 0 :204@0B=8E :V;><5B@V2. 04@0 #:@0W=8 1030BV =0 :0< O=5 2C3V;;O, 70;V7=C @C4C, <0@30=5FL, 1C4V25;L=V <0B5@V0;8 B0 V=HV :>@8A=V :>?0;8=8.
9 . >AB02B5 70?8B0==O 4> ?V4:@5A;5=8E A;V2:
U k r a i n e h a s a long and hard history.
The Verkhovna Rada adopted the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine on July 16, 1990.
The national emblem of Ukraine is a gold trident on a blue background.
The plant symbol of Kalyna is associated with rebirth, the Universe, the Sun, the Moon and stars.
The berries of kalyna symbolize blood and immortality.
10. >7:06VBL ?@>:
1 . 35>3@0DVG=5 ?>;>65==O #:@0W=8;
2 . =0A5;5==O B0 <VAB0;
3 . :;V<0B, D;>@C V D0C=C;
4 . >A=>2=V 30;C7V ?@><8A;>2>ABV #:@0W=8;
5 . =0C:C B0 >A2VBC 2 #:@0W=V.
1 1 . !:;04VBL 4V0;>3 70 B5:AB>< U k r a i n e .
1 2 . 815@VBL ?@89<5==8:, O:89 A;V4 268B8 2 @5G5==V.
1 ) W e h a v e o u r E n g l i s h c l a s s e s ( i n , o n , a t ) M o n d a y s .
2 ) I a m s i t t i n g ( o n , i n , a t ) t h e d e s k .
3 ) T o m a t o e s d o n o t g r o w ( i n , o n , a t ) t h e N o r t h .
4 ) T h e y w i l l c o m e ( i n , o n , a t ) 2 0 m i n u t e s .
5 ) P e t e g o e s ( i n , t o , a t ) t h e l i b r a r y e v e r y d a y .
6 ) S h e g o t t w o l e t t e r s ( t o , w i t h , f r o m ) h e r f r i e n d .
1 3 . @>G8B09B5 B5:AB B . !:;04VBL @>7?>2V4L ?@> #:@0W=C B0 WW AB>;8FN.
T E X T B : K Y I V
K y i v i s t h e c a p i t a l o f U k r a i n e , i t s p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c , s c i e n t i f i c , i n d u s t r i a l a n d c u l t u r a l c e n t r e . T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f K y i v i s a b o u t 3 million. It is one of the largest and oldest cities in Europe. Kyiv is situated on the banks of the Dnipro river. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. One half of its territory is occupied by parks and gardens.
Kyiv is an ancient city (it is more than 1500 years old) therefore there are many places of historic interest and monuments in it: the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Golden Gate, the St. Sophias Cathedral, the monuments to Prince Volodymyr, Bogdan Khmelnytski and others.
Kyiv is well known industrial centre. Its numerous enterprises produce planes, excavators, ships, computers, motorcycles, TV-sets, chemical, textile and all kinds of consumer goods. Many of them are known all over the world.
Cultural life of the city is rich and varied. There are many museums, monuments, theatres in the capital.
Kyiv is the centre of education and science. The Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is here. There are a lot of scientific-research institutes, universities, colleges, institutes, gymnasiums and lyce u m s i n i t . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e : T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y , K y i v - M o h y l a A c a d e m y , P o l y t e c h n i c U n i v e r s i t y a n d o t h e r s .
T h e c e n t r a l s t r e e t o f K y i v i s K h r e s h c h a t y k . I t i s n o t v e r y l o n g b u t v e r y i m p r e s s i v e .
1 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
1 . W h e n w a s K y i v f o u n d e d ?
2 . W h a t i s t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e c a p i t a l ?
3 . W h e r e i s K y i v s i t u a t e d ?
4 . W h a t h i s t o r i c a l p l a c e s o f K y i v d o y o u k n o w ?
5 . W h a t m o n u m e n t s a r e t h e r e i n t h e c i t y ?
6 . W h y i s K y i v c a l l e d t h e i n d u s t r i a l c e n t e r ?
7 . W h a t a r e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n K y i v ?
8 . W h a t i s t h e m a i n s t r e e t o f K y i v ?
2 . @>G8B09B5 V ?5@5:;04VBL ?@8A;V2 O B0 =0254VBL WE C:@0W=AL:V 2V4?>2V4=8:8:
1 . S o m a n y m e n , s o m a n y m i n d s .
2 . H e t h a t n e v e r c l i m b e d n e v e r f e l l .
3 . E a s t o r W e s t h o m e i s b e s t .
3 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T C : S O I L
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
s u r f a c e [ s : f i s ] ?>25@E=O
l a y e r [ l e i ] H0@, ?;0AB
e a r t h [ : ] 75<;O, ACH0, 75<=0 :C;O
r e s o u r c e s [ r i s T: s ] @5AC@A8
t o s u p p o r t [ s p T: t ] ?V4B@8<C20B8, 4>?><030B8
m a n k i n d [ m n k a i n d ] ;N4AB2>
m i x t u r e [ m i k s t ] AC<VH
p a r t i c l e [ p a : t i k l ] G0AB:0
t o d e p e n d ( o n ) [ d i p e n d ] 70;560B8 ( 2V4)
c o n t i n u o u s [ k n t i n j u s ] 157?5@5@2=89
t o c o n t a i n [ k n t e i n ] <VAB8B8 2 A>1V
g r a v e l [ g r v ( ) l ] 3@02V9
s a n d [ s n d ] ?VA>:
s i l t [ s i l t ] <C;, 4@V1=>75<
c l a y [ k l e i ] 3;8=0
t e x t u r e [ t e k s t ] 1C4>20, A:;04
l o a m [ l u m ] 68@=0 3;8=0
s a n d y l o a m [ s n d i l u m ] AC?VA>:
e s s e n t i a l [ i s e n ( ) l ] >A=>2=89, 3>;>2=89
n i t r o g e n [ n a i t r n ] 07>B
p h o s p h o r u s [ f Ts f ( ) r a s ] D>AD>@
p o t a s s i u m [ p t s j m ] :0;V9
c a l c i u m [ k l s i m ] :0;LF89
m a g n e s i u m [ m g n i z i m ] <03=V9
s u l p h u r [ s l f ] AV@:0
q u a n t i t y [ k w Tn t i t i ] :V;L:VABL
k i n d [ k a i n d ] 284, B8?
c e r t a i n [ s : t ( ) n ] ?52=89
d e f i c i e n t [ d i f i ( ) n t ] ?>7102;5==89, =54>AB0B=V9
l a c k [ l k ] =54>AB0G0, 2V4ACB=VABL
p r o p e r [ p r Tp ] ?@028;L=89, =5>1EV4=89
l a n d p l a n t s @>A;8=8, I> @>ABCBL =0 ACHV
p l a n t l i f e 68BBO @>A;8=8
l i v i n g f o r m 682V D>@<8
v e g e t a b l e l i f e @>A;8==5 68BBO
i s u s e d 28:>@8AB>2CTBLAO
T E X T C : S O I L
S o i l i s t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r o f t h e e a r t h o n w h i c h l a n d p l a n t s g r o w . I t i s a n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e t h a t s u p p o r t s p l a n t l i f e . S o i l p l a y s a v e r y i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e l i f e o f t h e w o r l d a n d m a n k i n d . I t i s a h i g h l y o r g a n i z e d p h y s i c a l , chemical and biological complex.
Soil is a mixture of particles of rock, organic materials, living forms, air and water. All of us depend on it. As a supporter of vegetable life, the soil provides food for animals and people.
The growth and development of agricultural crops depend on the fertility of the soil, continuous supply of water, heat, light and air.
No soil is perfectly fertile. If we want to have high yields of crops we must have a fertile soil. If the soil is poor we must apply fertilizers.
The size of mineral particles of soil is different. Soil contains gravel, sand, silt and clay. Six major texture groups are: sand, sandy loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam and clay. Some good clay and loamy soils are naturally highly fertile. Some light sandy soils are naturally poor. Man uses different soils in different ways. Good soil is used for growing crops. Poor soil is used as forest land.
Soils may be of different colours: from white to black, but the most common colours are red, yellow and brown. Dark coloured soils are more productive than light-coloured ones1.
Soils contain almost all chemical elements. Eleven of them are essential for plant growth. The most important are: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur. Plants take them from the soil in large quantity.
Some soils are rich in all kinds of plant food. Some are rich in certain elements but deficient in others. Poor growth and general appearance of the plants show lack of certain elements. Farmers study the so i l a n d a p p l y n e c e s s a r y f e r t i l i z e r s .
T h e u s e o f f e r t i l i z e r s i n p r o p e r a m o u n t a n d a t t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e t i m e m a y i n c r e a s e y i e l d s g r e a t l y .
N o t e : o n e s A;>2>- 70<V==8: V<5==8:0 s o i l s .
4 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h a t i s s o i l ?
W h a t d o e s s o i l s u p p o r t ?
W h a t does soil provide for animals and people?
What do the growth and development of crops depend on?
What must people do to have high yields of crops?
What does soil contain?
What soils are naturally fertile?
How does man use different soils?
What are the most common colours of the soil?
What chemical elements in the soil are essential for plant growth?
5 . 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O:
s u r f a c e l a y e r , l a n d p l a n t s , n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e , s u p p o r t s , m i x t u r e o f p a r t i c l e s , t o d e p e n d o n , v e g e t a b l e l i f e , p r o v i d e s .
6 . =094VBL 2 B5:ABV V<5==8:8, CB2>@5=V 2V4 ?>40=8E A;V2 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE:
t o g r o w , t o d e v e l o p , f e r t i l e , t o s u p p l y , s a n d y , l o a m y , a g r i c u l t u r a l , n a t u r a l l y , c o l o u r e d , t o g r o w , t o u s e .
7 . 0:V=GVBL @5G5==O 73V4=> 7V 7<VAB>< B5:ABC:
I f t h e s o i l i s p o o r & .
I t i s a h i g h l y o r g a n i s e d & .
T h e g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p s & .
S i x m a j o r t e x t u r e groups are: .
Farmers study the soil and .
Time for Fun
M o t h e r: Stop using those bad words.
S o n: Shakespeare uses them.
M o t h e r: Well, dont play with him any more.
Do you know why the little chickens come out of the eggs, dear?
Of course, I do. They know theyd get boiled if they stayed in.
#@>: 5
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
A G R I C U L T U R E I N U K R A I N E
<VAB C@>:C:
1 . 5:A8G=0 B5<0: A g r i c u l t u r e i n U k r a i n e
2 . C ;>2>B2>@5==O: ACDV:A i z e .
3 . @0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: 091CB=V9 =5>7=0G5=89 G0A ( F u t u r e I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e ) . 0:07>289 A?>AV1. !?>;CG=8:.
4 . "5:AB: !R O P P I N G S Y S T E M .
C ;>2>B2>@5==O
!CDV:A i z e CB2>@NT 4VTA;>20 2V4 ?@8:<5B=8:V2 l o c a l <VAF5289 t o l o c a l i z e ;>:0;V7C20B8, d r a m a t i c 4@0<0B8G=89 t o d r a m a t i z e 4@0<0B87C20B8, e q u a l @V2=89 t o e q u a l i z e 28@V2=N20B8.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . > O:>W G0AB8=8 <>28 2V4=>AOBLAO B0:V A;>20? 5@5:;04VBL WE.
N a t i o n a l i z e , u t i l i z e , s y s t e m i z e , d r a m a t i z e , r e a l i z e .
2 . #B2>@VBL 4VTA;>20 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 i z e :
E q u a l , s p e c i a l , s y s t e m a t i c , o r g a n i c , d r a m a t i c , r e a l .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
091CB=V9 =5>7=0G5=89 G0A ( F u t u r e I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e )
F u t u r e I n d e f i n i t e ( S i m p l e ) T e n s e 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O >4=>@07>2>W, 1030B>@07>2>W 4VW 01> @O4C ?>A;V4>2=8E 4V9 C <091CB=L><C. 6820TBLAO 7 B0:8<8 >1AB028=0<8 G0AC: t o m o r r o w 702B@0, t h e d a y a f t e r t o m o r r o w ?VA;O702B@0, n e x t S u n d a y , ( n e x t w e e k , m o n t h , y e a r ) =0ABC?=>W =54V;V ( =0ABC?=>3> B86=O, <VAOFO, @>:C) , i n a y e a r ( m o n t h , w e e k ) G5@57 @V: ( <VAOFL, B8645=L) .
N e x t s u m m e r P e t e r w i l l g o 0ABC?=>3> ;VB0 5B@> ?>W45
t o L o n d o n . 4> >=4>=0.
T h e y w i l l h a v e t h e l e c t u r e o n 02B@0 C =8E 1C45 ;5:FVO 7
E c o n o m i c s t o m o r r o w . 5:>=><VG=>W B5>@VW.
#AV B@8 D>@<8 ( AB25@46C20;L=0, 70?5@5G=0 V ?8B0;L=0) ?@>AB>3> <091CB=L>3> G0AC CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 w i l l 4;O 2AVE >AV1 >4=8=8 9 <=>68=8 B0 V=DV=VB820 >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20 157 G0AB:8 t o . ( A>1;82> F5 AB>ACTBLAO A m e r i c a n E h g l i s h ) .
@8<VB:0: C 45O:8E @09>=0E 5;8:>W @8B0=VW 4;O CB2>@5==O ?@>AB>3> <091CB=L>3> G0AC C 1 - 9 >A>1V >4=8=8 28:>@8AB>2CNBL 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> s h a l l .
CA=><C <>2;5==V 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> w i l l ( s h a l l ) G0AB> A:>@>GCTBLAO 4> D>@<8 l l , O:0 4>40TBLAO 4> ?V4<5B0:
S h e l l c o m e b a c k v e r y s o o n . >=0 ?>25@=5BLAO 4C65 A:>@>.
I l l s t u d y P h i l o s o p h y n e x t y e a r . / 282G0B8<C DV;>A>DVN
=0ABC?=>3> @>:C.
# ?8B0;L=V9 D>@<V ?@>AB>3> <091CB=L>3> G0AC 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> 26820TBLAO ?5@54 ?V4<5B><:
W i l l t h e y h e l p u s t o m o r r o w ? >=8 4>?><>6CBL =0< 702B@0?
# ?8B0;L=8E @5G5==OE C 1 - 9 >A>1V >4=8=8 B0 <=>68=8 V ?@8 2V4?>2V4V =0 ?8B0==O 4VTA;>2> s h a l l , O: ?@028;>, 26820TBLAO C 7=0G5==V <CA8BL , B@510 :
S h a l l w e ( I ) g o t o t h e 0< ( <5=V) B@510 VB8 4>
U n i v e r s i t y o n S u n d a y ? C=V25@A8B5BC 2 =54V;N?
>@>B:0 AB25@46C20;L=0 2V4?>2V4L =0 ?8B0==O 2 ?@>AB><C <091CB=L><C G0AV A:;040TBLAO V7 709<5==8:0, O:89 26820TBLAO 70<VABL ?V4<5B0, B0 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20:
S h a l l w e s p e a k E n g l i s h ? 0< B@510 @>7<>2;OB8 0=3;V9AL:>N?
Y e s , w e s h a l l . "0:.
W i l l t h e y g e t u p a t 6 >=8 2AB0=CBL 702B@0
t o m o r r o w ? > H>ABV9?
Y e s , t h e y w i l l . "0:.
# :>@>B:V9 70?5@5G=V9 2V4?>2V4V ?VA;O 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 26820TBLAO 70?5@5G=0 G0AB:0 n o t :
S h a l l w e d o a l l t h e s e 0< B@510 @>18B8 2AV
e x e r c i s e s ? FV 2?@028?
N o , w e s h a l l n o t ( s h a n t ) . V.
# 70?5@5G=V9 D>@<V ?@>AB>3> <091CB=L>3> G0AC ?VA;O 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 w i l l ( O:5 AB028BLAO ?VA;O ?V4<5B0) , 26820TBLAO 70?5@5G=0 G0AB:0 n o t :
T h e y w i l l n o t l e a v e t h e c i t y >=8 =5 ?>W4CBL 7 <VAB0 2
i n J u n e . G5@2=V.
'0AB:0 n o t 2 CA=><C <>2;5==V G0AB> 7;820TBLAO 7 w i l l , CB2>@NNG8 D>@<C w o n t :
H e w o n t t r a n s l a t e t h i s V= =5 ?5@5:;040B8<5 FL>3>
t e x t . B5:ABC.
@>AB89 <091CB=V9 G0A =5 26820TBLAO C ?V4@O4=8E @5G5==OE G0AC 9 C<>28. 0<VABL =L>3> 26820TBLAO ?@>AB89 B5?5@VH=V9 G0A, ?@>B5 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N ?@8AC4>: ?5@5:;040TBLAO 2 <091CB=L><C G0AV: V4@O4=V @5G5==O G0AC ?>G8=0NBLAO A?>;CG=8:0<8 w h e n :>;8, a f t e r ?VA;O B>3> O:, b e f o r e 4> B>3> O:, a s s o o n a s O: BV;L:8 B0 V=. V4@O4=V @5G5==O C<>28 ?>G8=0NBLAO A?>;CG=8:0<8 i f O:I>, u n l e s s O:I> =5 :
W h e n h e c o m e s w e w i l l >;8 2V= ?@8945, <8 7@>18<>
d o t h i s w o r k . FN @>1>BC.
T h e y w i l l g o t o t h e f o r e s t >=8 ?V4CBL 4> ;VAC, O:I>
i f t h e w e a t h e r i s f i n e . ?>3>40 1C45 30@=>N.
=0G5==O <091CB=L>3> G0AC G0AB> ?5@540TBLAO A;>2>A?>;CG5==O< t o b e g o i n g t o :
S h e i s g o i n g t o l a u g h . 0@07 2>=0 70A<VTBLAO.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . /:C >1AB028=C G0AC A;V4 268B8 C @5G5==V S h e l l t a k e t h i s t e x t b o o k f r o m t h e l i b r a r y ?
1 ) e v e r y d a y ; 2 ) l a s t m o n t h ; 3 ) n e x t w e e k ; 4 ) y e s t e r d a y .
2 . #B2>@VBL D>@<C ?@>AB>3> <091CB=L>3> G0AC C B0:8E @5G5==OE:
1 . N i c k g e t s g o o d a n d e x c e l l e n t m a r k s .
2 . T h e y b u y a n e w T V s e t .
3 . S h e c o m e s t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y a t 8 . 3 0 .
4 . J a n e s p e a k s U k r a i n i a n v e r y w e l l .
5 . I u n d e r s t a n d t h i s g r a m m a r r u l e p e r f e c t l y .
3 . /:5 7 @5G5=L T 70?5@5G=8<?
1 . V i c t o r w i l l t a k e t h e c o m p u t e r h o m e .
2 . W i l l y o u s p e a k G e r m a n ?
3 . T h e y w o n t g o t o t h e U S A i n s u m m e r .
4 . /:C :>@>B:C 70?5@5G=C 2V4?>2V4L A;V4 40B8 =0 ?8B0==O: W i l l y o u t a k e t h i s b o o k ?
1 . Y e s , I s h a l l . 2 . N o , I w o n t . 3 . N o , I w i l l . 4 . Y e s , w e w i l l .
0:07>289 A?>AV1
0:07>289 A?>AV1 28A;>2;NT ?@>E0==O, =0:07, A?>=C:0==O 4> 4VW, ?>@04C B>I>. 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V =0:07>289 A?>AV1 <0T ;8H5 >4=C D>@<C ( 725@B0==O 4> CO2=>W 4@C3>W >A>18 >4=8=8 V <=>68=8) . 5@5:;04 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N 70;568BL 2V4 A8BC0FVW:
T r a n s l a t e , p l e a s e ! 5@5:;048 / ?5@5:;04VBL, 1C4L ;0A:0.
!B25@46C20;L=0 D>@<0 =0:07>2>3> A?>A>1C CB2>@NTBLAO 2V4 =5>7=0G5=>W D>@<8 4VTA;>20 157 G0AB:8 t o :
t o g o G o ! 48! / 4VBL!
t o a n s w e r A n s w e r ! V4?>2V409! / V4?>2V409B5!
t o h e l p H e l p ! >?><>68! / >?><>6VBL!
0?5@5G=0 D>@<0 =0:07>2>3> A?>A>1C CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 d o , 70?5@5G=>W G0AB:8 n o t ( d o n o t ) B0 =5>7=0G5=>W D>@<8 4VTA;>20 157 G0AB:8 t o . @>7<>2=V9 <>2V 70728G09 26820TBLAO A:>@>G5=0 D>@<0 d o n t :
D o n t t a k e ! 5 15@8! / 5 15@VBL!
D o n t c l o s e ! 5 70G8=O9! / 5 70G8=O9B5!
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V VA=CT I5 >4=0 D>@<0 =0:07>2>3> A?>A>1C, I> CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4VTA;>20 t o l e t ( 4>72>;OB8) 157 G0AB:8 t o , 709<5==8:0 2 >1 T:B82=><C 2V4<V=:C ( G8 V<5==8:0 2 7030;L=><C 2V<V=:C) B0 V=DV=8B820 4VTA;>20 157 G0AB:8 t o .
L e t m e g o o u t ! >72>;LB5 <5=V 289B8!
L e t h i m ( h e r , t h e m ) 5Ea 9 2V= ( 2>=0, 2>=8) 7@>18BL
d o t h i s w o r k ! FN @>1>BC.
L e t T o m ( t h e b o y ) r e a d . 5E09 ">< ( E;>?5FL) G8B0T.
L e t u s g o f o r a w a l k . 0209B5 ?V45< =0 ?@>3C;O=:C.
( %>4V<> =0 ?@>3C;O=:C) .
0?5@5G=0 D>@<0 CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N d o n o t ( d o n t ) :
D o n t l e t t h e m c o m e i n . 5E09 2>=8 =5 70E>4OBL.
D o n t l e t h e r o p e n t h e d o o r . 5E09 2>=0 =5 2V4G8=OT 425@V.
%0@0:B5@=8< 4;O 0=3;V9AL:>W <>28 T 28@065==O ?@>E0==O 2 ?8B0;L=V9 D>@<V. 5@5:;040NBLAO B0:V 28@078 AB25@46C20;L=8<8 @5G5==O<8:
W i l l y o u c l o s e t h e d o o r , p l e a s e ? 0:@89B5, 1C4L ;0A:0, 425@V.
C o m e i n , w i l l y o u ? 0E>4LB5, 1C4L ;0A:0.
!?>;CG=8:
!?>;CG=8:8 26820NBLAO 4;O 7 T4=0==O G;5=V2 @5G5==O V @5G5=L.
0 D>@<>N A?>;CG=8:8 ?>4V;ONBLAO =0:
?@>ABV: a n d , b u t , t h a t , i f , o r B0 V=.
A:;04=V: u n t i l , h o w e v e r , u n l e s s , t h e r e f o r e B0 V=.
A:;045=V: a s w e l l a s , i n o t h e r t o , a s w e l l a s , s o t h a t B0 V=.
5O:V A:;045=V A?>;CG=8:8 ?0@=V. >=8 @>7?040NBLAO =0 42V G0AB8=8, <V6 =8<8 AB>OBL V=HV A;>20:
b o t h & a n d O:& B0: V; n o t o n l y & b u t a l s o =5 BV;L:8& 0;5 9, e i t h e r & o r 01>& 01>, n e i t h e r & n o r =V& =V.
0 3@0<0B8G=8<8 DC=:FVO<8 A?>;CG=8:8 ?>4V;ONBLAO =0:
AC@O4=V ( O:V 7 T4=CNBL >4=>@V4=V G;5=8 @5G5==O 01> =570;56=V ?@>ABV @5G5==O) ,
?V4@O4=V ( O:V 7 T4=CNBL ?V4@O4=V @5G5==O 7 3>;>2=8<) .
!C@O4=V A?>;CG=8:8:
a n d V, B0; b u t 0;5; o r 01>, G8; t h a n =V6; a s w e l l a s B0: A0<>, O: V; y e t ?@>B5; s t i l l 2A5 6; f o r >A:V;L:8; t h u s B0:8< G8=>< B0 V=.
V4@O4=V A?>;CG=8:8:
t h a t I>; i f O:I>; a s B><C I>, >A:V;L:8; w h e n :>;8; t h o u g h E>G0; b e c a u s e B><C I> B0 V=.
5 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T A : A G R I C U L T U R E I N U K R A I N E
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
c o m f o r t a b l e 7@CG=89
f a v o u r a b l e A?@8OB;8289
t e m p e r a t e ?><V@=89
s o i l 3@C=B
w e a l t h 1030BAB2>
a r a b l e >@=89
c r o p AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:0 :C;LBC@0
b r a n c h 30;C7L
f e r t i l e @>4NG89
s u i t a b l e ?@840B=89, 2V4?>2V4=89
t o g r o w @>AB8, 28@>IC20B8
s u c c e s s f u l l y CA?VH=>
s u g a r b e e t FC:@>289 1C@O:
g r a i n s 75@=>2V :C;LBC@8
b u c k w h e a t 3@5G:0
w h e a t ?H5=8FO
r y e 68B>
b a r l e y OG<V=L
o a t s >25A
m a i z e :C:C@C470
m i l l e t ?@>A>
s u n f l o w e r A>=OH=8:
f l a x ;L>=
c a r r o t <>@:20
c a b b a g e :0?CAB0
c u c u m b e r s >3V@:8
o n i o n F81C;O
g a r l i c G0A=8:
i r r i g a t i o n 7@>HC20==O
r i c e @8A
p e p p e r ?5@5FL
w a t e r - m e l o n :02C=
b e r r y O3>40
t o n e e d ?>B@51C20B8
m o i s t u r e 2>;>30
a p r i c o t 01@8:>A
p e a c h ?5@A8:
s m a l l f r u i t s O3>48
g o a t :>70, F0?
p o u l t r y A. - 3. ?B8FO
h e n :C@:0
t u r k e y V=48G:0, V=48:
o s t r i c h AB@0CA
t o f a v o u r A?@8OB8
t o p r o c e s s ?5@5@>1;OB8
4 6 . d u e t o 7024O:8
4 7 . a d e q u a t e r a i n f a l l 4>AB0B=O :V;L:VABL >?04V2
4 8 . c r o p g r o w i n g @>A;8==8FB2>
a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y B20@8==8FB2>
i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s B5E=VG=V @>A;8=8
f o d d e r p l a n t s :>@<>2V @>A;8=8
s u g a r p r o d u c t i o n 28@>1=8FB2> FC:@C
v e g e t a b l e c r o p s >2>G52V :C;LBC@8
a r e g r o w n 28@>ICNBLAO
d a i r y c a t t l e <>;>G=0 EC4>10
p e d i g r e e c a t t l e ?;5<V==0 EC4>10
a r e r a i s e d @>72>4OBLAO, 28@>ICNBLAO
t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y ?> 2AV9 :@0W=V
f i s h f a r m i n g @81=8FB2>
b e e - k e e p i n g 146V;L=8FB2>
r a w m a t e r i a l s A8@>28=0
T EXT A: AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE
Due to comfortable geographical position, favourable temperate climate, adequate rainfall and good soil Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural country.
Land is the main wealth of Ukraine. Arable land makes 42 million hectares. There are two main branches of agriculture. They are crop growing and animal husbandry. Now crop growing is a highly developed branch of agriculture. The soil is the basis of agriculture. The fertile soil and warm climate of Ukraine are suitable for growing different crops. Thats why Ukraine is the most important producer of sugar beets, grains, industrial and fodder plants, buckwheat, vegetables, fruit, grapes. It is the centre of sugar production.
The main grain crops are: wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, millet. The most important industrial crops are: sugar beet, sunflower, flax.
About 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in Ukraine: potatoes, beet, carrot, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, onion, garlic and others. Irrigation is used in the southern regions. Due to large-scale irrigation systems such crops as rice, pepper, water-melons, fruit, berries and grapes are successfully grown there. Rice needs a lot of moisture. Such fruit as apples, pears, plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, small fruits and berries are grown in the orchards in our country.
Animal husbandry is a large component of agriculture. The most productive pedigree and dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and poultry (hens, geese, ducks, turkeys and even ostriches) are raised throughout the country, especially around all big cities. The abundance of fodder plants favours the development of animal husbandry in Ukraine. Fish farming is growing in importance. Bee-keeping is practised too. Ukraine has a well-developed industry processing agricultural raw materials.
#" "
1 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
1 . W h y i s U k r a i n e a n a g r i c u l t u r a l c o u n t r y ?
2 . W h a t i s t h e m a i n w e a l t h o f t h e c o u n t r y ?
3 . W h a t a r e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t b r a n c h e s o f U k r a i n i a n a g r i c u l t u r e ?
4 . W h a t g r a i n c r o p s a r e g r o w n i n U k r a i n e ?
5 . W h a t a r e the most important industrial crops?
6.What vegetable crops are grown in our country ?
7.What fruit are grown in the orchards?
8. What farm animals are raised in Ukraine?
9. What favors the development of animal husbandry in Ukraine?
10. Are fish-farming and bee-keeping practised in Ukraine?
2. 5@5:;04VBL A;>20 157 A;>2=8:0. 072VBL AE>6V A;>20 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V:
c o m f o r t a b l e , g e o g r a p h i c a l , p o s i t i o n , c l i m a t e , f r u i t , i n d u s t r i a l , p r o d u c t i o n , t o m a t o e s .
3 . =094VBL 2 B5:ABV V ?5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O, 2 O:8E 3>2>@8BLAO ?@>:
1 . >@=V 75<;V #:@0W=8;
2 . :>@<>2V @>A;8=8;
3 . 28@>1=8FB2> FC:@C;
4 . 28@>IC20==O :02C=V2.
4 . !:06VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
A?@8OB;8289 :;V<0B; @>4NG0 75<;O; AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:0 :@0W=0; 3>;>2=5 1030BAB2>; >2>G52V :C;LBC@8.
5 . =094VBL 2 B5:ABV 2 7=0G5==O A;>20 75<;O .
V0;>3
A : Y o u study at the National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences. What do you know about Ukrainian agriculture?
B: Ukraine has highly developed mechanized agriculture.
A: Do you know that the soil of our country is rich and fertile ?
B: Yes, there are many good arable lands in Ukraine, especially black soils.
A: What crops are grown in our country ?
B: Grain crops, industrial and fodder plants,vegetable crops and others.
A: Do the students of your faculty study all vegetable crops?
B: Yes, they do. Vegetable growing is our future speciality. I know that potatoes, beet, carrot, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers and many others are grown in our country.
A: And what about farm animals? Will you study them?
B: No, we dont. The students of Animal Science Faculty will study them. But I know that cattle, pigs, sheep,goats and poultry are raised in Ukraine.
! !" "
1 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 4VTA;>20 C D>@<V <091CB=L>3> =5>7=0G5=>3> G0AC.
1 . K a t e ( t o r e a d ) t h e t e x t t o m o r r o w .
2 . M y b r o t h e r ( t o g o ) t o t h e l i b r a r y a f t e r c l a s s e s .
3 . W e ( t o t r a n s l a t e ) t h e a r t i c l e a t t h e n e x t l e s s o n .
4 . I ( t o w i s i t ) m y g r a n d m o t h e r o n S u n d a y .
5 . H e ( t o h e l p ) y o u i n 2 0 m i n u t e s .
6 . M a r y ( t o w a t c h ) T V i n t h e e v e n i n g .
2 . #B2>@VBL ?8B0;L=V V 70?5@5G=V D>@<8 ?@>AB>3> <091CB=L>3> G0AC:
1 . T h e s t u d e n t s w i l l d i s c u s s m a n y p r o b l e m s a t t h e m e e t i n g .
2 . T h e y w i l l p l a n t v e g e t a b l e s i n t h e f i e l d n e x t s p r i n g .
3 . T h e w o m a n w i l l c l e a n t h e r o o m .
4 . T h e w o r k e r s w i l l b u i l d a n e w h o s t e l .
5 . W e w i l l f i n i s h t h i s w o r k t o m o r r o w .
3 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 4VTA;>20 C D>@<V <091CB=L>3> G8 B5?5@VH=L>3> =5>7=0G5=>3> G0AC ( =5 701C209B5 26820B8 B5?5@VH=V9 G0A 70<VABL <091CB=L>3> 2 ?V4@O4=8E @5G5==OE G0AC 9 C<>28) .
1 . W e ( t o g o ) t o t h e p a r k t o m o r r o w w h e n y o u ( t o c o m e ) .
2 . I f h e ( t o a s k ) m e I ( t o h e l p ) h i m i n t h e e v e n i n g .
3 . N e x t M o n d a y , a s s o o n a s t h e c l a s s e s ( t o f i n i s h ) t h e y ( t o g o ) t o t h e g a r d e n .
4. My mother (not to cook) dinner before I (to come) home.
5. She (to translate) the text if you (to give) her a dictionary.
6. When spring (to come) the farmers (to begin) their work in the fields.
7. If the weather (to be) fine the children (to go) for a walk.
4. >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 4VTA;>20 C 2V4?>2V4=V9 D>@<V ( B5?5@VH=L>3>, <8=C;>3> G8 <091CB=L>3> =5>7=0G5=>3> G0AC) 73V4=> ?>:07=8:0 G0AC.
W e ( t o l e a r n ) n e w E n g l i s h w o r d s e v e r y d a y .
M y s i s t e r ( t o f i n i s h ) s c h o o l t w o y e a r s a g o .
I u s u a l l y ( t o g o ) t o b e d a t 1 1 o clock.
The students (to have) their exams next month.
Helen (to do) her homework yesterday.
His girlfriend (to come) in 20 minutes.
She always (to come) in time.
Tomorrow they (to help) you to do this work.
We often (to go) to the library after classes.
Ann (to become) a student in 2009.
I (to visit) my grandmother last Sunday.
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@>A;8==8FB2> m i l l e t
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3@5G:0 s u n f l o w e r
28=>3@04 p e d i g r e e c a t t l e
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?@>A> c r o p g r o w i n g
?;5<V==0 EC4>10 a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y
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4><0H=O ?B8FO b u c k w h e a t
6 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O:
1 . #:@0W=0 >4=0 7 =091V;LH8E AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:8E :@0W=.
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T E X T B : !R O P P I N G S Y S T E M
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
a l f a l f a ;NF5@=0 a l t e r n a t i n g ?>G5@3>289, ?5@5<V==89 a n t :><0H:0 a p p r o a c h ?V4EV4 ( 4> 28@VH5==O ?@>1;5<8) a v o i d C=8:0B8 b r e a k u p ?>:V=G8B8, ?@8?8=8B8 c l o v e r :>=NH8=0 c o c k r o a c h B0@30= c o m p o s i t i o n A:;04 c r a b g r a s s @>A8G:0 :@>2 O=0; 0D@8:0=AL:5 ?@>A> d a n d e l i o n :C;L1010 d e e p - r o o t e d 3;81>:>- :>@5=52V d e n y 2V4<>2;OB8 d r y r o t ACE0 3=8;L ( E2>@>10 @>A;8=) e l i m i n a t e 7=8IC20B8, ;V:2V4C20B8 e x c e e d ?5@528IC20B8 f a v o u r AE20;N20B8, ?V4B@8<C20B8 f u n g u s ( f u n g i p l ) 3@81>:, ?;VA=O20 g e r m 10:B5@VO, <V:@>1; <V:@>>@30=V7< g r a d u a l l y ?>ABC?>2> h a r m H:>48B8 i n f e s t a t i o n 70@065==O ( ?0@078B0<8) i n s t e a d o f 70<VABL i n t e g r a t e d 2A5>1 T<=89, :><?;5:A=89, T48=89 i n t e n d f o r ?@87=0G0B8 i n v o l v e AB>AC20B8AO, 70:;NG0B8 2 A>1V, ?@82>48B8 4> l a d y b u g A>=5G:> ( :><. ) m a m m a l AA025FL m i t i g a t e ?>< O:HC20B8, 7<5=HC20B8, ?>;53HC20B8 p a t h o g e n ?0B>35==89 p l o u g h >@0B8, 1>@>7=8B8 p o i s o n o u s >B@C9=89 p r e v e n t 70?>1V30B8, =5 4>?CA:0B8, >15@V30B8 p r o f i t a b l e :>@8A=89, ?@81CB:>289, 283V4=89 p r o p e r ?@028;L=89, =0;56=89 p r o p e r t y 2;0A=VABL r a b i e s A:07 r e l i a n c e 4>2V@0 r e p e l ?@>B8AB>OB8, 2V4;O:C20B8, 2V4HB>2EC20B8 r e s i s t a n t t o ABV9:89 4> r e s t o r e 2V4=>2;N20B8 r i d o f 72V;L=OB8AO r o d e n t i c i d e @>45=B8F84 ( 70AV1 ?@>B8 3@87C=V2) r o t 3=8B8, @>7?040B8AO r o t a t i o n AV2>7<V=0 s c h e d u l e 3@0DV:, @>7:;04, ?;0= ( @>1>B8) s h a l l o w <V;:89, ?>25@E=5289 s t u n t 70B@8<C20B8 @VAB s u i t ?V4E>48B8, 2V4?>2V40B8 28<>30< t e c h n i q u e s B5E=VG=V ?@89><8, <5B>48, A?>A>18 t r a c k ?@>AB56C20B8 t y p h u s 28A8?=89 B8D
T E X T C : !R O P P I N G S Y S T E M
C r o p p i n g s y s t e m i s a m e t h o d o f g r o w i n g c r o p s a n d p r o d u c i n g h i g h y i e l d s w i t h o u t w e a k e n i n g t h e s o i l . I t i n v o l v e s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f d i f f e r e nt production techniques to provide for the best possible use of the land. In determining the crops and production methods best suited for their land, farmers must consider the composition of their soil; the slope, drainage, and erosion problems of their land; and the land's past cropping history. Such production techniques as different cultivation methods, rotation of crops, and the proper use of fertilizers and pesticides are used in different combinations to aid the farmer.
One of the oldest and most widely used ways of preserving the soil is through the rotation of crops (alternating the crops grown in a field from one year to the next). A single crop will use up vital minerals and organic matter in the soil if it is grown in the same field year after year. But different kinds of crops planted in the field on a regular schedule will replace lost minerals and organic matter and help break up plant disease and insect cycles. For example, corn takes nitrogen out of the soil, but such crops as alfalfa and clover put nitrogen into the soil. If corn is planted in a field one year, alfalfa or clover may be planted the next year to replace the nitrogen used by the corn crop. The nitrogen-producing crop can also be ploughed into the soil. When it rots, it replaces lost organic matter and enriches the soil. On sloping land, grasses and deep-rooted crops are often alternated with other crops to hold the soil in place and prevent erosion. Crop rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants.
The use of fertilizers (substances that are added to soil to help plants grow) is gradually replacing the crop rotation system as a means of producing the most profitable crops year after year while still keeping soil fertile. Farmers use various kinds of fertilizers to help produce abundant crops.
Nitrogen fertilizers and other fertilizers can restore lost minerals to soil. When these fertilizers are added, and the proper cultivation and pest control methods are used, the same crop can be planted year after year without harming the soil.
Other developments that aid the farmer include chemical pesticides that kill harmful insects, weeds, and micro-organisms.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or USEPA) defines a pesticide as "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest ".
A pesticide may be a chemical substance or biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria) used against pests including insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property and spread diseases. Pesticides are usually, but not always, poisonous to humans.
Pest control is a term that identifies various methods used to reduce or eliminate pests. Any living thing that kills plants or stunts their growth, carries disease, or is harmful in other ways may be considered a pest. Pests include insects, weeds, mammals, pathogens (disease-causing micro-organisms), and nematodes (microscopic roundworms). The two major pest control methods are (1) pesticides, chemicals used to kill pests, and (2) natural pest control, which uses various preventive measures instead of chemicals. Many pest control experts favour a diverse approach called integrated pest management, which combines pesticides and natural control methods.
Pesticides are classified according to the pests they control. The four main types of pesticides are (1) herbicides, (2) fungicides, (3) rodenticides, and (4) insecticides.
Herbicides eliminate plants that grow where they are not wanted. Farmers use them to reduce weeds among their crops. Herbicides also control weeds in such public areas as parks and ponds. People use herbicides in their yards to get rid of crab grass, dandelions, and other weeds.
Fungicides. Certain fungi cause disease and may infect both plants and animals, including human beings. Fungicides control plant diseases that infect food crops. Wood used for building houses is often treated with fungicides to prevent dry rot.
Rodenticides are used to control rats and other rodents that destroy stored food. Rats also carry bacteria that cause such diseases as rabies and typhus.
Insecticides. Farmers use insecticides to protect their crops from insect damage. In urban areas, public health officials use them to fight mosquitoes and other insects that carry germs. People use insecticides indoors to control such pests as ants and cockroaches.
Effects of pesticide use. Pests may develop resistance to pesticides so that higher dosages need to be used over time. Eventually pesticides can become ineffective, so there is a constant need to create new pesticides. More than 600 species of plant and animal pests have been found to be resistant to at least one type of pesticide.
Pesticides are poisons that can have unintended effects on people and on the environment. Wind or rain can carry herbicides from weeds to desirable plant species, such as trees and flowers. Insecticides kill beneficial insects, such as honey bees and ladybugs.
People used chemical pesticides for many years without realizing their harmful effects on humans and the environment. In 1962, American marine biologist Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring to call public attention to pesticide dangers. The book helped to reduce pesticide use throughout the world.
Natural pest control helps avoid pest attacks without the use of chemical pesticides. Pest managers often use biological control methods, such as encouraging a pest's natural enemies.
Integrated pest management, also known as IPM, has largely replaced reliance on pesticides as an approach to pest control. IPM combines a limited use of chemical pesticides with natural control methods. Pest managers track levels of pest infestation and apply pesticides only when they will produce the greatest benefits. They use natural control measures until the cost of not controlling a pest exceeds the cost of applying a pesticide.
______________
From World Book "Pest control" by Mike Linker, P h . D . , I n t e g r a t e d P e s t M a n a g e m e n t C o o r d i n a t o r , D e p a r t m e n t o f C r o p S c i e n c e a n d E n t o m o l o g y , N o r t h C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
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1 ) n a t u r a l p e s t c o n t r o l m e t h o d s a ) g r o w i n g o f t h e s a m e k i n d o f c r o p s 2 ) d e e p - r o o t e d p l antsb) poor soil3) rotation of cropsc) useful effects on4) to use up vital minerals in the soil d) pest insects5) fertile soile) chemicals used to kill pests6) harmful effects onf) to restore lost minerals to soil7) beneficial insectsg) shallow-rooted plants
V415@VBL 287=0G5==O 4> =0ABC?=8E B5@<V=V2:
1 . C r o p p i n g s y s t e m i s a n y s u b s t a n c e o r m i x t u r e o f s u b s t a n c e s i n t e n d e d f o r p r e v e n t i n g , d e s t r o y i n g , r e p e l l i n g , o r m i t i g a t i n g a n y p e s t . R o t a t i o n o f c r o p s i s a d i v e r s e a p p r o a c h w h i c h c o m b i n e s p e s t i c i d e s a n d n a t u r al control methods.Pesticideis a method of growing crops and producing high yields without weakening the soil.Pest controlare disease-causing micro-organisms.Pathogensis one of the most widely used ways of preserving the soil by alternating the crops grown in a field from one year to the next. Integrated pest managementis a term that identifies various methods used to reduce or eliminate pests.
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C r o p p i n g s y s t e m i s & m e t h o d & g r o w i n g c r o p s a n d p r o d u c i n g h i g h y i e l d s & w e a k e n i n g & s o i l .
I t i n v o l v e s & c o m b i n a t i o n & d i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t o p r o v i d e & & b e s t p o s s i b l e u s e & t he land.
One of oldest and most widely used ways preserving soil is the rotation of crops.
single crop will use up vital minerals and organic matter in soil if it is grown same field year year.
nitrogen-producing crop can also be ploughed soil.
use fertilizers is gradually replacing crop rotation system as means producing most profitable crops year year while still keeping soil fertile.
4. 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h a t i s a c r o p p i n g s y s t e m m e t h o d c o n c e r n e d w i t h ?
W h a t m u s t f a r m e r s c o n s i d e r b e f o r e g r o w i n g c r o p s ?
W h a t t h e m a i n c u l t i v a t i o n m e t h o d s d o y o u k n o w ?
W h a t i s t h e o l d e s t a n d m o s t w i d e l y u s e d w a y o f p r e s e r v i n g t h e s o i l ?
C a n c r o p r o t ation improve soil fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants?
Is a pesticide a chemical substance or biological agent?
Are pesticides very poisonous to humans?
What are two main pest control methods?
What four main types of pesticides do you know?
Which of them reduces weeds?
Which kind of pesticides controls fungi diseases?
What natural pest control methods do farmers often use?
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T E X T B :
T i m e f o r F u n
O n a R a i n y D a y
T h e w e a t h e r w a s b a d y e s t e r d a y . I t b e g a n t o r a i n e a r l y i n t h e m o r n i n g . W e h a d f i v e u m b r e l l a s a t h o m e , b u t w h e n I w a n t e d t o t a k e one, I saw they were all broken. I decided to take all the five umbrellas to the umbrella-maker. So I took them there and said, Ill be back for my umbrellas on my way in the evening.
In the afternoon I went to have lunch. I entered the cafe, sat down at the table and began to eat. After a few minutes a young lady came in and sat down at the table. I finished my lunch, got up and took her umbrella by mistake.But she said, This is not your umbrella. Its mine. I saw my mistake and said, Oh, excuse me, its yours, of course. Im very sorry. Thats all right, she answered laughing.
In the evening I went to the umbrella-maker and took all my five umbrellas. Then I bought a newspaper and got on a bus. The young lady was on that bus, too. She looked at my five umbrellas and said, Not a bad day for you, eh?
Notes: umbrella-maker <09AB5@ 7 @5<>=BC ?0@0A>;L; d e c i d e d 28@VH82; b y m i s t a k e ?><8;:>2>.
O N R E C E I V I N G G U E S T S
W i l l i e w a s i n v i t e d t o a p a r t y , w h e r e , o f c o u r s e , t h e r e w e r e m a n y r e f r e s h m e n t s .
T h e h o s t e s s s a i d : W o n t y o u h a v e s o m e t h i n g m o r e , W i l l i e ?
N o , t h a n k y o u , r e p l i e d W i l l i e , w i t h a n e x p r e s s i o n o f g r e a t s a t i s f a c t i o n , I m f u l l .
W e l l , t h e n , s m i l e d t h e h o s t e s s , p u t s o m e f r u i t a n d c a k e s i n y o u r p o c k e t s t o e a t o n y o u r w a y h o m e .
N o , t h a n k y o u , c a m e W i l l i e s q u i c k a n s w e r , t h e y r e f u l l , t o o .
N o t e s : r e f r e s h m e n t s =0W4:8; h o s t e s s - - 3>A?>48=O; w i t h a n e x p r e s s i o n o f g r e a t s a t i s f a c t i o n 7 28@07>< ?>2=>3> 704>2>;5==O.
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N A T I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y O F L I F E A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L S C I E N C E S
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!;>2>B2>@5==O: !CDV:A8 ?@8:<5B=8:V2 i c , - f u l , - l e s s , - y .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: @8:<5B=8:. !BC?5=V ?>@V2=O==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2 V ?@8A;V2=8:V2. >40;L=VABL V <>40;L=V 4VTA;>20.
4 . "5:AB: A G R A R I A N R E F O R M I N T H E W O R L D A N D U K R A I N E : A C H I E V E M E N T S A N D M I S C A L C U L A T I O N S .
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u s e :>@8ABL u s e f u l :>@8A=89;
p o w e r 2;040 p o w e r f u l 2;04=89.
2 . !CDV:A ?@8:<5B=8:V2 l e s s CB2>@NT 2V4 V<5==8:V2 ?@8:<5B=8:8, O:V 28@060NBL 2V4ACB=VABL O:>ABV ?@54<5B0:
s e n s e s e n s e l e s s 1573;C7489;
c a r e Aa r e l e s s =5C206=89, =5>15@56=89.
3 . !CDV:A i c CB2>@NT 2V4 V<5==8:V2 ?@8:<5B=8:8:
e c o n o m y e c o n o m i c 5:>=><VG=89;
a t o m a t o m i c 0B><=89.
4 . !CDV:A y CB2>@NT 2V4 V<5==8:V2 ?@8:<5B=8:8, O:V 28@060NBL 2;0AB82>ABV ( E0@0:B5@8AB8:8) ?@54<5B0:
r a i n r a i n y 4>I>289
s p e e d s p e e d y H284:89
f r o s t f r o s t y <>@>7=89
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1 . V4>:@5<B5 ACDV:A8 C =02545=8E =86G5 A;>20E V ?>OA=VBL WE=T 7=0G5==O:
E n e r g e t i c , h i s t o r i c , w i n d y , d y n a m i c , w o n d e r f u l , p r i c e l e s s , s c i e n t i f i c , c l u m s y , r a i n y , e m o t i o n l e s s , o r g a n i c , w i t t y .
2 . #B2>@VBL 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2 f u l V - l e s s ?@8:<5B=8:8 2V4 =02545=8E =86G5 V<5==8:V2 V ?5@5:;04VBL WE.
C a r e , t h a n k , c h e e r , f r u i t , t a c t , h e l p , h o p e , d o u b t , c o l o u r , p o w e r .
3 . 4>30409B5AO ?@> 7=0G5==O =02545=8E =86G5 A;V2- V=B5@=0FV>=0;V7<V2:
N a t u r e , e n e r g y , c o m f o r t a b l e , s t a t u s , m i s s i o n , l e c t u r e r , i n d u s t r y , t o f o r m , t o b a l a n c e , o r g a n i c , s y s t e m a t i c , c a l c u l a t o r , r e p o r t .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
@8:<5B=8:. !BC?5=V ?>@V2=O==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2 V ?@8A;V2=8:V2
@8:<5B=8:8 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V =5 7<V=NNBLAO =V 70 G8A;0<8, =V 70 @>40<8, =V 70 2V4<V=:0<8. >=8 7<V=NNBLAO ;8H5 70 ABC?5=O<8 ?>@V2=O==O. 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V ?@8:<5B=8:8 <0NBL ?>G0B:>2C ( >A=>2=C) D>@<C, 28I89 V =0928I89 ABC?5=V ?>@V2=O==O. 5@54 =0928I8< ABC?5=5< ?>@V2=O==O 26820TBLAO >7=0G5=89 0@B8:;L t h e .
8I89 V =0928I89 ABC?5=V ?>@V2=O==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V CB2>@NNBLAO 42><0 H;OE0<8:
1 . 0 4>?><>3>N 4>4020==O 4> ?>G0B:>2>W D>@<8 >4=>A:;04>2>3> ( V=>4V 42>A:;04>2>3>) ?@8:<5B=8:0 ( ?@8A;V2=8:0) ACDV:AV2 e r B0 e s t :
@8:<5B=8:8 @8A;V2=8:8
>G0B:>20 D>@<0 t a l l e a r l y
8I89 ABC?V=L t a l l - e r e a r l i - e r
0928I89 ABC?V=L ( t h e ) t a l l - e s t e a r l i - e s t
2 . V;LHVABL ?@8:<5B=8:V2 B0 ?@8A;V2=8:V2, I> A:;040NBLAO 7 42>E 01> 1V;LH5 A:;04V2, CB2>@NNBL 28I89 B0 =0928I89 ABC?5=V 70 4>?><>3>N A;V2 m o r e V m o s t , O:V 26820NBLAO ?5@54 ?@8:<5B=8:>< 01> ?@8A;V2=8:><:
@8:<5B=8:8 @8A;V2=8:8
>G0B:>20 D>@<0 Ao m f o r t a b l e e a s i l y
8I89 ABC?V=L m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e m o r e e a s i l y
0928I89 ABC?V=L ( t h e ) m o s t c o m f o r t a b l e m o s t e a s i l y
@V< B>3>, VA=CT @O4 ?@8:<5B=8:V2 V ?@8A;V2=8:V2, O:V CB2>@NNBL ABC?5=V ?>@V2=O==O 2V4 V=H8E :>@5=V2. E A;V4 70?0< OB0B8:
8I89 ABC?V=L 0928I89 ABC?V=L
1 . g o o d 30@=89
w e l l 4>1@5 b e t t e r ( t h e ) b e s t
2 . b a d ?>30=89
b a d l y ?>30=> w o r s e ( t h e ) w o r s t
3 . l i t t l e <0;5=L:89
l i t t l e <0;> l e s s ( t h e ) l e a s t
4 . m a n y 1030B>
m u c h 1030B> m o r e m o s t
5 . f a r 40;5:89 f a r t h e r ( t h e ) f a r t h e s t
f a r 40;5:> f u r t h e r ( t h e ) f u r t h e s t
@8 ?>@V2=O==V 42>E >1 T:BV2 ( ?@54<5BV2) 7 =5>4=0:>28< ABC?5=5< O:>ABV 26820TBLAO A?>;CG=8: t h a n =V6, O:89 AB028BLAO ?VA;O ?@8:<5B=8:0 01> ?@8A;V2=8:0 C 28I><C ABC?5=V:
L o n d o n i s l a r g e r t h a n L v i v . >=4>= 1V;LH89, =V6 L2V2.
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P e t e r i s a s s k i l f u l a s N i c k . VB5@ B0:89 65 :20;VDV:>20=89, O:
V V:.
;O 70?5@5G5==O @V2=>ABV O:>AB59 42>E ?@54<5BV2 ( >1 T:BV2) 28:>@8AB>2CNBL ?0@=89 A?>;CG=8: n o t s o & a s ( =5 B0:89. . . , O: . . . ) :
T h e i r f a r m i s n o t s o b i g . E=O D5@<0 =5 B0:0 25;8:0, O:
a s o u r f a r m =0H0.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 072VBL =0928I89 ABC?V=L ?@8:<5B=8:0 g o o d :
1 ) b e s t ; 2 ) l e a s t ; 3 ) w o r s t ; 4 ) m o s t .
2 . #B2>@VBL 28I89 B0 =0928I89 ABC?V=L ?>@V2=O==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2:
H i g h , s h o r t , l o w , m o d e r n , w o n d e r f u l , c o m f o r t a b l e , r e a d a b l e , n i c e , g o o d , f a r , l i t t l e , s m a l l , i n t e r e s t i n g , e n t e r t a i n i n g .
3 . /:5 @5G5==O 2V4?>2V40T @5G5==N 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N: V i c t o r i s t h e b e s t s t u d e n t o f o u r g r o u p ?
1 . V:B>@ 30@=89 ABC45=B =0H>W 3@C?8.
2 . V:B>@ :@0I89 ABC45=B, =V6 V=HV ABC45=B8 =0H>W 3@C?8.
3 . V:B>@ =09:@0I89 ABC45=B =0H>W 3@C?8.
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
>40;L=VABL V <>40;L=V 4VTA;>20
>40;L=VABL F5 :0B53>@VO 4VTA;>20, I> 28@060T AB02;5==O <>2FO 4> 4VW, I> 2V41C20TBLAO. >40;L=VABL 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V 28@060TBLAO 4VTA;>20<8 Aa n <>3B8, c o u l d <V3 18, m a y <>3B8, <0B8 4>72V;, m i g h t <>6=0 1C;>, m u s t ?>28=5=, 7<CH5=89; s h o u l d A;V4 B0 WE 5:2V20;5=B0<8 ( 70<V==8:0<8) . VTA;>20 t o h a v e , t o b e 5:2V20;5=B8 4VTA;>20 m u s t , A?>;CG5==O t o b e a b l e 5:2V20;5=B 4VTA;>20 c a n .
@C?C <>40;L=8E 4VTA;V2 c a n , m a y , m u s t V s h o u l d >1 T4=CNBL B0:V D>@<0;L=V >7=0:8:
1 . >=8 =5 <0NBL D>@<8 V=DV=VB820, B>1B> ?5@54 =8<8 =5 26820TBLAO G0AB:0 t o >7=0:0 V=DV=VB820 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V.
2 . >=8 26820NBLAO ?5@54 V=H8<8 A<8A;>28<8 4VTA;>20<8 157 G0AB:8 t o , CB2>@NNG8, B0:8< G8=><, ?@8AC4>::
I t m a y r a i n t o d a y . !L>3>4=V <>65 ?VB8 4>I.
H e c a n s p e a k E n g l i s h . V= 2<VT @>7<>2;OB8 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N.
Y o u s h o u l d g e t t h i s t e x t b o o k . 0< A;V4 4VAB0B8 F59 ?V4@CG=8:.
3 . >40;L=V 4VTA;>20 =5 7<V=NNBLAO =V 70 >A>10<8, =V 70 G8A;0<8 V <0NBL >4=C D>@<C 4;O 2AVE >AV1 >4=8=8 B0 <=>68=8:
W e c a n r e a d E n g l i s h w e l l . 8 2<VT<> 4>1@5 G8B0B8
0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N.
l l t h e s t u d e n t s c a n s p e a k . #AV ABC45=B8 2<VNBL 3>2>@8B8
E n g l i s h . 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N.
8 B 0 ; L = 0 D>@<0 CB2>@NTBLAO ?5@5=5A5==O< <>40;L=>3> 4VTA;>20 =0 ?5@H5 <VAF5:
M u s t y o u g o t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y 8 ?>28==V 9B8 4> C=V25@A8B5BC
t o m o r r o w ? 702B@0?
# 7 0 ? 5 @ 5 G = V 9 D>@<V ?VA;O <>40;L=>3> 4VTA;>20 26820TBLAO G0AB:0 n o t . VTA;>2> c a n ?8H5BLAO @07>< 7 G0AB:>N n o t c a n n o t ; 4VTA;>2> s h o u l d 2 CA=><C <>2;5==V <0T A:>@>G5=C D>@<C s h o u l d n t .
H e l e n c a n n o t c o m e t o t h e ;5=0 =5 <>65 ?@89B8 4>
s t a t i o n t o m o r r o w . 2>:70;C 702B@0.
Y o u s h o u l d n t s m o k e s o 0< =5 20@B> B0: 1030B>
m u c h , i t w i l l d o y o u a h a r m . ?0;8B8, F5 20< 70H:>48BL.
A:V;L:8 4VTA;>20 c a n , m a y , m u s t =5 <0NBL D>@<8 V=DV=VB820, B> 2>=8 =5 <0NBL V D>@< <091CB=L>3> G0AC. VTA;>20 c a n , m a y <0NBL D>@<C <8=C;>3> G0AC c o u l d , m i g h t 2V4?>2V4=>. VTA;>2> m u s t <0T ;8H5 >4=C D>@<C, 0 B><C =5 <>65 28@060B8 G0A>2V E0@0:B5@8AB8:8. !?V22V4=5A5=VABL C G0AV 74V9A=NTBLAO C :>=B5:ABV 01> 70 4>?><>3>N 9>3> 5:2V20;5=BV2 t o b e V t o h a v e .
VTA;>2> c a n 2V4?>2V40T C:@0W=AL:><C 4VTA;>2C <>3B8 C @>7C<V==V <0B8 DV78G=C 01> @>7C<>2C A?@><>6=VABL 01> 2<V==O :
H e c a n s w i m p r e t t y w e l l . V= 4>A8BL 4>1@5 2<VT ?;020B8.
V i c t o r c a n c a r r y t h e V:B>@ <>65 ?5@5=5AB8
s u i t c a s e u p s t a i r s . 20;V7C =03>@C ( AE>40<8) .
VTA;>2> m a y 28@060T 4>72V; 01> ?@>E0==O:
Y o u m a y s p e a k U k r a i n i a n , /:I> E>G5B5, <>65B5 3>2>@8B8
i f y o u l i k e . C:@0W=AL:>N.
M a y I u s e y o u r p h o n e ? >6=0 A:>@8AB0B8AO 20H8<
B5;5D>=><?
0 B0:5 ?8B0==O <>6=0 2V4?>2VAB8: P l e a s e , d o . "0:, 1C4L ;0A:0. 01> N o , y o u c a n t . ( 01>: N o , y o u m a y n o t ) V, =5 <>6=0.
VTA;>2> m u s t 28@060T >1>2 O7>: ( =5>1EV4=VABL 28:>=0==O 4VW) :
N i c k m u s t b e a t t h e s t a t i o n 8:>;0 <CA8BL 1CB8 =0 2>:70;V
a t 8 . 0 0 . > 8 . 0 0 .
M u s t n o t 28@060T 701>@>=C:
Y o u m u s t n t s m o k e h e r e . "CB ?0;8B8 =5 <>6=0.
VTA;>2> s h o u l d 26820TBLAO =09G0ABVH5 7 >A>1>28< 709<5==8:>< 2 - W >A>18 V 28@060T @5:><5=40FVN 4> 4VW:
Y o u s h o u l d g o t o t h e l i b r a r y . 0< A;V4 ?VB8 4> 1V1;V>B5:8 ( 0< @04OBL, 1060=>, I>1 28 ?VH;8) .
>40;L=V 4VTA;>20 m u s t , m a y <>6CBL 28@060B8 ABC?V=L 9<>2V@=>ABV 28:>=0==O 4VW, ?@8G><C 4VTA;>2> m u s t 28@060T 28IC ABC?V=L 9<>2V@=>ABV ( 2V4ACB=VABL AC<=V2C) , 0 4VTA;>2> m a y <5=HC ( ?@>1;5<0B8G=VABL) . VTA;>2> m u s t C FL><C 7=0G5==V ?5@5:;040TBLAO A;>20<8 2>G5284L, ?>70 AC<=V2><, 4VTA;>2> m a y A;>20<8 <>6;82>, <>65 1CB8, 9<>2V@=>:
N a d y a m u s t b e p r e s e n t a t 04O ?>28==0 1CB8 =0 25GV@FV,
t h e p a r t y , s h e i s s u p p o s e d WW ?>28==V 2VB0B8.
t o b e c o n g r a t u l a t e d .
P e t e m a y b e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y ; >6;82>, 5B@> AL>3>4=V 2
t h e y a r e g o i n g t o h a v e a C=V25@A8B5BV; AL>3>4=V 2>=8
m e e t i n g w i t h t h e r e p r e s e n t a - 718@0NBLAO ?@>25AB8 7CAB@VG 7
t i v e o f t h e Ao m p a n y t o d a y . ?@54AB02=8:>< :><?0=VW.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . >AB02B5 @5G5==O C ?8B0;L=V9 V 70?5@5G=V9 D>@<V:
1 . N i c k m u s t w o r k h a r d t o m a s t e r E n g l i s h .
2 . Y o u s h o u l d v i s i t A n n .
3 . T h e y c a n l i f t t h i s h e a v y b a g .
4 . I m a y b e l a t e f o r t h e c o n f e r e n c e t o m o r r o w .
5 . P e t e r c a n s p e a k G e r m a n v e r y w e l l .
2 . # O:><C @5G5==V 4VTA;>2> m a y 28@060T 4>72V;?
1 . H e m a y b e 3 5 o r 3 6 n o w .
2 . H e l e n m a y g o h o m e n o w .
3 . I t m a y s n o w t o m o r r o w .
3 . # O:><C @5G5==V 4VTA;>2> m u s t 28@060T =5>1EV4=VABL?
1 . I t m u s t b e l a t e .
2 . N i c k m u s t b e a s t u d e n t .
3 . S h e m u s t s e e t h e d o c t o r , a s s h e l o o k s u n w e l l .
4 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8 2 @5G5==OE, :>@8ABCNG8AL <>40;L=8<8 A;>20<8 m a y , m u s t , s h o u l d , c a n :
1 . W h a t & I d o ? I t s i m p o s s i b l e .
2 . I t & b e r a i n i n g t o n i g h t .
3 . V i c t o r & b o r r o w t h i s j o u r n a l f r o m t h e l i b r a r y .
4 . Y o u & i m p r o v e y o u r k n o w l e d g e o f E n g l i s h .
5 . & I b o r r o w y o u r c a l c u l a t o r ?
VTA;>20 t o h a v e , t o b e T 5:2V20;5=B0<8 <>40;L=>3> 4VTA;>20 m u s t . =DV=VB82, O:89 AB028BLAO ?VA;O =8E C FL><C 28?04:C, 702648 26820TBLAO 7 G0AB:>N t o . VTA;>2> h a v e + t o + V=DV=VB82 <>65 :><?5=AC20B8 D>@<8 4VTA;>20 m u s t , 2V4ACB=V C ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C, <8=C;><C 9 <091CB=L><C G0AV:
Y o u w i l l h a v e t o c o m e l a t e r , J o h n 0< 4>2545BLAO ?@89B8 ?V7-
i s n t a t h o m e y e t . =VH5, 6>=0 I5 =5<0T 24><0.
VTA;>2> b e + t o + V=DV=VB82 >7=0G0T 7>1>2 O70=89 G5@57 O:CAL 4><>2;5=VABL 01> ?;0= . VTA;>2> t o b e O: <>40;L=5 4VTA;>2> 26820TBLAO ;8H5 C ?@>AB><C B5?5@VH=L><C V <8=C;><C G0AV:
T h e y a r e t o s t a r t a t 8 . 0 0 . >=8 <0NBL @>7?>G0B8 > 8 . 0 0 .
N i c k a n d O l y a w e r e t o m e e t 8:>;0 9 ;O ?>28==V 1C;8
a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y y e s t e r d a y . 7CAB@VB8AO 2 C=V25@A8B5BV 2G>@0.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . # O:><C @5G5==V 4VTA;>2> t o b e <0T <>40;L=5 7=0G5==O?
1 . T h e y a r e i n t h e o f f i c e n o w .
2 . A r e y o u g o i n g t o h a v e a l u n c h ?
3 . O l e g a n d I r e n e a r e t o c o m e t o t h e m e e t i n g e a r l i e r t h a n u s u a l .
2 . # O:><C @5G5==V 4VTA;>2> t o h a v e 28@060T >1>2 O7>:?
1 . B i l l h a s g o t a n e w c o m p u t e r .
2 . T h e y h a d a g o o d t i m e l a s t s u m m e r .
3 . S t e v e h a d t o s t a y a t h o m e l a s t w e e k e n d .
3 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8 C @5G5==OE <>40;L=8<8 4VTA;>20<8 01> WE 5:2V20;5=B0<8:
1 . B o r i s & t o w o r k t i l l l a t e , h e i s p r e s s e d f o r t i m e .
2 . Y o u & t o d o t h e r e s e a r c h e s l a s t y e a r ?
3 . Y o u & t o g o t o b e d , i t s t o o l a t e .
4 . P e t e r & t o c o m p l e t e t h i s t a s k t o d a y .
5 . W e & t o p a y t o o m u c h m o n e y f o r t h i s p r i n t e r .
4 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T : N A T I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y O F L I F E A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L S C I E N C E S
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
1 . l e a d i n g ?@>2V4=89
2 . w o r l d - w i d e C 2AL><C A2VBV
3 . f o u n d a t i o n 70A=C20==O, >@30=V70FVO
4 . d e p a r t m e n t 2V44V;5==O ( :0D54@0)
5 . t o t r a n s f o r m ?5@5B2>@N20B8
6 . f a c u l t y D0:C;LB5B
7 . t o c r e a t e AB2>@N20B8
8 . f o r e s t r y ;VA>3>A?>40@AL:89
9 . t o a p p e a r 7 O2;OB8AO
1 0 . t o u n i t e >1 T4=C20B8
1 1 . s i n g l e T48=89, >48=, >:@5<89
1 2 . t o j o i n ?@8T4=C20B8( AO) ,
>1 T4=C20B8( AO)
t o r e c e i v e >45@6C20B8
b e s i d e s :@V<
c a m p u s C=V25@A8B5BAL:5 <VAB5G:>
t o i n c l u d e 2:;NG0B8
l e v e l @V25=L
t o a w a r d ?@8AC46C20B8
d e g r e e ABC?V=L
j u n i o r <>;>489
b a c h e l o r 10:0;02@
m a s t e r <03VAB@
s c h o l a r 2G5=89
c o n t r i b u t i o n 2=5A>:
v a r i e t y A>@B, 284, @V7=>284
b r e e d ?>@>40
s p e c i e s 284, 2848
b r a n c h 30;C7L
a c t i v i t y 4VO;L=VABL
g r a d u a t e ( f r o m ) 70:V=GC20B8 28I89
=02G0;L=89 70:;04
n e i g h b o r i n g ACAV4=V9
b i l a t e r a l 42>AB>@>==V9
o b j e c t i v e <5B0
n o w a d a y s B5?5@, 2 =0HV 4=V
a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t 287=0==O, ?V4B25@465==O
e d u c a t i o n a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t =02G0;L=89 70:;04
f a r m m e c h a n i z a t i o n <5E0=V70FVO AV;LAL:>3>
3>A?>40@AB20
p o w e r e n g i n e e r i n g i n 5;5:B@8DV:0FVO AV;LAL:>3>
a g r i c u l t u r e 3>A?>40@AB20
l a n d s c a p e a r c h i t e c t u r e ;0=4H0DB=0 0@EVB5:BC@0
l a n d m a n a g e m e n t 75<;52?>@O4:C20==O
T E X T : N A T I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y O F L I F E A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L S C I E N C E S
N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y o f L i f e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e s i s a l e a d i n g i n s t i t u t i o n o f h i g h e r e d u c ation and one of the leaders in higher agricultural education in Ukraine and well known worldwide.
Its history begins with foundation of the Department of Agriculture at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (KPI) in 1898, which was transformed into Agricultural faculty in 1918. Kyiv Agricultural Institute was created at KPI on the bases of that faculty. Later on the Institute became the independent educational institution. Kyiv Forestry Institute appeared in 1930.
In 1954 Kyiv Agricultural Institute and Kyiv Forestry Institute were united into the single institution Ukrainian Agricultural Academy (UAA). Kyiv Veterinary Institute joined the Academy in 1957.
On the basis of Ukrainian Agricultural Academy Ukrainian State Agricultural Vlog was founded in August 1992. In 1994 it received the status of National. Besides Kyiv campus it includes a number of regional institutions.
As a higher educational establishment of the 4th level of accreditation, National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences trains specialists in different areas and specialities. More than 20 thousand students study at its 20 faculties and 6 Regional Higher Educational Establishments.
There are such faculties as: Economics, Agricultural Management, Farm Mechanization, Power Engineering in Agriculture, Forestry, Park Gardening and Landscape Architecture, Veterinary Medicine, Land Management and others.
Vlog awards the following degrees: Junior Specialist, Bachelor, Specialist, Master.
National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences scholars have made a great contribution into development of agroindustrial complex of our country. It includes: new high productive varieties and hybrids of crops, breeds, species and branches of farm animals, new environmentally friendly pesticides and insecticides, new farm machines, progressive technologies of agricultural products production etc.
National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences began its international Activities in 1950, when a group of students from China, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Bulgaria came to study to the Kyiv Agricultural Institute. Since that time more than 3000 foreign students from 89 countries all over the world have graduated from the Vlog.
In the 60s Vlog started active international co-operation with higher educational institutions of neighboring countries: Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Germany.
As a result of bilateral co-operation with Universities of the USA, Germany, Belgium and other countries our Vlog has done a lot to r e f o r m i t s a c t i v i t i e s t o w a r d s i n t e g r a t i n g i n t o w o r l d e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m a n d g e t t i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t .
N a t i o n a l A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y g o t a n e w t i t l e N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y o f L i f e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e s i n 2 0 0 9 .
V0;>3
( a t t h e N a t i o n a l Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences)
Nick: Hello, Kate! You see, the students of the Faculty of Agrobiosestem Engeneering are going to conduct the scientific conference the day after tomorrow. Can you come and participate?
Kate: Oh, I dont know. I think I will have to translate a lot from English. Its a very important article. What time is the conference to start?
Nick: At 15.00. Actually, it wont take much time, I suppose. But it is going to be the most interesting event. So you wont regret i f y o u c o m e .
K a t e : A l l r i g h t . H a v e y o u a l r e a d y p r e p a r e d y o u r r e p o r t ?
N i c k : Y e s , I h a v e .
#" "
1 . !:;04VBL @5G5==O 7 B0:8<8 <>40;L=8<8 4VTA;>20<8:
C a n , m u s t , t o h a v e t o , m a y , t o b e t o .
2 . =094VBL @5G5==O, 2 O:8E 4VTA;>20 t o b e V t o h a v e <0NBL <>40;L=5 7=0G5==O. 5@5:;04VBL FV @5G5==O.
1 . T h e s t u d e n t s o f t h e F a c u l t y o f A g r o b i o s e s t e m E n g e n e e r i n g h a v e t o p a s s a l o t o f e x a m s .
2 . H a v e y o u g o t e n o u g h t i m e t o h e l p m e w i t h t h i s t a s k ?
3 . N i c k w a s t o c o m e t o t h e p e r f o r m a n c e a t 6 p . m .
4 . T h e y w e r e p r e s e n t a t t h e s c i e n t i f i c c o n f e r e n c e l a s t M o n d a y .
5 . Y o u a r e t o f u l f i l t h i s p r o g r a m m e .
6 . S t u d e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s h a v e t o c o o p e r a t e i n t h e f i e l d o f r e s e a r c h e s .
3 . AB02B5 ?>B@V1=V ABC?5=V ?>@V2=O==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2:
1 . L o w & & .
2 . & s h o r t e r & .
3 . & & m o s t c o m f o r t a b l e .
4 . D i f f i c u l t & & .
5 . & & t h e c l o s e s t .
4 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
1 . I s N e w Y o r k l a r g e r t h a n P a r i s ?
2 . W h i c h f i l m i s t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g o n e f o r y o u ?
3 . C a n y o u n a m e t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t s u b j e c t a t y o u r U n i v e r s i t y ?
4 . W h i c h p r o b l e m o f t h e w o r l d d o y o u t h i n k i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o n e ?
5 . D o y o u k n o w E n g l i s h b e t t e r n o w t h a n y o u d i d a y e a r a g o ?
6 . W h o l i v e s n e a r e r t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y : y o u o r y o u r f r i e n d ?
5 . !:;04VBL @5G5==O 7 B0:8<8 A;>20<8 V A;>2>A?>;CG5==O<8:
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1 . A r e y o u y o u n g e r o r o l d e r t h a n y o u r f r i e n d i s ?
2 . W h o i s t h e o l d e s t i n y o u r f a m i l y ?
3 . W h i c h i s t h e l a r g e s t c i t y i n t h e w o r l d ?
4 . W h i c h i s t h e s h o r t e s t m o n t h o f t h e y e a r ?
5 . W h i c h i s t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t s u b j e c t f o r y o u ?
6 . I s E n g l i s h m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n M a t h e m a t i c s ? W h y d o y o u t h i n k s o ?
7 . W h i c h i s t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g b o o k f o r y o u ?
2 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, CB2>@82H8 28I89 G8 =0928I89 ABC?V=L ?>@V2=O==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2 V ?@8A;V2=8:V2.
1 . T h e B l a c k S e a i s ( l a r g e ) t h a n t h e S e a o f A z o v .
2 . W h i c h w a s t h e (cold) month of winter?
3. He speaks English (well) of all the students of our group.
4. This text is (interesting) than that one.
5. Who is (old): you or your brother?
6. Exercise 5 was (difficult) of all the rest.
7. I study (badly) than you. Can you help me?
8 . T h e r o o m s o f o u r h o s t e l a r e ( c o m f o r t a b l e ) t h a n i n t h e h o s t e l ! 4 .
9 . T h i s i s ( l i t t l e ) c a r i n t h e w o r l d .
1 0 . Y o u r v i l l a g e i s ( b i g ) t h a n m i n e .
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1 . C a n y o u h e l p m e ?
2 . I f t h e c h i l d i s i l l h e m u s t g o t o b e d .
3 . M a y I c o m e i n ?
4 . Y o u n e e d n o t d o t h i s w o r k n o w . W e w i l l d o i t l a t e r .
5 . T h i s p u p i l c a n t u n d e r s t a n d t h i s r u l e . I t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r h i m .
6 . S t u d e n t s m u s t c o m e t o t h e u n i v e r s i t y i n t i m e .
7 . P e t e i s i n h o s p i t a l . W e s h o u l d v i s i t h i m .
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1 . . . . y o u s p e a k F r e n c h ? N o , I &
2 . H e l e n & c o m e t o t h e s t a t i o n a t 8 . 0 0 @. m .
3 . & I u s e y o u r p h o n e ? O f c o u r s e , y o u &
4 . T h e y find this journal in the library.
5. Peter and Jane do this work very easily.
6. I take your book?
7. Everybody do morning exercises.
8. If you want to know English well you work hard.
9. She not swim when she was a child, but now she swim very well.
10. The sky is cloudy. It rain today.
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0?@8:;04: - S h e c a n n o t t r a n s l a t e t h e t e x t ( y e s t e r d a y ) .
S h e w a s n o t a b l e t o t r a n s l a t e t h e t e x t y e s t e r d a y .
1 . I m u s t p r e p a r e m y r e p o r t t o d a y .
2 . Y o u m a y t a k e t h i s b o ok to read (tomorrow).
3. Mike can sing very well (some years ago).
4. Lets learn the topic. We must retell it (at the next lesson).
5. The teacher is sure that the students can write the test (in a week).
6. The children may stay at home (yesterday). It was very cold.
7. You must do this work (last time).
8. Everybody may go home (now). The lesson is over.
9. I cant walk quickly, I amtired.
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A : &
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2 . H e w h o l a u g h s l a s t l a u g h s l o n g e s t .
3 . C u s t o m s m a k e s t h i n g s e a s i e r .
4 . A l l i s w e l l t h a t e n d s w e l l .
5 . B e t t e r l a t e t h a n n e v e r .
1 2 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T B : A G R A R I A N R E F O R M I N T H E W O R L D A N D U K R A I N E : A C H I E V E M E N T S A N D M I S C A L C U L A T I O N S
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
e n c o m p a s s e s >B>GC20B8
p a r t i t i o n e d @>74V;5=89
p r o p o n e n t s 2V4><89
p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s - ;V:C20;L=V 70A>18
H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = D e c o u p l e " \ l " E c o n o m i c s " d e c o u p l i n g @>7G5?;5==O
b a c k l a s h - ;NDB, <5@B289 EV4
d e h y d r a t i o n 453V4@0B0FVO
H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g " a l t e r e d - C4>A:>=0;5=89 02B><>1V;L
a l a r m i n g - A83=0; B@82>38
T E X T B : A G R A R I A N R E F O R M I N T H E W O R L D A N D U K R A I N E : A C H I E V E M E N T S A N D MISCALCULATIONS
Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of HYPERLINK "http://plant.askdefine.com"plants, HYPERLINK "http://animal.askdefine.com"animals and other life forms. The study of agriculture is known as HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=agricultural%20science"agricultural science.
Agriculture encompasses many subjects, including HYPERLINK "http://aquaculture.askdefine.com"aquaculture, HYPERLINK "http://agronomy.askdefine.com"agronomy, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=animal%20husbandry"animal husbandry, and HYPERLINK "http://horticulture.askdefine.com"horticulture. Each of these subjects can be further partitioned: for example, HYPERLINK "http://agronomy.askdefine.com"agronomy includes both HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=sustainable%20agriculture"sustainable agriculture and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=intensive%20farming"intensive farming, and animal husbandry includes HYPERLINK "http://ranching.askdefine.com"ranching, HYPERLINK "http://herding.askdefine.com"herding, and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=intensive%20pig%20farming"intensive pig farming. Agricultural products include HYPERLINK "http://food.askdefine.com"food (HYPERLINK "http://vegetables.askdefine.com"vegetables, HYPERLINK "http://fruit.askdefine.com"fruits, and HYPERLINK "http://cereal.askdefine.com"cereals), HYPERLINK "http://fiber.askdefine.com"fibers (HYPERLINK "http://cotton.askdefine.com"cotton, HYPERLINK "http://wool.askdefine.com"wool, HYPERLINK "http://hemp.askdefine.com"hemp, HYPERLINK "http://silk.askdefine.com"silk and HYPERLINK "http://flax.askdefine.com"flax), fuels (HYPERLINK "http://methane.askdefine.com"methane from HYPERLINK "http://biomass.askdefine.com"biomass, HYPERLINK "http://ethanol.askdefine.com"ethanol, HYPERLINK "http://biodiesel.askdefine.com"biodiesel), HYPERLINK "http://flower.askdefine.com"cut flowers, ornamental and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Nursery%20(horticulture)"nursery plants, tropical fish and birds for the pet trade, both legal and illegal drugs (HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=biopharmaceutical"biopharmaceuticals, HYPERLINK "http://tobacco.askdefine.com"tobacco, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=cannabis%20(drug)"marijuana, HYPERLINK "http://opium.askdefine.com"opium, HYPERLINK "http://cocaine.askdefine.com"cocaine), and other useful materials such as HYPERLINK "http://resin.askdefine.com"resins. Recently, crops have been designed to produce HYPERLINK "http://plastic.askdefine.com"plastic as well as pharmaceuticals.
Many governments have subsidized agriculture to ensure an adequate food supply. These HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=agricultural%20subsidies"agricultural subsidies are often linked to the production of certain commodities such as HYPERLINK "http://wheat.askdefine.com"wheat, HYPERLINK "http://corn.askdefine.com"corn, HYPERLINK "http://rice.askdefine.com"rice, HYPERLINK "http://soybean.askdefine.com"soybeans, and HYPERLINK "http://milk.askdefine.com"milk. These subsidies, especially when done by HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=developed%20country"developed countries have been noted as HYPERLINK "http://protectionist.askdefine.com"protectionist, inefficient, and environmentally damaging. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced HYPERLINK "http://productivity.askdefine.com"productivity, the use of synthetic HYPERLINK "http://fertilizers.askdefine.com"fertilizers and pesticides, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=selective%20breeding"selective breeding, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Mechanised%20agriculture"mechanization, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=water%20contamination"water contamination, and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=farm%20subsidies"farm subsidies. Proponents of HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=organic%20farming"organic farming such as HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Sir%20Albert%20Howard"Sir Albert Howard argued in the early 1900s that the overuse of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers damages the long-term fertility of the soil. While this feeling lay dormant for decades, as HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=environmental%20awareness"environmental awareness has increased recently there has been a movement towards HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=sustainable%20agriculture"sustainable agriculture by some farmers, consumers, and policymakers. In recent years there has been a backlash against perceived HYPERLINK "http://externalities.askdefine.com"external environmental effects of mainstream agriculture, particularly regarding water pollution, resulting in the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=organic%20movement"organic movement. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=European%20Union"European Union, which first certified HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=organic%20food"organic food in 1991 and began reform of its HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Common%20Agricultural%20Policy"Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Decouple" \l "Economics"decoupling. The growth of HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=organic%20farming"organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=integrated%20pest%20management"integrated pest management and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=selective%20breeding"selective breeding. Recent mainstream technological developments include HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=genetically%20modified%20food"genetically modified food.
As of late 2007, several factors have pushed up the price of grain used to feed poultry and dairy cows and other cattle, causing higher prices of wheat (up 58%), soybean (up 32%), and maize (up 11%) over the year. Food HYPERLINK "http://riot.askdefine.com"riots has recently taken place in many countries across the world. An HYPERLINK "http://epidemic.askdefine.com"epidemic of stem rust on HYPERLINK "http://wheat.askdefine.com"wheat caused by race HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=UG99"UG99 is currently spreading across HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Africa"Africa and into HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Asia"Asia and is causing major concern. Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Africa"Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025, according to HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=United%20Nations%20Vlog"UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa.
Agricultural practices lie on a spectrum dependent upon the intensity and technology of the methods. At the one end lies the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=subsistence%20agriculture"subsistence farmer who farms a small area with limited inputs and produces only enough HYPERLINK "http://food.askdefine.com"food to meet the needs of his or her family. At the other end lies HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=intensive%20agriculture"intensive agriculture which includes traditional labor intensive farming (e.g. South-East Asia rice paddies), and modern agriculture which includes HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=industrial%20agriculture"industrial agriculture, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=organic%20farming"organic farming and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=sustainable%20farming"sustainable farming. Industrial agriculture involves large fields and/or numbers of animals, high resource inputs (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.), and a high level of HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Mechanised%20agriculture"mechanization. These operations achieve HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=economies%20of%20scale"economies of scale and require large amounts of capital in the form of land and machinery.
The twentieth century saw changes in agricultural practice, particularly in HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=agricultural%20chemistry"agricultural chemistry and in mechanization. Agricultural chemistry includes the application of chemical fertilizer, chemical insecticides (see HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=pest%20control"pest control), and chemical HYPERLINK "http://fungicides.askdefine.com"fungicides, analysis of soil makeup and nutritional needs of farm animals.
Mechanization has increased farm efficiency and productivity in most regions of the world, due especially to the HYPERLINK "http://tractor.askdefine.com"tractor and various "gins" (short for "engine") such as the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=cotton%20gin"cotton gin, semi-automatic HYPERLINK "http://baler.askdefine.com"balers and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Threshing%20machine"threshers and, above all, the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Combine%20harvester"combine (see HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=agricultural%20machinery"agricultural machinery). According to the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=National%20Academy%20of%20Engineering"National Academy of Engineering in the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=United%20States"United States, agricultural mechanization is one of the 20 greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century. Early in the century, it took one American farmer to produce food for 2.5 people. By 1999, due to advances in agricultural technology, a single farmer could feed over 130 people.
Other recent changes in agriculture include HYPERLINK "http://hydroponics.askdefine.com"hydroponics, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=plant%20breeding"plant breeding, hybridization, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=genetic%20modification"gene manipulation, better management of soil nutrients, and improved HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=weed%20control"weed control. HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Genetically%20Modified%20Organism"Genetic engineering has yielded crops which have capabilities beyond those of naturally occurring plants, such as higher yields and disease resistance. Modified seeds germinate faster, and thus can be grown on an accelerated schedule. Genetic engineering of plants has proven controversial, particularly in the case of HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Roundup"herbicide-resistant plants.
It has been suggested that genetic engineers may someday develop HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Genetically%20modified%20organism"transgenic plants which would allow for HYPERLINK "http://irrigation.askdefine.com"irrigation, HYPERLINK "http://drainage.askdefine.com"drainage, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=conservation%20ethic"conservation, sanitary engineering, and maintaining or increasing yields while requiring fewer fossil fuel derived inputs than conventional crops. Such developments would be particularly important in areas which are normally arid and rely upon constant irrigation, and on large scale farms. These possibilities are questioned by ecologists and economists concerned with unsustainable GMO practices such as HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=terminator%20seeds"terminator seeds, and a January 2008 report shows that GMO practices have failed to address sustainability issues. While there has been some research on sustainability using GMO crops, at least one hyped and prominent multi-year attempt by HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Monsanto"Monsanto has been unsuccessful; though during the same period traditional breeding techniques yielded a more sustainable variety of the same crop. Additionally, a survey by the bio-tech industry of subsistence farmers in Africa to discover what GMO research would most benefit sustainable agriculture only identified non-transgenic issues as areas needing to be addressed.
The processing, packing and marketing of agricultural products are closely related activities also influenced by science. Methods of quick-freezing and dehydration have increased the markets for many farm products (see HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=food%20preservation"food preservation and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=meat%20packing%20industry"meat packing industry).
Animals, including horses, mules, oxen, camels, llamas, alpacas, and dogs, are often used to help cultivate HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=field%20(agriculture)"fields, harvest HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=crop%20(agriculture)"crops, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Wrangler%20(profession)"wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers. HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Animal%20husbandry"Animal husbandry not only refers to the breeding and raising of animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis, but also to the breeding and care of species for work and companionship.
Airplanes, helicopters, trucks, tractors, and combines are used in Western (and, increasingly, Eastern) agriculture for seeding, spraying operations for insect and disease control, harvesting, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=aerial%20topdressing"aerial topdressing and transporting perishable products. Radio and television disseminate vital weather reports and other information such as market reports that concern farmers. Computers have become an essential tool for farm management.
In recent years, some aspects of intensive HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=industrial%20agriculture"industrial agriculture have been the subject of increasing debate. The widening HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=sphere%20of%20influence"sphere of influence held by large seed and chemical companies, meat packers and food processors has been a source of concern both within the farming community and for the general public. Another issue is the type of feed given to some animals that can cause HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy"bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. There has also been concern over the effect of intensive agriculture on the environment.
The patent protection given to companies that develop new types of seed using HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=genetic%20engineering"genetic engineering has allowed seed to be licensed to farmers in much the same way that computer software is licensed to users. This has changed the balance of power in favor of the seed companies, allowing them to dictate terms and conditions previously unheard of.
HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Soil"Soil HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=conservation%20ethic"conservation and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=nutrient%20management"nutrient management have been important concerns since the 1950s, with the most advanced farmers taking a HYPERLINK "http://stewardship.askdefine.com"stewardship role with the land they use. However, increasing contamination of waterways and wetlands by nutrients like HYPERLINK "http://nitrogen.askdefine.com"nitrogen and HYPERLINK "http://phosphorus.askdefine.com"phosphorus are concerns that can only be addressed by "enlightenment" of farmers and/or far stricter HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=law%20enforcement"law enforcement in many countries.
Increasing consumer awareness of agricultural issues has led to the rise of HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=community-supported%20agriculture"community-supported agriculture, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=local%20food%20movement"local food movement, "HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Slow%20Food"Slow Food", and commercial HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=organic%20farming"organic farming.
Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. Evidence points to the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Fertile%20Crescent"Fertile Crescent of the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Middle%20East"Middle East as the site of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=China"China, Africa's HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Sahel"Sahel, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=New%20Guinea"New Guinea and several regions of the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Americas"Americas. Agricultural practices such as HYPERLINK "http://irrigation.askdefine.com"irrigation, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=crop%20rotation"crop rotation, HYPERLINK "http://fertilizers.askdefine.com"fertilizers, and HYPERLINK "http://pesticides.askdefine.com"pesticides were developed long ago but have made great strides in the past century. The HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Haber-Bosch"Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=ammonium%20nitrate"ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough and allowed HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=crop%20yields"crop yields to overcome previous constraints. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the substitution of labor for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=selective%20breeding"selective breeding, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Mechanised%20farming"mechanization, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=water%20pollution"water pollution, and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=farm%20subsidies"farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the HYPERLINK "http://externalities.askdefine.com"external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=organic%20movement"organic movement.
Developed independently by geographically distant populations, systematic agriculture first appeared in HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Southwest%20Asia"Southwest Asia in the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Fertile%20Crescent"Fertile Crescent, particularly in modern-day HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Iraq"Iraq and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Syria"Syria/HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Israel"Israel. Around 9500 BCE, proto-farmers began to select and cultivate food plants with desired characteristics. Though there is evidence of earlier sporadic use of wild cereals, it was not until after 9500 BCE that the eight so-called HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Neolithic%20founder%20crops"founder crops of agriculture appear: first HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=emmer%20wheat"emmer and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=einkorn%20wheat"einkorn wheat, then hulled HYPERLINK "http://barley.askdefine.com"barley, HYPERLINK "http://pea.askdefine.com"peas, HYPERLINK "http://lentil.askdefine.com"lentils, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=bitter%20vetch"bitter vetch, HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=chick%20pea"chick peas and HYPERLINK "http://flax.askdefine.com"flax.
The farming practices of livestock vary dramatically world-wide and between different types of animals. Livestock are generally kept in an enclosure, are fed by human-provided food and are intentionally bred, but some livestock are not enclosed, or are fed by access to natural foods, or are allowed to breed freely, or all three. Approximately 68% of all agricultural land is used in the production of livestock as permanent pastures.
HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Genetic%20erosion"Genetic erosion in HYPERLINK "http://crop.askdefine.com"crops and HYPERLINK "http://livestock.askdefine.com"livestock biodiversity is propelled by several major factors such as variety replacement, land clearing, overexploitation of species, population pressure, environmental degradation, HYPERLINK "http://overgrazing.askdefine.com"overgrazing, policy and changing agricultural systems.
The main factor, however, is the replacement of local varieties of domestic plants and animals by high yielding or exotic varieties or species. A large number of varieties can also often be dramatically reduced when commercial varieties (including HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Genetically%20Modified%20Organism"GMOs) are introduced into traditional farming systems. Many researchers believe that the main problem related to agro-ecosystem management is the general tendency towards genetic and ecological uniformity imposed by the development of modern agriculture.
In agriculture and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=animal%20husbandry"animal husbandry, the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=green%20revolution"green revolution popularized the use of conventional HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=hybrid%20(biology)"hybridization to increase yield many folds by creating "HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=high-yielding%20varieties"high-yielding varieties". Often the handful of breeds of plants and animals hybridized originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the rest of the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. Hybridization of local breeds to improve performance may lead to the loss of the local breed over time and consequently the loss of the genetic material that adapted that breed specifically to the local conditions. When viewed across the world as a whole, the consequent loss in genetic diversity and biodiversity could be placing the food supply in jeopardy, as a highly specialized breed may not contain sufficient genetic material to adapt to new diseases or environments even with an intensive breeding program.
A HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Genetically%20Modified%20Organism"Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) is an HYPERLINK "http://organism.askdefine.com"organism whose HYPERLINK "http://gene.askdefine.com"genetic material has been HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=genetic%20engineering"altered using the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=genetic%20engineering"genetic engineering techniques generally known as HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=recombinant%20DNA%20technology"recombinant DNA technology. Genetic Engineering today has become another serious and alarming cause of genetic pollution because artificially created and genetically engineered plants and animals in laboratories, which could never have evolved in nature even with conventional hybridization, can live and breed on their own and what is even more alarming interbreed with naturally evolved wild varieties. Genetically Modified (GM) crops today have become a common source for genetic pollution, not only of wild varieties but also of other domesticated varieties derived from relatively natural hybridization.
Mechanized agriculture is the process of using HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" \o "Agricultural machinery"agricultural machinery to massively increase farm output. In modern times, powered machinery has replaced many jobs formerly carried out by men or animals such as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxen" \o "Oxen"oxen and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" \o "Horse"horses.
The first pervasive mechanization of agriculture came with the introduction of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough" \o "Plough"plough, usually powered by animals. It was invented in ancient Mesopotamia.
Current mechanized agriculture includes the use of airplanes, helicopters, trucks and tractors, among other vehicles. Modern farms even sometimes use computers in conjunction with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_imagery" \o "Satellite imagery"satellite imagery and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS" \o "GPS"GPS guidance to increase yields. The need for mechanization is as a result of the global population increase which must be fed. It improves the production efficiency by reducing cost per unit of product, encourages large scale production and improves the quality of farm produce. On the other hand, it displaces unskilled farm labor, causes environmental pollution, deforestation and erosion.
Economic security is one of the main components of the national security of Ukraine. Reliable provision of the nation with agricultural produce and utilization of the entire export potential of the agro-industrial complex are important tasks of national significance. Therein lays the reason for the special, indeed, strategic importance of agrarian reform in the overall process of reforming the national economy.
Ukraine has a strong agricultural potential. Its land reserves cover 42 million hectares of arable land, most of them fertile black soil. However, only one third of this potential is actually put to good use.
This is a consequence of both the systemic economic crisis in the country and the extremely slow and contradictory process of reform in the agro-industrial complex. Even the positive signs that appeared in 2000 failed to seriously improve this critical state: the basic economic indicators are still lower than in 1990; social problems are aggravated unemployment is on the rise, the standard of living of villagers is close to a critical line; efficient owners have not been formed in their status at new enterprises, Ukrainian peasants differ little from former collective farm members.
Agrarian reform is an element of a wider process of deep socio-economic and political transformation of Ukrainian society, which has objectively created contradictory trends in its course. The strategic prospects of agrarian reform depend on which trends positive or negative will come out on top in the end, with account of the effects of many external factors.
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the main functions of new achievements in the world?
2. What is the result of new achievements?
3. How new achievements are developed in Ukrainian agriculture?
4. What appropriate authority is preventing the spread of new achievements?
II. Put as many questions to the sentences as possible:
1. The processing, packing and marketing of agricultural products are closely related activities also influenced by science.
2. Economic security is one of the main components of the national security of Ukraine.
3. HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Soil"Soil HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=conservation%20ethic"conservation and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=nutrient%20management"nutrient management have been important concerns. 4. In recent years, some aspects of intensive HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=industrial%20agriculture"industrial agriculture have been the subject of increasing debate.
III. Complete the sentences:
1. In agriculture and HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=animal%20husbandry"animal husbandry, the HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=green%20revolution"green revolution popularized the use of . .
2. Current mechanized agriculture includes the use of .
3. HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=Animal%20husbandry"Animal husbandry not only refers to the breeding and rising of animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis, but .
4. Agricultural chemistry includes the application of chemical fertilizer, chemical insecticides (see HYPERLINK "http://www.askdefine.com/search?q=pest%20control"pest control), and .
Time for fun
WHAT IS MARY DOING?
Mother: Jane, what is Mary doing now?
Jane: Well, if the ice is as thick as she thinks it is, she is skating, but if the ice is as thin as I think, she is swimming.
CALLING THE ROLL
It was a sleepy autumn day. There were very few students in the classroom, and the Professor was calling the roll in a half-absent manner. To each name someone answered here until the name Smith was called. There was dead silence which was broken by the Professors voice: Why, hasnt Mr. Smith any friends here?
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2 . !;>2>B2>@5==O: !CDV:A8 - i b l e , - a b l e , - t u r e
3 . @0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: VT?@8:<5B=8: B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P a r t i c i p l e ) . VT?@8:<5B=8: <8=C;>3> G0AC ( P a r t i c i p l e ) .
4 . "5:AB: L a n d r e f o r m .
!;>2>B2>@5==O
1 . @8:<5B=8:8 7 ACDV:A0<8 i b l e , - a b l e CB2>@NNBLAO 2V4 4VTA;V2 V <0NBL ?0A82=5 7=0G5==O ( 28@060NBL <>6;82VABL 707=0B8 4VW, 2:070=>W 4VTA;>2><) : m o v e ( ?5@5AC20B8) - m o v a b l e ?5@5AC2=89 ( B>9, I> <>65 ?5@5AC20B8AO) , m e a s u r e ( 28<V@N20B8) - m e a s u r a b l e 28<V@=89 ( I> 28<V@NTBLAO) .
2 . !CDV:A t u r e T ACDV:A>< V<5==8:V2: m i x t u r e - AC<VH, c u l t u r e :C;LBC@0.
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1 . 5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N A;>2>A?>;CG5==O 7 ?@5DV:A0<8 i b l e , - a b l e :
e x p l a i n a b l e m i s t a k e s , m o v a b l e i n s t a l l a t i o n , o b t a i n a b l e r e s u l t s , u n a v o i d a b l e c o n c l u s i o n , t e s t a b l e h y p o t h e s i s , r e a d a b l e b o o k s , n o t s o l v a b l e p r o b l e m s .
2 . 87=0GB5 70 ACDV:A0<8, 4> O:>W G0AB8=8 <>28 2V4=>AOBLAO =02545=V =86G5 A;>20, B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE:
P h y s i o l o g i s t , i n d u s t r i a l , i n d e p e n d e n c e , m o d e r n i z a t i o n , n a t u r a l , d e m o c r a t i c , d i f f i c u l t y , r e o r g a n i z e , t e m p e r a t u r e , i n f o r m a t i o n , c o n c l u s i o n , t e n d e n c y , t r a d i t i o n a l , w a r m t h , m o i s t u r e , t r o p i c a l , d i f f e r e n t , c o m p a r a t i v e .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
VT?@8:<5B=8: B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC
( P a r t i c i p l e I )
VT?@8:<5B=8: CB2>@NTBLAO H;OE>< 4>4020==O ACDV:A0 i n g 4> >A=>28 4VTA;>20: s p e a k i n g B>9, EB> :065; :06CG8.
&5 ?@872>48BL 4> 7<V= 2 >A=>2V 4VTA;V2, O:V 70:V=GCNBLAO =0:
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3>;>A=C + ?@83>;>A=C + =V<5 e : c o m e c o m i n g ; m a k e - m a k i n g
3>;>A=C + l : t r a v e l t r a v e l l i n g ; c o n t r o l - c o n t r o l l i n g
i e : l i e l y i n g ; d i e d y i n g , t i e t y i n g .
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VT?@8:<5B=8: <0T 2;0AB8 2>ABV ?@8:<5B=8:0, ?@8A;V2=8:0 B0 4VTA;>20.
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W r i t i n g t h e c o m p o s i t i o n i n E n g l i s h 8HCG8 B2V@ 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N, I a l w a y s c o n s u l t t h e d i c t i o n a r y . O 702648 :>@8ABCNAO A;>2=8:><.
2 ) >7=0G5==O:
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1 . H e v i s i t e d B e r l i n b e i n g a s t u d e n t .
2 . T h e g i r l d r i n k i n g j u i c e i s m y n e i g h b o u r .
3 . P e t e r i s p r e p a r i n g f o r h i s e x a m n o w .
2 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O V 287=0GB5, 2 O:V9 DC=:FVW 26820TBLAO 4VT?@8:<5B=8: C :>6=><C 7 =8E:
1 . T h e m a n w a l k i n g a l o n g t h e s t r e e t i s o u r E c o n o m y t e a c h e r .
2 . W i l l y o u b e p l a y i n g l o n g ?
3 . L o o k i n g o v e r h i s s h o u l d e r h e d i d n o t a n s w e r .
4 . G o i n g o n w i t h h e r w o r k s h e s w i t c h e d o n t h e r e c o r d e r .
5 . D i s c u s s i n g t h e p r o b l e m w e h a v e f o r g o t t e n a b o u t o u r n e w c o m e r .
6 . B e i n g i n L o n d o n h e v i s i t e d a l o t o f p l a c e s o f i n t e r e s t .
7 . C r o s s i n g t h e s t r e e t J a n e l o o k e d t o t h e r i g h t .
3 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . '8B0NG8 =0 4820=V, 2V= 70A=C2.
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3 . ?8ACNG8 A2>W 2@065==O ( i m p r e s s i o n s ) , 2V= 701C202 ?@> 2A5 =0 A2VBV. 4 . !BC45=B, O:89 28ABC?0T =0 A5<V=0@V AB0@>AB0 ( m o n i t o r ) =0H>W 3@C?8.
5 . 8 >13>2>@N20B8<5<> FN ?@>1;5<C FV;89 25GV@ 702B@0.
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( P a r t i c i p l e )
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W e l l - e d u c a t e d g i r l s h e a l s o e n t e r e d t h e p o s t - g r a d u a t e c o u r s e s e a s i l y . A:V;L:8 2>=0 <0;0 4>1@C ?V43>B>2:C, B> ;53:> ?>ABC?8;0 9 4> 0A?V@0=BC@8. >1AB028=8 G0AC, I> 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V 2V4?>2V40NBL ?V4@O4=8< @5G5==O< G0AC. "0:V >1AB028==V 4VT?@8:<5B=8:>2V 72>@>B8 22>4OBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N A?>;CG=8:V2 w h e n , w h i l e :
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"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> 4VT?@8:<5B=8: :
1 . P e t e r b r o u g h t t h e t r a n s l a t e d a r t i c l e t o t h e c l a s s r o o m .
2 . H a v e y o u t r a n s l a t e d t h e p o e m i n t o U k r a i n i a n ?
3 . T h e y t r a n s l a t e d t h e t e x t v e r y c a r e f u l l y .
2 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:V9 DC=:FVW 268B> 4VT?@8:<5B=8: C B0:8E @5G5==OE:
1 . P e t e r t h r e w t h e b r o k e n g l a s s o u t .
2 . W h i l e g i v e n t h e r e c e i p t d o n t f o r g e t t o b r i n g i t h o m e .
3 . T h e m e t h o d u s e d d i d n o t w o r k .
4 . S l e p t f o r a n h o u r h e f e l t m u c h b e t t e r .
5 . T h e r e p o r t e d n e w s w a s v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g .
3 . 5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . >72 O70=0 7040G0 1C;0 4C65 A:;04=>N.
2 . >;8 2V= >45@68BL D0:A, =5E09 ?>:065 9>3> <5=V.
3 . ><C =5 A?>4>10;>AO ?@>G8B0=5 >?>2V40==O.
4 . !BC45=B ?>402 ( p a s s e d ) ?5@5:;045=89 B5:AB 28:;040G52V.
5 . A:V;L:8 2>=0 1C;0 4>A2V4G5=8< 28:;040G5<, B> CA?VH=> ?@>25;0 ( s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n d u c t e d ) 70=OBBO.
4 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T A : M Y F U T U R E M A J O R
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
t o o b t a i n s p e c i a l i t y 74>1C20B8 A?5FV0;L=VABL
l a n d s c a p e ;0=4H0DB
p r o m i s i n g ?5@A?5:B82=89
t r e a s u r e A:0@1
l a n d - s y r v e y 35>457VO
e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e l a n d >FV=:0 75<;V
a e r i a l s h o o t i n g 79><:0 7 ?>2VB@O
d r a w u p A:;040B8 ( 4>:C<5=B)
i n t e r c o n n e c t e d 270T<>?>2 O70=V
g r a d u a t e s 28?CA:=8:8
f o r e c a s t i n g ?5@5410G5==O
p u r p o s e FV;L
T E X T A : M Y F U T U R E M A J O R
T h e N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y o f L i f e a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e s i s o n e o f a d v a n c e d e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u tions of Ukraine. More than 17 thousand students study at 19 faculties and obtain such specialities: agronomist, plant protectionist, agrichemist, landscape architecture manager etc. They are very important and claimed in our country.
Ukraines natural sciences in comparison with Europe have started their development some later. Therefore we have poor experience in this field. But we, the prospective land managers, will raise this science on a high level.
The speciality of land manager is very important in the economic life of our state, thats why the most promising faculty is the land management faculty. The land reform was realized in 2005. After this important event for our country the speciality of land manager became very advanced, popular and claimed in all spheres of life, especially in agriculture, as the land is the greatest treasure of mankind.
Land Management is the branch of agriculture that deals with conducting land reforms, with cadastre and distribution of land and other natural resources. Planning crop rotation in a proper way is one of the main tasks for both agronomists and land managers.
Land Management is considered to be an engineering speciality. Also it may call a universal one. It deals with natural processes, physical conditions and chemical compositions of soil, with size of farmlands.
All subjects studied at the Vlog are very important. Land-survey studies land estimation; land law and geology deal with the structure of the land. The experts in geodesy and cartography will carry out aerial shootings of the earth and make maps. Geoinformation system will help to make the programs for drawing up of maps and estimations. All sciences investigated at the Vlog are interconnected. The graduates of the Vlog also will be familiar with a science of land ecology, land resources management, land processes of forecasting, with occur in the ground and so on.
Land works are constantly carried out on the territory of any developed country. Their purpose is to organize land resources rational using, increasing of agricultural culture and land protection. Therefore qualified land management specialists will be needed in future.
1. Choose the appropriate word or word combination for the blanks:
1. The most faculty is the Land Management Faculty.
2. The realization of land reform in 2005.
3. studies an estimation of the land.
4. Land law and geography the structure of the land.
5. Land Management an engineering speciality.
6. Land works are constantly on the territory of any developed country.
7. The graduates of the Vlog are with science of land ecology.
8. Land Management with natural processes, physical conditions, chemical composition of soil and with size of farmlands.
9. Land is the greatest of mankind.
10.Geoinformation system helps to make the programs for and .
11.The of land manager is very important in the economic life of our state.
12.The speciality of land manager is , popular and in all spheres of life.
II. Match the words on the left with the correct definitions on the right:
to deal with to say what is likely to happen in the future
advanced to complete your education and obtain a degree
to forecast to get
to graduate far on in life or progress
to obtain to do official things with
science person, lower in rank than a professor, who gives lectures at the Vlog
education person with much knowledge (usually of particular subjects)
a lecturer knowledge reduced to a system
a scholar the theory a practice of teaching
to cooperate to work or to act together to bring a result
III. Answer the following questions:
What do you know about your future spesiality?
Why did you enter to this Vlog?
What subjects do you think are important for your future job?
What subjects do you think are important for your future life?
Do you think your major is connected with agriculture and economy of our country? If so, in what way?
IV. Give Ukrainian translation for the following words and words combinations:
Natural science; in comparison with; poor experience; conducting land performs; crop rotation; chemical composition of soil; treasure; land-survey; estimation; land law; cartography; aerial shooting; drawing up; estimation; interconnected; graduates; land resources management; land process forecasting; landscape architecture manager ; important and claimed; purpose; land protection; agricultural culture.
V. Prepere a report on one of the topics:
What specialities do the students of NULES obtain? What do they deal with? What sciences are the graduates of the faculty familiar with?What do Land Law and Geology deal with?What does Land Survey study?What subjects do you think are the most important for your future job? Why do we have poor experience in Ukraines natural sciences?What is the purpose of land works on the territory of any developed country?
A : I s a y , d o y o u s t u d y a t t h e f a c u l t y ?
B : Y e s , I d o . I m a j o r i n l a n d M a n a g e m e n t .
A : D o y o u l i k e s t u d y i n g h e r e ?
B : I s h o u l d s a y s o . S o m e t i m e s i t s d i f f i c u l t , b u t s t i l l t h e r e a r e a l o t o f i n t e r e s t i n g s u b j e c t s . I p r e f e r L a n d - s u r v e y a n d E n g l i s h .
A : A s f or me, I dont like English, though I realize it is very useful and even necessary. I have some problems with speaking English.
B: I suppose a good teacher can always help you with those problems. I am quite satisfied with teaching English in our group.
A: Do you take any additional lessons in English?
B: Oh, no. Im very short of time. But I would like to.
Notes: I am quite satisfied / FV;:>< 704>2>;5=89;
I m v e r y s h o r t o f t i m e 5=V 4C65 1@0:CT G0AC;
B u t I w o u l d l i k e t o ;5 O 4C65 1 E>BV2.
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1 . P e t e r w a l k e d i n t o t h e c l a s s r o o m s m i l i n g .
2 . T h e y l o o k e d a t t h e n e w l y b u i l t h o u s e w i t h s u r p r i s e .
3 . W e l l - b r e d b o y , h e s t o o d u p a n d o f f e r e d h i s s e a t t o a n e l d e r l y w o m a n .
4 . T h e y o u n g m a n e a t i n g a n a p p l e i s t h e p o s t - g r a d u a t e o f o u r I n s t i t u t e .
5 . T h e w a s h e d p l a t e s w e r e c a r e f u l l y p u t i n t o t h e c u p b o a r d .
5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
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0 D0:C;LB5BV =0;VGCTBLAO 1 1 6 0 ABC45=BV2, O:V A?5FV0;V7CNBLAO =0 42>E A?5FV0;L=>ABOE.
?C1;V:>20=0 AB0BBO 28O28;0AO ( p r o v e d t o b e ) 4C65 FV:02>N.
>=8 7@>18;8 7=0G=89 2=5A>: C @>728B>: AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:>3> 28@>1=8FB20.
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#" "
@>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O. 25@=VBL C203C =0 P a r t i c i p l e I 2 @>;V >7=0G5==O B0 >1AB028=8:
S p e a k i n g a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e h e p a i d p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s p r o b l e m .
T h e c h e m i s t s d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n .
F e e l i n g t i r e d a n d h a v i n g n o t h i n g t o d o s h e s a t d o w n i n t h e a r m c h a i r .
T h e y w e r e s t a n d i n g a t t h e w i n d o w d i s c u s s i n g t h e a r t i c l e .
W h i l e ( w h e n ) e x p l o r i n g t h e i s l a n d , t h e y f o u n d s o m e p l a n t s n e v e r s e e n b e f o r e .
@>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O. 25@=VBL C203C =0 P a r t i c i p l e I I 2 @>;V >7=0G5==O B0 >1AB028=8:
T h e O p era House built many years ago is one of the finest buildings in our city.
They sent me some illustrated catalogues.
The improved methods of work gave good results.
When translated into Ukrainian these articles will be of great interest to our students.
When done this experiment will give good results.
Water becomes ice when cooled.
! !" "
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1 . P e t e r w a l k e d i n t o t h e c l a s s r o o m s m i l i n g .
2 . T h e y l o o k e d a t t h e n e w l y b u i l t h o u s e w i t h s u r p r i s e .
3 . W e l l - b r e d b o y , h e s t o o d u p a n d o f f e r e d h i s s e a t t o a n e l d e r l y w o m a n .
4 . T h e y o u n g m a n e a t i n g a n a p p l e i s t h e p o s t - g r a d u a t e o f o u r F a c u l t y .
5 . T h e w a s h e d p l a t e s w e r e c a r e f u l l y p u t i n t o t h e c u p b o a r d .
5@5B2>@VBL @5G5==O 7V A:;04=>?V4@O4=8E =0 ?@>ABV, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 P a r t i c i p l e I 2 @>;V >7=0G5==O:
e . g . T h e g i r l w h o i s s p e a k i n g t o M r . S m i t h i s m y s i s t e r .
T h e g i r l s p e a k i n g t o M r . S m i t h i s m y s i s t e r .
T h e s t u d e n t s w h o s p e n d t h e i r h o l i d a y s i n t h e c o u n t r y h e l p t h e f a r m e r s w i t h t h e i r f i e l d w o r k .
M a n y s t u d e n t s w h o l e a r n E n g lish are members of our English club.
The man who sells newspapers showed me the way to the post-office.
The women who are working in the field will go to the exhibition.
Most trees which grow near our building are broadleaved.
The young man who is standing at the window is our new center forward.
5@5B2>@VBL @5G5==O 7V A:;04=>?V4@O4=8E =0 ?@>ABV, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 P a r t i c i p l e I 2 @>;V >1AB028=8:
e . g . W h e n I g o t o t h e I n s t i t u t e I u s u a l l y m e e t o u r d e a n .
( W h e n ) g o i n g t o t h e I n s t i t u t e I u s u a l l y m e e t o u r d e a n .
W h i l e h e w a s h a v i n g b r e a k f a s t h e l i s t e n e d t o the latest news.
While they were travelling in Europe they visited France and Italy.
When the students worked at this problem, they had to read many English journals.
While I was waiting for you, I read this article.
When my friend studied at the Vlog, he published several scientific articles.
5@5B2>@VBL @5G5==O 7V A:;04=>?V4@O4=8E =0 ?@>ABV, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 P a r t i c i p l e I I 2 @>;V >7=0G5==O:
e . g . T h e y s t u d y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y w h i c h w a s f o u n d e d 1 0 0 y e a r s a g o .
T h e y s t u d y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y f o u n d e d 1 0 0 y e a r s a g o .
I r e c e i v e d a t e l e g r a m w h i c h w a s s e n t yesterday.
The problem which was solved by our students is rather difficult.
The method which was used is very important for this experiment.
The decisions which were adopted at the conference are supported by our scientists.
The cotton which is grown here is of good quality.
The machines which are made at this plant are exported to many countries of the world.
/:V @5G5==O <VABOBL 4VT?@8:<5B=8: ? 87=0GB5 9>3> DC=:FVN 2 @5G5==V:
1 . A g r e a t a t t e n t i o n i s p a i d t o p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n o f s t u d e n t s .
2 . S c i e n t i f i c s c h o o l s s u p e r v i s e d b y f a m o u s a c a d e m i c i a n s a r e w e l l - k n o w n a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d .
3 . H i s t h o r o u g h w o r k s w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n t h e U S A , C h i n a , R o m a n i a a n d m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .
4 . T h e f a c u l t y h a s e s t a b l i s h e d m a n y c o n t a c t s w i t h t h e f o r e i g n p a r t n e r s .
5 . T h e f a c u l t y w a s h e a d e d b y m a n y o u t s t a n d i n g s c i e n t i s t s .
6 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL 4>40B:>289 B5:AB
T E X T B : L A N D R E F O R M
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
t o a t t a i n 4>AO30B8
t o s h a r e 4V;8B8, @>7?>4V;OB8
t o t r a n s f e r ?5@5<VIC20B8, ?5@54020B8
t o c a l c u l a t e ?V420E>2C20B8
t o p u r c h s e :C?C20B8
t o e n a c t 2?@>2046C20B8, 22>48B8 70:>=
r e v i v a l 2V4@>465==O, 2V4=>2;5==O
l e a s e m a r k e t @8=>: 0@5=48
e x a g g e r a t i o n ?5@51V;LH5==O
c o n s t r a i n t ?@8<CH5==O
T E X T B : L A N D R E F O R M
A m a j o r e f f o r t w a s t a k e n i n 2 0 0 1 t o r e f o r m l a n d r e l a t i o n s h e n c e c h a n g e s i n t h e s e r e l a t i o n s b u t e c o n o m i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t a n d f r i e n d l y l a n d u s e i n Ukraine was not attained yet. Achievements in land reforming did not yet yield a radical revival of agricultural production.
49.9% of all lands remained owned by the state following the privatization of land resources. 26.5% million hectares of land were shared and transferred to almost 12 thousand agricultural enterprises into their collective ownership. About 7 million citizens got their titles to land shares. The average size of a land share is 4 hectares.
Land lease market is developing peasants are leasing over 20.7 million hectares of land. By October 1, 2001 5.3 million citizens had leased their lands.
Economic mechanisms regulating land relations are being introduced. Money value of farm lands has been calculated; money value of non-farm lands has also been calculated. A framework for purchase and sale of land is being shaped. The most important thing is to provide instruments certifying ownership of land.
Nevertheless, a major achievement of land reform and, it may be said without exaggeration, - a significant political event of 2001 was the Land Code of Ukraine passed by the VerchovnaiRada on October 25 and signed by the President of Ukraine. The main merit of the new version of the Land Code of Ukraine is its having enacted farm land privatization practices into law, in particular, the provision for certificates of land share ownership.
The Land Code creates a foundation for further improvement and development of land relations not only in the agrarian sector, but also in the domain of non-farm lands.
The new Land Code introduces a number of constraints that may be unacceptable for countries with developed marked economies. But these are transitional provisions conditioned politically first of all. The expectation is that these constraints will be lifted soon.
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What effort was taken in 2001 in the area of agriculture?
2. What was the main goal of land privatization?
3. What was the major essence of the new Land Code of Ukraine?
4. Did the Land Code create a foundation for improvement of land relations in the agrarian sector or in the other spheres?
5. What did the new Land Code introduce?
Find as many synonyms as possible to the following words and make your own sentences with them:
1. to purchase - _____________________________________________
2. to create - _____________________________________________
3. to develop - ____________________________________________
4. to calculate - ___________________________________________
5. share - ________________________________________________
III. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right:
1. law a) an official written agreement in witch land is let to somebody else for a certain period of time in return for rent; 2. code b) an official rule of a country, that says what a person, company may or may not do;3. constrainc) an official piece of paper that says something is true or correct;4. privatizationd) changing the ownership of an organization from the government to a private company;5. leasee) a limit on something or on your freedom to do something;6. certificatef) a set of rules for behaviour, a set of standards agreed and accepted by government;
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
There are always some financial constrains on a project like this. He signed the documents under constrains.
We calculated that he advantages would be greater than the disadvantages. It is difficult to calculate how long the project will take.
I want to transfer $ 1000 from my deposit to my current account in a bank.
There is only one room available so we will have to share. Shares in the company can be bought and sold.
Many employers have the opportunity to purchase shares in the company they work. The purchaser of the house agrees to pay a deposit of 10%.
You have achieved the success you desire. She felt that the book was her greatest achievement.
IV. Translate the text:
5<5;L=0 @5D>@<0: 70 V ?@>B8
5<5;L=0 @5D>@<0 T A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N 5:>=><VG=>W @5D>@<8, O:0 74V9A=NTBLAO 2 #:@0W=V 2 72 O7:C 7 ?5@5E>4>< 5:>=><V:8 45@6028 4> @8=:>28E 2V4=>A8=8 0240==O< FVTW @5D>@<8 T ?5@5@>7?>4V; 75<5;L 7 >4=>G0A=>N ?5@540G5N WE C ?@820B=C B0 :>;5:B82=C 2;0A=VABL, 0 B0:>6 C :>@8ABC20==O ?V4?@8T<AB20<, CAB0=>20< B0 >@30=V70FVO< 7 <5B>N AB2>@5==O C<>2 4;O @V2=>?@02=>3> @>728B:C @V7=8E D>@< 3>A?>40@N20==O =0 75<;V, D>@<C20==O 1030B>C:;04=>W 5:>=><V:8, @0FV>=0;L=>3> 28:>@8AB0==O B0 >E>@>=8 75<5;L.
;O B>3>, I>1 AB0B8 28A>:>@>728=5=>N :@0E=>. , #:@0W=? 7>1>2 O70=0 >A2>WB8 ?>ABV=4CAB@V0;L=C AB04VN F82V;V70FV9=>3> @>728B:C. ;O FL>3>, =0A0<?5@54, ?>B@V1=> 287=0G8B8AO 7 <VAF5< B0 @>;;N 75<;V C 5:>=><VG=><C :@C3>>15@BV @5AC@AV2 45@6028. '5@57 B5, I> 75<;O 2 #:@0W=V 4>AV =5 <0T @50;L=>W FV=8, =5 AB0;0 B>20@>< V :0?VB0;><, 5:>=><V:0 45@6028 <>65 ?>25@=CB8AO C 4> V=4CAB@V0;L=C AB04VN @>728B:C F82V;V70FVW.
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T i m e f o r f u n
T H I S H A P P E N E D I N A M E R I C A
M r . A d a m s c a m e h o m e a f t e r a h a r d d a y s w o r k a n d f o u n d M r s . A d a m s i n t e a r s .
W h a t i s the matter, darling? he asked.
Frank has broken the window in the sitting room and his marks at school have not improved at all. I have spoken to his teacher and he thinks something must be done about it. He has been doing very badly indeed.
Frank, you bad boy! shouted Mr. Adams, looking angrily at his son.
When George Washington was your age, he was top at his class!
Frank looked up and answered:
In addition, when George Washington was your age, dad, he was President of the United States.
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l o o k i n g a n g r i l y @>7;NG5=> 482;OG8AL.
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M Y F A C U L T Y
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1 . 5:A8G=0 B5<0: M Y F A C U L T Y .
2 . !;>2>B2>@5==O: @5DV:A8 m i s - , u n d e r - , o v e r - .
3 . @0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: "@820;V G0A8 ( C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e s ) .
4 . "5:AB: P r o t e c t i o n o f n a t u r e .
!;>2>B2>@5==O
1 . 0 4>?><>3>N ?@5DV:A0 m i s - CB2>@NNBLAO 4VTA;>20 B0 V<5==8:8 V7 7=0G5==O<8: 0) ?@>B8;56=8<8 7=0G5==N >A=>28: m i s m a t c h =52V4?>2V4=VABL; 1) =5?@028;L=>ABV, =5240;>W 4VW: m i s c o u n t =5?@028;L=89 ?V4@0EC=>:; 2) =5045:20B=>ABV ( =5704>2V;L=>ABV 4VW) : m i s r u l e ?>30=5 :5@C20==O.
2 . @5DV:A u n d e r - CB2>@NT A;>20, I> 2:07CNBL =0 0) @>7B0HC20==O ?V4 G8<>AL: u n d e r m i n e ?V4:>?C20B8, ?V4@820B8; 1) ?V4;53;VABL 01> =57=0G=C 206;82VABL: u n d e r a c h i e v e r =5240E0; 2) =54>AB0B=VABL, =5?>2=>BC B>I>: u n d e r d e v e l o p e d =54>@>728=5=89.
3 . @5DV:A o v e r - <0T B0:V 7=0G5==O: 0) 725@EC, =04, 28I5: o v e r b r i d g e H;OE>?@>2V4, o v e r c a s t ACFV;L=0 E<0@=VABL; 1) 1V;LH5: o v e r b a l a n c e =04;8H:>20 <0A0 4;O 2@V2=>2065==O; 2) 21V:, ( ?>) 70: o v e r b o a r d 70 1>@B><; 3) =04<V@=>, 70=04B>: o v e r b a k i n g B5E. ?5@5ACH:0.
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0) m i s a p p l y , m i s p h a s i n g , m i s a r r a n g e m e n t , m i s f i r e , m i s h a n d l i n g , m i s o p e r a t i o n , m i s c a l c u l a t i o n , m i s p r i n t , m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n , m i s i n f o r m a t i o n ;
1) =5?@028;L=89 @>7@0EC=>:, 4@C:0@AL:0 ?><8;:0, @>7:07C20==O, =5?@028;L=> 70AB>A>2C20B8, 457V=D>@<0FVO, =5 281CE=CB8, =5?@028;L=5 @>7B0HC20==O, E81=5 A?@0FL>2C20==O, =54>B@8<0==O ?@028; 5:A?;C0B0FVW, ?@82;0A=5==O GC68E ( ACA?V;L=8E) :>HBV2.
2 . 5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N A;>20 7 ?@5DV:A>< u n d e r - ( 482. ?V4:07:C) :
U n d e r c h a r g e , u n d e r d o g , u n d e r a p p r e c i a t e d , u n d e r c r i t i c a l , u n d e r f r a m e , u n d e r i n s u r a n c e , u n d e r c o n s u m p s h i o n ;
( =5?>2=5 AB@0EC20==O, =54>20=B06, =5 4>@>1;OB8, ?V4@0<=8:, ?V4:@8B8G=89, =54>>FV=5=89, =54>AB0B=T A?>6820==O) .
3 . =094VBL 045:20B=89 ?5@5:;04 0=3;V9AL:8E B5@<V=V2 7 ?@5DV:A>< o v e r - :
a ) O v e r c u t t i n g , o v e r c o m m u t a t i o n , o v e r s e a s , o v e r f i r i n g , o v e r p r e s s , o v e r p r e s s u r e , o v e r d e s i g n , o v e r l a n d , o v e r t h r o w .
1) 5@5:84C20==O, =04<V@=89 B8A:, ?@>5:BC20==O 7 25;8:8< 70?0A>< <VF=>ABV, ?>25@E=5289 ?>E8;89 ABV:, ?5@5?@5AC20==O, ?5@5?0;N20==O, 70<>@AL:89, 25@E=O 70@C1:0, ?@8A:>@5=0 :><CB0FVO.
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
"@820;V G0A8
( C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e s )
6820NBLAO 4;O 28@065==O B@820;>W 4VW, I> 2V41C20TBLAO 2 ?52=89 <><5=B G8 ?5@V>4 G0AC. #B2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4VTA;>20 t o b e C 2V4?>2V4=><C G0AV 2 ?>B@V1=V9 D>@<V B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P r e s e n t P a r t i c i p l e ) >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20.
5 2AV 4VTA;>20 <>6CBL 26820B8AO 2 C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e s . &5 4VTA;>20, I> 28@060NBL ?>GCBBO, 2V4GCBBO, 1060==O B0 2>;528O2;5==O, @>7C<>2C 4VO;L=VABL ;N48=8, 2V4=>H5==O <V6 ?@54<5B0<8: t o l o v e ;N18B8, t o l i k e ;N18B8, ?>4>10B8AL, t o h a t e =5=0284VB8, t o w a n t E>BVB8, t o s e e 10G8B8, t o h e a r GCB8, t o f e e l 2V4GC20B8, t o k n o w 7=0B8, t o u n d e r s t a n d @>7C<VB8, t o r e m e m b e r ?0< OB0B8, t o f o r g e t 701C20B8, t o b e 1CB8, t o h a v e <0B8 B0 V=HV. /: ?@028;>, 2>=8 26820NBLAO 2 I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e s ( =5>7=0G5=V G0A8) .
"5?5@VH=V9 B@820;89 G0A
( P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e )
6820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O B@820;>W 4VW:
O:0 2V41C20TBLAO 70@07 n o w , a t t h i s m o m e n t :
I a m w r i t i n g n o w . / ?8HC 70@07. H e i s r e a d i n g n o w . V= G8B0T 70@07. O:0 2V41C20TBLAO >4=>G0A=> 7 V=H>N 4VTN:
T h e t e a c h e r i s s p e a k i n g a n d t h e s t u d e n t s a r e l i s t e n i n g . 8:;040G 3>2>@8BL, 0 ABC45=B8 A;CE0NBL. O:0 2V41C20TBLAO 2 B5?5@VH=L><C G0AV, ?@>BO3>< O:>3>AL ?5@V>4C G0AC:
W e a r e m a k i n g a n e w p l a n . 8 A:;040T<> =>289 ?;0=. S h e i s r e a d i n g a n i n t e r e s t i n g b o o k . >=0 G8B0T FV:02C :=86:C. O:0 70?;0=>20=0 =0 <091CB=T, O:I> 28A;>2;NTBLAO 2?52=5=VABL 2 WW 28:>=0==V; ?@8 FL><C 26820TBLAO >1AB028=0 G0AC, I> 2:07CT =0 <091CB=V9 G0A:
W e a r e t a k i n g o u r e x a m t o m o r r o w . 02B@0 <8 A:;040T<> VA?8B. K a t e i s g o i n g h o m e o n S a t u r d a y . 0BO W45 4>4><C 2 AC1>BC.
P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s <>65 26820B8AO 2 B0:8E A8BC0FVOE:
L o o k a t N i c k ! H e i s d o i n g h i s m o r n i n g e x e r c i s e s . >4828AL =0 V:0! V= @>18BL 70@O4:C. L i s t e n t o t h e m ! T h e y a r e s i n g i n g a n E n g l i s h s o n g . >A;CE09 WE! >=8 A?V20NBL 0=3;V9AL:C ?VA=N. O p e n t h e d o o r ! S o m e b o d y i s k n o c k i n g . V4:@89 425@V! %B>AL ABC:0T. D o n t b e n o i s y . A n n i s d o i n g h e r h o m e w o r k . 5 HC<VBL! =O @>18BL 4><0H=T 70240==O. W h e r e a r e y o u r f r i e n d s ? - T h e y a r e w o r k i n g a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p l o t . 5 B2>W 4@C7V? - >=8 ?@0FNNBL =0 4>A;V4=V9 4V;O=FV.
VTA;>2> t o g o 2 P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s B0 V=H5 4VTA;>2> C D>@<V V=DV=VB820 28@060NBL 4VN, O:C EB>AL 718@0TBLAO 01> <0T =0<V@ 28:>=0B8:
I a m g o i n g t o d o t h i s w o r k n e x t w e e k . / 718@0NAL 28:>=0B8 FN @>1>BC =0ABC?=>3> B86=O. H e i s g o i n g t o p r e p a r e f o r t h e c o n f e r e n c e t o m o r r o w . V= 718@0TBLAO 3>BC20B8AO 4> :>=D5@5=FVW 702B@0.
P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4VTA;>20 t o b e 2 P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e ( B5?5@VH=L><C =5>7=0G5=><C G0AV) a m , i s , a r e B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P r e s e n t P a r t i c i p l e ) :
I a m t r a n s l a t i n g t h e t e x t . / ?5@5:;040N B5:AB. H e i s l i s t e n i n g t o t h e m u s i c . V= A;CE0T <C78:C. T h e y a r e w o r k i n g i n t h e y a r d . >=8 ?@0FNNBL =0 ?>42V@ W.
8B0;L=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO ?5@5=5A5==O< D>@<8 4VTA;>20 t o b e =0 ?5@H5 <VAF5:
A r e y o u t r a n s l a t i n g t h e t e x t ? "8 ?5@5:;040TH B5:AB? Y e s , I a m . "0:. I s h e l i s t e n i n g t o t h e m u s i c ? V= A;CE0T <C78:C? Y e s , h e i s . ( N o , h e i s n t . ) "0:. ( V. )
0?5@5G=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 70?5@5G=>W G0AB8=:8 n o t , I> AB028BLAO ?VA;O D>@<8 4VTA;>20 t o b e :
I a m n o t t r a n s l a t i n g t h e t e x t . / =5 ?5@5:;040N B5:AB. H e i s n o t l i s t e n i n g t o t h e m u s i c . V= =5 A;CE0T <C78:C.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> B5?5@VH=V9 B@820;89 G0A:
1 . W e o f t e n w r i t e l e t t e r s t o e a c h o t h e r .
2 . W e l l p r o b a b l y g o t o Y a l t a i n J u n e .
3 . S h e s w o r k i n g o n h e r b o o k a t t h e m o m e n t .
4 . S h e s b e e n t y p i n g t h e a r t i c l e f o r 2 h o u r s .
5 . H e l l b e w o r k i n g a t t h a t t i m e t o m o r r o w .
2 . O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> ?8B0;L=C D>@<C B5?5@VH=L>3> B@820;>3> G0AC?
1 . I s t h e w i n d o w c l o s e d ?
2 . M y f r i e n d d o e s n t w o r k i n t h e l i b r a r y e v e r y d a y .
3 . I s n t h e w r i t i n g t h e r e p o r t n o w ?
4 . W h a t d o y o u u s u a l l y d o i n t h e e v e n i n g ?
5 . W i l l y o u w r i t e a l e t t e r t o m y s i s t e r t o m o r r o w ?
3 . /:89 >A>1>289 709<5==8: B@510 268B8 2 @5G5==V: & a r e n t t r a n s l a t i n g t h e a r t i c l e n o w . ?
1 . I ; 2 . h e ; 3 . t h e y ; 4 . s h e ; 5 . i t
4 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 281@02H8 ?>B@V1=C D>@<C:
T h e s t u d e n t s ( a m , i s , a r e ) l i s t e n i n g t o t h e t e a c h e r .
I ( a m , i s , a r e ) p r e p a r i n g f o r t h e t e s t .
S h e ( a m , i s , a r e ) w a t e r i n g f l o w e r s .
T h e y ( a m , i s , a r e ) c l e a n i n g t h e r o o m .
W e ( a m , i s , a r e ) w r i t i n g t h e t e s t n o w .
T h e y ( i s , a m , a r e ) h a v i n g d i n n e r n o w .
H e ( a m , i s , a r e ) w a t c h i n g T V n o w .
8=C;89 B@820;89 G0A
( P a s t C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e )
8@060T B@820;C 4VN, O:0 2V41C20;0AO 2 B>G=> 2:070=89 <><5=B, O:89 <>65 1CB8 ?V4B25@465=89:
B>G=8< G0A>< 01> ?5@V>4>< G0AC:
a t 7 o c l o c k > AL><V9 3>48=V, a t n o o n >?>;C4=V, a t t h a t m o m e n t C B>9 <><5=B, f r o m 8 t i l l 1 0 7 2>AL<>W 4> 45AOB>W, a l l d a y l o n g ( C25AL 45=L
V=H>N <8=C;>N 4VTN, 28@065=>N 4VTA;>2>< 2 P a s t I n d e f i n i t e ( 2 <8=C;><C =5>7=0G5=><C G0AV)
5@5:;040TBLAO <8=C;8< G0A>< 4VTA;>20 =54>:>=0=>3> 284C.
P a s t C o n t i n u o u s CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4VTA;>20 t o b e C P a s t I n d e f i n i t e w a s , w e r e B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC:
H e w a s w a t c h i n g T V a t 1 0 o c l o c k y e s t e r d a y . V= 48282AO B5;52V7>@ > 45AOBV9 3>48=V 25G>@0. T h e r e w e r e w r i t i n g t h e t e s t w h e n I c a m e i n . >=8 ?8A0;8 B5AB, :>;8 O 709H>2.
8B0;L=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO ?5@5=5A5==O< w a s G8 w e r e =0 ?5@H5 <VAF5.
W a s h e w a t c h i n g T V a t 1 0 o c l o c k y e s t e r d a y ? V= 48282AO B5;52V7>@ > 1 0 3>48=V 2G>@0? Y e s , h e w a s . ( N o , h e w a s n t . ) "0:. ( V. ) W h e r e t h e y w r i t i n g t h e t e s t w h e n y o u c a m e ? >=8 ?8A0;8 B5AB, :>;8 B8 709H>2? Y e s , t h e y w e r e . ( N o , t h e y w e r e n t . ) "0:. ( V. )
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> <8=C;89 B@820;89 G0A:
1 . L a s t s u m m e r t h e y w e r e i n M o s c o w .
2 . W e h a v e w r i t t e n t h e t e s t .
3 . F o u r s t u d e n t s w e r e a b s e n t f r o m t h e l e c t u r e .
4 . T h e y w e r e t r a n s l a t i n g t h e a r t i c l e w h e n I c a m e i n .
5 . T h e y h a d b e e n t r a n s l a t i n g t h e a r t i c l e f o r h a l f a n h o u r w h e n y o u c a m e i n .
2 . O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> 70?5@5G=C D>@<C <8=C;>3> B@820;>3> G0AC?
1 . I h a v e n t s e e n a n y n e w f i l m s i n c e w e s a w e a c h o t h e r l a s t .
2 . T h e y w e r e n t p l a y i n g f o o t b a l l a t t h a t t i m e y e s t e r d a y .
3 . Y o u w e r e n t a c t i v e a t t h e l a s t l e s s o n .
4 . W h a t w e r e y o u d o i n g w h i l e s h e w a s t a l k i n g o n t h e p h o n e ?
3 . /:C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 =5>1EV4=> 268B8 2 @5G5==V: T h e y & t h r o u g h t h e n e w s p a p e r s w h e n h e p h o n e d t h e m . ?
1 . a r e l o o k i n g 2 . w a s l o o k i n g 3 . w i l l b e l o o k i n g 4 . w e r e l o o k i n g
4 . >AB02B5 ?8B0;L=C B0 70?5@5G=C D>@<8 4> @5G5=L:
M o t h e r w a s c o o k i n g b r e a k f a s t w h e n w e c a m e i n .
I w a s l e a r n i n g t h e E n g l i s h w o r d s a t s e v e n o c l o c k y e s t e r d a y .
W e w e r e h a v i n g b r e a k f a s t a t 9 o c l o c k .
T o m w a s p l a y i n g c h e s s f r o m 9 t i l l 1 0 .
H i s f a t h e r w a s w o r k i n g i n t h e g a r d e n w h e n t h e a c c i d e n t h a p p e n e d .
091CB=V9 B@820;89 G0A
( F u t u r e C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e )
1 ) 8@060T B@820;C =57025@H5=C 4VN, I> 2V41C20B8<5BLAO 2 B>G=> 2:070=89 <><5=B G8 ?5@V>4 G0AC 2 <091CB=L><C:
a t 3 o c l o c k t o m o r r o w > B@5BV9 3>48=V 702B@0, a t t h a t m o m e n t C B>9 <><5=B, f r o m 7 t i l l 9 7 AL><>W 4> 452 OB>W, a l l d a y l o n g 25AL 45=L.
5@5:;040TBLAO <091CB=V< G0A>< 4VTA;>20 =54>:>=0=>3> 284C.
2 ) 8@060T B@820;C =57025@H5=C 4VN, I> 2V41C20B8<5BLAO A0<5 2 B>9 <><5=B, :>;8 2V41C45BLAO V=H0 4VO. &O V=H0 <091CB=O 4VO 28@060TBLAO 4VTA;>2>< C P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e ( 0 =5 C F u t u r e I n d e f i n i t e ) 2 ?V4@O4=8E @5G5==OE C<>28 G8 G0AC:
H e w i l l b e w r i t i n g a l e t t e r w h e n I c o m e . V= 1C45 ?8A0B8 ;8AB0, :>;8 O ?@894C.
3 ) >65 28@060B8 ?0@0;5;L=V 4VW 2 <091CB=L><C ( O:V 2V41C20B8<CBLAO 2 >48= V B>9 A0<89 G0A) :
H e l l b e w r i t i n g a l e t t e r a n d I l l b e w a t c h i n g T V . V= 1C45 ?8A0B8 ;8AB0, 0 O 1C4C 4828B8AO B5;52V7>@.
4 ) F u t u r e C o n t i n u o u s =5 26820TBLAO 2 ?V4@O4=8E @5G5==OE C<>28 9 G0AC ?VA;O A?>;CG=8:V2 i f , w h e n , a s s o o n a s , b e f o r e , w h i l e B0 V=. :
I f I a m s l e e p i n g w h e n h e c o m e s , w a k e m e u p , p l e a s e . /:I> O 1C4C A?0B8, :>;8 2V= ?@8945, @>71C4VBL <5=5 1C4L ;0A:0.
F u t u r e C o n t i n u o u s CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4VTA;>20 t o b e C D>@<V <091CB=L>3> =5>7=0G5=>3> G0AC ( F u t u r e I n d e f i n i t e ) w i l l b e ( 4;O 1 - >W >A>18 >4=8=8 B0 <=>68=8 B0:>6 26820TBLAO s h a l l b e ) B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P r e s e n t P a r t i c i p l e ) :
S h e w i l l b e c l e a n i n g t h e r o o m a t 5 o c l o c k t o m o r r o w . >=0 ?@818@0B8<5 :V<=0BC > 5 3>48=V 702B@0. W e s h a l l / w i l l b e w o r k i n g w h e n h e c o m e s . 8 1C45<> ?@0FN20B8 :>;8 2V= ?@8945.
8B0;L=V @5G5==O CB2>@NNBLAO ?5@5=5A5==O< w i l l =0 ?5@H5 <VAF5:
W i l l s h e b e c l e a n i n g t h e r o o m a t 5 o c l o c k t o m o r r o w ? >=0 ?@818@0B8<5 :V<=0BC > ? OBV9 3>48=V 702B@0? Y e s , s h e w i l l . N o , s h e w o n t . "0:. ( V) . S h a l l / w i l l w e b e w o r k i n g w h e n h e c o m e s ? 8 ?@0FN20B8<5<>, :>;8 2V= ?@8945? Y e s , w e s h a l l / w i l l .
( N o , w e s h a n t / w o n t . ) "0:.
( V. )
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> 70?5@5G=C D>@<C <091CB=L>3> B@820;>3> G0AC:
1 . I w o n t b e v e r y b u s y t o m o r r o w .
2 . H e w i l l n o t c o m e t o s e e m e i n a w e e k s t i m e .
3 . T h e y w o n t f i n i s h t h e i r d i n n e r i n s o m e m i n u t e s .
4 . T h e b u i l d e r s w o n t h a v e f i n i s h e d b u i l d i n g t h i s s c h o o l b y t h e f i r s t o f S e p t e m b e r .
5 . S h e w o n t b e w o r k i n g w h e n y o u r e t u r n .
6 . W h e n d o y o u t h i n k y o u w i l l b e a b l e t o r e a d o r i g i n a l E n g l i s h b o o k s ?
2 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 281@02H8 ?>B@V1=C D>@<C:
H e ( i s , w a s , w i l l b e ) l e a r n i n g E n g l i s h w h e n y o u c o m e .
I ( w a s , w i l l b e , a m ) w r i t i n g n e w w o r d s n o w .
H e ( i s , w a s , w e r e ) g o i n g t o t r a v e l b u t h e c h a n g e d h i s m i n d .
T o m ( w a s , i s , w i l l b e ) p l a y i n g c h e s s a t t h i s t i m e t o m o r r o w .
I ( w a s , w i l l b e , a m ) h a v i n g a n E n g l i s h l e s s o n a t 5 o c l o c k t o m o r r o w .
3 . >AB02B5 ?8B0;L=C B0 70?5@5G=C D>@<8 4> @5G5=L:
W e l l b e r e a d i n g t h i s b o o k t o m o r r o w a t 9 o c l o c k .
I l l b e s k i i n g a t t h e s a m e t i m e n e x t w e e k .
T h e y l l b e h a v i n g d i n n e r w h e n s h e c o m e s .
H e l l s t i l l b e t r a n s l a t i n g t h e a r t i c l e w h e n w e r e t u r n .
S h e w i l l b e t e a c h i n g F r e n c h a t t h i s t i m e t o m o r r o w .
4 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL =0ABC?=V @5G5==O. >OA=VBL 26820==O G0A>2>W D>@<8 4VTA;>20 2 F8E @5G5==OE:
H e i s r e a d i n g a n e w s p a p e r i n t h e l i b r a r y n o w .
T h e y a r e l e a v i n g K y i v t o m o r r o w .
I l l b e t r a n s l a t i n g t h e t e x t w h i l e y o u a r e w r i t i n g y o u r g r a m m a r e x e r c i s e s .
S o m e v i s i t o r s w e r e w a i t i n g f o r t h e d i r e c t o r w h e n I c a m e .
W e a r e g o i n g t o t h e c i n e m a t o n i g h t .
I t w a s r a i n i n g w h e n I l e f t h o m e .
S h e c a n t c o m e a t 7 o c l o c k t o m o r r o w b e c a u s e s h e l l b e w o r k i n g a t t h a t t i m e .
5 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T B : M Y F A C U L T Y
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
l a n d m a n a g e m e n t 75<;52?>@O4:C20==O
l a n d m a n a g e m e n t e n g i n e e r V=65=5@- 75<;52?>@O4=8:
a g r o - c h e m i s t r y 03@>EV<VO
l a n d m a n a g e m e n t d e s i g n i n g ?@>5:BC20==O 75<;52?>@O4:C20==O
l a n d - s u r v e y 35>457VO
g e o d e s y a n d c a r t o g r a p h y 35>457VO V :0@B>3@0DVO
l a n d r e s o u r c e s m a n a g e m e n t C?@02;V==O 75<5;L=8<8 @5AC@A0<8
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n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s p r o t e c t i o n 70E8AB ?@8@>4=>3> A5@54>28I0
e d u c a t i o n - q u a l i f y i n g l e v e l >A2VB=L>- :20;VDV:0FV9=89 @V25=L
l a n d r e s o u r c e s f o r m a t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t ?@>5:BC20==O 75<;5CAB@>N
l a n d m a n a g e m e n t p r o j e c t AB0= ( ?@>5:B) 75<5;L=>3> :040AB@C
n a t u r e p r o t e c t i o n m e a s u r e s ?@8@>4>>E>@>==V 70E>48
m o n i t o r i n g a n d s t a t e c o n t r o l <>=VB>@8=3 B0 45@602=89 :>=B@>;L
r a t i o n a l u s e a n d s o i l p r o t e c t i o n @0FV>=0;L=5 28:>@8AB0==O B0 >E>@>=0 @C=BV2
s t a b l e a n d f r u i t f u l r e l a t i o n s AB01V;L=V B0 ?;V4=V 2V4=>A8=8
c r e a t i v e c o n t a c t s B2>@GV :>=B0:B8
T E X T B : M Y F A C U L T Y
T h e t r a i n i n g o f l a n d m a n a g e m e nt engineers has been carrying out in National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences since 1991, when the branch of Land Management, Agro-Chemistry and Soil department was opened in the Vlog. In 1993 in Land Management Institute the faculty of Land Management Designing was created, which was headed by the director of Institute the academician L.Novokovsky, and in 1996 the faculty of Land Management including such departments as Land Management Designing, Land-Survey, Geodesy and Cartography was opened.
The first graduation of land management engineers took place in 1996. During the next years, more than 500 land management engineers received the start in life. The correspondence form of training has been opened on the department since 1999.
The training of the experts on a speciality Land Management and Land-Survey is carried out on the three education-qualifying levels: the bachelor (4 years), the expert (5 years), and the master (5,5 years). In the faculty now about more than 500 full-time students are trained, on the correspondence there are more than 200 persons. The purpose of educational activity of the faculty is preparation of experts for realization the countrys policy of land resources formation and management, development of the land management projects and realization the State ground land-survey, designing of nature protection measures, realization of monitoring and State control of rational use soil protection.
On the lectures and practical training there visual education aids, the newest scientific, engineering and experimental documentation of land management, problems and land reform.
The faculty supports stable and fruitful relations with the Ministry of agrarian policy organization and others. The faculty also cooperates with special departments of Kyiv National Vlog of construction and architecture, Lvov, Kharkov, Odessa agrarian universities. Scholars of the faculty support creative contacts with the colleagues from foreign educational institutions and organizations of Belgium, Germany, the USA, Italy, Turkey, India, Russia and Byelorussia.
All students of the faculty take an active part in the social life of the Vlog.
I. Answer the following questions:
1. Since when has the training of land management engineers been carrying out in National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences?
2. When was the branch of land management, agro-chemistry and soil department was opened?
3. Is there the faculty of land management designing in Land Management Institute? If so, when was it created?
4. When did the first graduation of land management engineers take place?
5. Since when has the correspondence form of training been opened on the department?
6. How many educational-qualifying levels are there on the faculty?
7. What is the purpose of educational activity of the faculty?
8. Does the faculty co-operate with any other universities?
II. Put the right word in the blanks. Use correct form of verbs.
Full-time students; the start in life; to carry out; to be headed by; correspondence form of training.
The training of land management engineers _________________ in National Vlog of Life and Environmental Sciences since 1991, when the branch of Land Management, Agro-Chemistry and Soil Department was opened.
In 1993 in Land Management Institute the faculty of Land Management Designing was created, which ______________________ the director of institute the academician L. Novokovsry.
During the next years, more than 500 land management engineers received _____________________________________ .
_______________________________ has been opened on the department since 1999.
In the faculty now about more than 500 ______________________ are trained.
III. Choose the correct translation of given words and word combinations:
to carry out;
branch;
to be headed by;
graduation;
the start life;
correspondence form of training;
full-time student;
to support;
scholar;
educational institution.
! !" "
1 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e G8 P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s :
W h a t y o u ( t o d o ) i n t h e e v e n i n g ? I u s u a l l y ( t o d o ) m y a s s i g n m e n t s , t h e n I ( t o w a t c h ) T V o r ( t o g o ) f o r a w a l k .
W h a t y o u ( t o g o ) t o d o a f t e r l e s s o n s ? I ( t o g o ) t o h a v e coffee.
Look! The cat (to play) with its kitten.
My sister (not to rest) now. She (to help) her father in the garden. She (to help) him every day.
Where you (to go) for your summer holidays? I (to go) to the Crimea.
What you (to do) now? I (to see) that you (not to write) now.
2. >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 P a s t I n d e f i n i t e G8 P a s t C o n t i n u o u s :
W h e n I ( t o g o ) o u t i n t o t h e g a r d e n , t h e s u n ( t o s h i n e ) a n d b i r d s ( t o s i n g ) i n t h e t r e e s .
W h a t y o u r b r o t h e r ( t o d o ) f r o m 8 t i l l 1 0 y e s t e r d a y ?
H e ( t o r e a d ) t h e w h o l e e v e n i n g y e s t e r d a y .
Y e s t e r d a y I ( t o c o m e ) h o m e f r o m U n i v e r s i t y a t h a l f p a s t s e v e n . I ( t o b e ) v e r y t i r e d . I ( t o h a v e ) s u p p e r w i t h m y f a m i l y a n d ( t o d r i n k ) a c u p o f t e a .
Y o u ( t o p l a y ) t h e p i a n o w h e n I r a n g y o u u p y e s t e r d a y ?
H e r l i t t l e c h i l d ( t o s l e e p ) a t t h i s t i m e y e s t e r d a y .
3 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 F u t u r e I n d e f i n i t e G8 F u t u r e C o n t i n u o u s :
I ( t o b e ) v e r y b u s y i n t h e e v e n i n g t o m o r r o w . I ( t o h e l p ) m y p a r e n t s a b o u t t h e h o u s e .
W e ( t o c o m e ) t o s e e h e r n e x t w e e k .
I ( t o w a i t ) f o r y o u a t t h e t r o l l e y - b u s s t o p a t s i x o c l o c k t o m o r r o w .
W e ( t o f i n i s h ) o u r d i n n e r i n s o m e m i n u t e s .
T h e y ( t o a p p r o a c h ) L v i v a t t h i s t i m e t o m o r r o w .
W h i l e I ( t o r e a d ) t h i s s t o r y s h e ( t o t y p e ) t h e a r t i c l e .
D o n t r i n g m e u p b e t w e e n 3 a n d 5 o c l o c k ; I ( t o w o r k ) .
@>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL 4>40B:>289 B5:AB
T E X T B : P R O T E C T I O N O F N A T U R E
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
p r i m a r y d u t y >A=>2=89 ( ?5@H>G5@3>289) >1>2 O7>:
c o n c e r n BC@1>B0
c o m m o n g o a l A?V;L=0 <5B0
t o p r e s e r v e 715@53B8
u n r e s t r i c t e d i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n =5>1<565=0 V=4CAB@V0;V70FVO
h a r m f u l s u b s t a n c e H:V4;820 @5G>28=0
p o l l u t i o n 701@C4=5==O
c o n s e q u e n c e =0A;V4>:
b u r n i n g 73>@0==O
d u s t ?8;
i n f l u e n c e 2?;82
c o m p o u n d AB@C:BC@0
s u b s t a n c e <0B5@VO, @5G>28=0
p u r e c h e m a i c a l e l e m e n t s G8AB89 EV<VG=89 5;5<5=B
m e a n s 70A>18
c h e m i c a l f e r t i l i z e r s EV<VG=V 4>1@820
d r a s t i c m e a s u r e s @VHCGV, V=B5=A82=V 70E>48
t o s e t u p 70A=>2C20B8
t o c o m b a t 1>@>B8AO
e l a b o r a t i o n @>7@>1:0, @>728B>:
f o r e c a s t i n g ?5@5410G5==O
t o m a k e c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n a l y s i s 7@>18B8 ?>2=89 0=0;V7
T E X T B : P R O T E C T I O N O F N A T U R E
Protection of nature in Ukraine has become the primary duty of every citizen and concern of the whole population. Our common goal is to preserve generous land for the present and future generations in all its beauty.
Because of unrestricted industrialization, the biological balance has been broken. Hundreds tones of harmful substances are discharged every year into the air. The pollution is a consequence of poor technology used, atmospheric pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by automobiles, sikphuric oxides arise from coal and oil burning, from electric power plants and chemical plants by products, dust. With the present-day scientific and technological progress, mans influence is changing the biosphere and it is passing into a new state.
Man creates new compounds, new substances, pure chemical elements which are unknown to the biosphere. Thats why the first concern of science is to find effective means of protecting the biosphere from pollutants.
About half of the chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides, applied in the fields are washed off into ruvers and result in grave marine pollution.
After the accident of the Chornobyl rhe most urgent problem is removal from service of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, it must be dismantled as soon as possible. Drastic measures have to be undertaken to neutralize its dangerous effect. It also necessary to take urgent measures for reduction of harmful dascharges of enterprises up to closing down those plants which cant operate according to the norms set to protect environment.
A special organ for dealing with these problems the UN Environmental Programme was set up by a decision of the UN General Assembly. And the main trends of this organization are:
- Combating air and water pollution, averting the pollution of the world ocean;
- Development of technological systems producing little or no waste;
- Protecting and increasing the fertility of the soil recultivation of land;
- Elaboration of sanitary-higienic criteria to determine environmental pollution;
- Making the environment healthier;
- Forecasting the effect of human activities on the ecological systems of various climatic and natural zones.
Much has to be done in Ukraine for bringing up man as ecologically educated individual, a true friend of nature.
The Ministry of Environment was founded in Ukraine. Its task is tocontrol the state of environment, to make comprehensive analyses of the environment, to prevent the pollution of fresh water, the air and the facilate educational development and the exchange of information on reach problems.
Now it is time to be not only environment conscious but environment educated as well.
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What does protection nature mean for you?
2. How do you think what is the most harmful for our nature?
3. What do you do or not do to save the nature?
4. Does envinronment contamination priginate from mans activity?
5. What are major sources of atmosphere and water pollution?
6. What is the first concern of science?
7. What is the most urgent problem after the nuclear accident at the Chernobyl atomic power plant?
8. What has stimulated mans interest in ecology?
9. What international organ for dealing with environmental protection was set up?
10. What arw the main trends of this organization?
11. What is its task?
II. Fill in the gaps using words and words combinations from the text:
1. _____________________ of nature in Ukraine has become the _________________ of every citizen.
2. Hundreds tones of _____________________ are discharged every year into the air.
3. Mans ___________ is cganging the biosphere and it is passing into a new state.
4. The most ________________ is removal from service of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
5. The Ministry of _______________ was founded in Ukraine.
6. Our ___________ is to preserve generous land for the present and future ___________________ in all its beauty.
7. The _______________ is a consequence of ______________________ technology used, atmospheric pollutants.
8. The first _____________ of science is to find _______________ means of protecting the biosphere from pollutants.
9. It is also necessary to take ___________________ measures for reduction of ______________________ discharges of enterprises.
10. The task of the Ministry of Envirinment is to control the state of ______________________________ .
III. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents for the next words or words combinations:
Protection of nature -
Future generations -
Unrestricted industrialization -
To be washed up -
Grave marine pollution
General Assembly
Combating air pollution
Technological systems producing little or more waste
Fertility of the soil
Bringing up
Ecologically educated individual
Time for Fun
NO PATIENCE
Mr. Brown was sitting all day long fishing from the bank of a river.
A man was sitting behind him all that time watching him. Why dont you try yourself to do some fishi n g ? a s k e d h i m M r . B r o w n l a t e i n t h e a f t e r n o o n .
I h a v e n o p a t i e n c e f o r i t , a n s w e r e d t h e m a n .
N o t e s : a l l d a y l o n g C25AL 45=L; p a t i e n c e B5@?V==O.
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3 . @0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: 5@D5:B=V G0A8 ( P e r f e c t T e n s e s ) . 5@D5:B=>- B@820;V G0A8 ( P e r f e c t - C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e s ) .
4 . "5:AB T h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r i m p r o v e m e n t o f l a n d r e l a t i o n s .
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t o r e a d G8B0B8
t o r e r e a d ?5@5G8BC20B8
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t o c o - o r d i n a t e C73>46C20B8
t o c o - o p e r a t e A?V2?@0FN20B8
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4 4 4 4 .4 04 64 84 >4 @4 H4 J4 ^4 d4 z4 |4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 "5 $5 65 b5 n5 p5 5 5 5 5 5 ߣ h\4 CJ aJ mH sH h08 h9` CJ aJ mH sH h9` CJ aJ mH sH hP% h9` 6B*CJ aJ ph $hP% h9` 0J 6B*CJ aJ ph hP% h9` 6CJ aJ hP% h9` 6CJ aJ mH sH h08 h9` 6CJ aJ mHsH 3:5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
8 9 ; |< W> > > $
dh `a$gd9`
$dh a$gd9` $h^ha$gd9` $h^ha$gd9` $hdh ^ha$gd9` 5 5 5 %6 &6 96 \6 > > %? 8? [? A A DB B B B D D D D E E E E E E E F &F ȹڬȹڬȹڑڬzڬk\ h-; h=UM B*mH"ph sH" h{,> h{,> B*mH"ph sH" h B h9` CJ aJ mH sH h9` CJ aJ h9` h9` CJ aJ mH sH h9` CJ aJ mH sH h9` 6CJ aJ mH sH h|: h9` CJ aJ mH sH h|: h9` CJ aJ h|: h9` h9` CJ aJ mH sH hb h9` CJ aJ mH sH hb h9` CJ aJ > > ]? ? ,@ x@ @ A WA A A A DB C C ;D D D D D E .E 6E $
& Fk
dh a$gd9` $
& F
dh ^ ` a$gd9` $
dh a$gd9` 6E GE SE cE E E E E E E E E $F &F F F G
H 3H H H $
& F/ a$gd_> $
d a$ gd=UM
d gd=UM gd=UM $a$gd9` $
dh a$gd9` $
& Fk
dh a$gd9` &F `F nF pF F F F F F F F I I J 4J TJ XJ |J ~J M M M M $N HN LN tN vN Q Q Q Q ۤۤەwۤۤەog_ hB B*ph h\4 B*ph h=UM B*ph hT 56B*mH ph sH h_> h=UM B*mH ph sH h O h=UM B*mH ph sH h O h=UM 56B*ph h{,> h=UM B*CJ aJ ph h O h=UM B*ph h-; h=UM B*mH"ph sH"#h O h=UM 56B*mH ph sH #h-; h=UM 56B*mH"ph sH" H I I |J ~J 0K K K M M M M tN vN O fO O FP P Q Q Q $ a$ gd\4 $
& F1 a$ gd=UM $
& F0 a$ gd_> $
& F0 a$ gd=UM $
d a$ gd=UM gd=UM $
& F/ a$gd_> Q Q Q Q Q Q Q R "R ^R `R bR R R S NS S T DT rT T T T dh gd_ gdtk' $a$gd)b $
& Fa
^ ` a$gdU $ a$ gdB $ a$ gd\4 Q Q Q Q Q Q R "R \R ^R `R bR dR pR rR zR R ȶ~naTG:G*G* h_ htk' 6CJ aJ mHsHh_ 6CJ aJ mH sH htk' 6CJ aJ mH sH h_ 6CJ aJ mH sH h)b 6CJ aJ mH sH h) h)b 6CJ aJ mH sH (h\4 h\4 5B*CJ aJ mH ph sH "h\4 5B*CJ aJ mH ph sH hF h)b 5B*CJ aJ ph "h)b 5B*CJ aJ mH ph sH %hF 56B*CJ aJ mH ph sH #h O h=UM 56B*CJ aJ ph #h$\ h=UM 56B*CJ aJ ph R R R R R R R R S S S :S LS NS S S S S S S S T T &T *T BT DT ^T pT rT T T T T T T T T T T T T T T U U 6U 8U jU U U U U U U V V V V (V ,V `V bV xV V V V V V V V V V W W 2W 4W h_ h_ 6CJ aJ h_ 6CJ aJ mH sH h_ htk' 6CJ aJ h_ h_ 6CJ aJ mHsHh_ 6CJ aJ LT T 8U U U V bV V V V 4W W W W W W W W W W W X [
$dh a$gd\4
$dh a$gd\4 $a$gd2~P $a$gdF gd=UM gdF gdtk' dh gd_ 4W 8W :W BW DW ^W `W pW tW W W W W W W W W W W W W ˸vdvTD h\4 h\4 6CJ aJ mH sH h\4 B*CJ aJ mH ph sH "hF 5B*CJ aJ mH ph sH "h\4 5B*CJ aJ mH ph sH hF h=UM 5B*CJ aJ ph h_ 5B*CJ aJ ph h! hT 5B*CJ aJ ph $h_ h=UM 5B*aJ mH"ph sH" #h_ hF 56B*CJ aJ ph h_ 6CJ aJ h_ h_ 6CJ aJ h_ 6CJ aJ mH sH W X [ [ [ ?_ b b b b b b b b b b c c c ze e f ǹrdVHV8V h=: 6B*aJ mH ph sH h2~P B*aJ mH ph sH h=: B*aJ mH ph sH h_ B*aJ mH ph sH $h_ h2~P 6B*aJ mH ph sH h_ 6B*aJ mH ph sH $h_ h_ 6B*aJ mH ph sH !h\4 h=UM B*aJ mH ph sH htk' B*aJ mH ph sH h\ B*aJ mH ph sH h{} B*aJ mH ph sH h>: B*aJ mH ph sH h\4 B*aJ mH ph sH [ [ |\ 7^ ^ <_ _ _ #` H` ` -a Vb b b b c Wc c c d ;d d d ,e ae ye ze
$ dh a$ gd_
$dh a$gd\4 ze e &f |f f 0g mg g Nh h Fi i i i j ,j Nj aj {j j j j j k (k ,k -k .k gd=UM
$ dh a$ gd_ f i i j (k )k *k +k ,k p @p \p ^p p p p "q Tq ^`gd=UM L^Lgd=UM ^gd=UM d gd=UM gd=UM $
^`a$gd 2
^`gd=UM $a$gd=UM $@& a$gd=UM n n n n "n >n @n jn ln pn rn n n n n n n n 2o 6o Xo o o o o o o o 6p ȻȻȻyycP %h9 B*CJ \]aJ mH ph sH +h9 h9 B*CJ \]aJ mH ph sH !h9 h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH !h O h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH h O h=UM B*CJ ph $h O h=UM 5B*CJ mH ph sH hw4 h=UM B*CJ ph h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH h=UM B*CJ ph !h O h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH hw4 h=UM 5B*CJ ph 6p 8p @p Zp \p ^p dp rp tp vp zp ~p p p p p p p p p p p p p p q q q "q 6q :q ǴrraNaraNraNara $h O h=UM 6B*CJ mH ph sH !h O h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH $h O h=UM 5B*CJ mH ph sH !hI hI B*CJ mHph sHh O h=UM B*CJ ph !hI h=UM B*CJ mHph sH$h! h=UM 5B*CJ mHph sH h! h=UM B*ph h O h=UM B*ph !h9 h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH !h9 h2~P B*CJ mH ph sH :q Rq Tq fq hq xq zq q q q q q q q q q q r 8r u Fu Pu Tu bu fu xu |u u u u u u u u u ̹̦ocTJ h c B*CJ ph hl h c 6B*CJ ph h c 5B*CJ ph $h_W h c 5B*CJ mH ph sH $h c h c 5B*CJ mH ph sH !h_W h c B*CJ mH ph sH $h O h=UM 5B*CJ mH ph sH $h O h=UM 5B*CJ mH ph sH $h' h=UM 6B*CJ mH ph sH h O h=UM 6B*CJ ph !h' h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH u u u u u u u u u
v v &v *v Bv Dv Fv nv `w dw hw |w x p Zp p ŲզՙxfUGUEUx Uh=UM B*CJ mH ph sH !h O h=UM B*CJ mH ph sH #ht26 h=UM 56B*CJ aJ ph #h O h=UM 56B*CJ aJ ph h O h=UM 5B*CJ ph h c h c B*CJ ph hl 5B*CJ ph $h_W h c 5B*CJ mH ph sH hl h=UM 56B*CJ ph hl h c 6B*CJ ph h c 5B*CJ ph h c 5B*CJ mH ph sH lv nv bw dw Xp Zp p p q q q q q r @r ls ns zs s s s $$If a$gdr~$ $a$gd
$d a$gd=UM d gd=UM `gd=UM gd=UM $`a$gd 2 $a$gd 2 $a$gd=UM n t a g e , s c h o l a r s h i p , e x t r e m e n e s s , s m a r t n e s s .
2 . #B2>@VBL 2V4 =02545=8E >A=>2 =>2V A;>20 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2 B0 ?@5DV:AV2:
T o a p p e a r , t o b e l i e v e , a g r e e , h a r d , f i r m , f i t , f o o l i s h , h a p p y , t o c o v e r , c o m f o r t a b l e .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
"5?5@VH=V9 ?5@D5:B=89 G0A
( T h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T e n s e )
P r e s e n t P e r f e c t CB2>@NTBLAO 7 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o h a v e C P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 <8=C;>3> G0AC ( P a s t P a r t i c i p l e ) >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20.
'8A;> !B25@46C20;L=0 D>@<0 8B0;L=0 D>@<0
0?5@5G=0 D>@<0 4=8=0 ( y o u ) h a v e a s k e d
H e ( s h e , i t ) h a s a s k e d .
H a v e I ( y o u ) a s k e d ?
H a s h e ( s h e , i t ) a s k e d ? I ( y o u ) h a v e n o t a s k e d .
H e ( s h e , i t ) h a s n o t a s k e d . => 68=0 W e ( y o u , t h e y ) h a v e a s k e d . H a v e w e ( y o u , t h e y ) a s k e d ? W e ( y o u , t h e y ) h a v e n o t a s k e d
@8<VB:0:
CA=><C <>2;5==V 26820NBLAO ?5@5206=> A:>@>G5=V D>@<8:
I v e , h e s , s h e s , i t s , w e v e , t h e y v e , I h a v e n t = I v e n o t , h e h a s n t = h e s n o t .
P r e s e n t P e r f e c t 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O:
1 . VW, O:0 2V41C;0AO 2 <8=C;><C C =5287=0G5=89 G0A. 1AB028=0 G0AC 2 B0:8E @5G5==OE 2V4ACB=O, >A:V;L:8 206;8289 @57C;LB0B 4VW:
J o h n h a s t r a v e l l e d a r o u n d t h e w o r l d . ( 8 =5 7=0T<> :>;8. )
2 . VW, I> 2V41C20;0AO 2 <8=C;><C =5>4=>@07>2>.
G e o r g e h a s s e e n t h i s m o v i e ( f i l m ) t h r e e t i m e s .
3 . 0 G0A 4VW G0AB> 2:07CNBL ?@8A;V2=8:8 =5>7=0G5=>3> G0AC, B0:V O:: a l r e a d y ( 265) , n e v e r ( =V:>;8) , j u s t ( I>9=>) , n o t & y e t ( I5& =5) , e v e r ( :>;8- =51C4L) , r e c e n t l y ( >AB0==V< G0A><) , l a t e l y ( 70 >AB0==V9 G0A, =5I>402=>) , 0 B0:>6 >1AB028=8, :>B@V >7=0G0NBL ?@><V6>: G0AC, O:89 4> 40=>3> G0AC I5 =5 7025@H82AO: t o d a y ( AL>3>4=V) , t h i s m o n t h ( FL>3> <VAOFO) , t h i s w e e k ( FL>3> B86=O) , t h i s y e a r ( FL>3> @>:C) , t h i s m o r n i n g ( AL>3>4=V 2@0=FV) .
H a v e y o u a l r e a d y t r a n s l a t e d t h e t e x t ? N o , w e h a v e n t f i n i s h e d t r a n s l a t i n g i t y e t .
T h e s t u d e n t s h a v e w r i t t e n t w o t e s t s t h i s w e e k .
!BC45=B8 =0?8A0;8 42V :>=B@>;L=V @>1>B8 FL>3> B86=O.
25@=VBL C203C =0 B5, I> =0 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C P r e s e n t P e r f e c t ?5@5:;040TBLAO <8=C;8< G0A><.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . !:;04VBL ?> ? OBL @5G5=L, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 A;>20 7 B01;8FL:
I
H e
S h e
W e
Y o u
T h e y h a v e
h a s ( n o t ) w o n t h e m a t c h
b e c o m e a n e n g i n e e r
l e f t f o r t h e U S A
c o o k e d b r e a k f a s t
l o s t t h a t p a p e r
b u i l t a b r i d g e
H a v e
H a s I
h e
s h e
w e
y o u
t h e y s e e n t h i s f i l m ?
t u r n e d o f f t h e g a s ?
l o s t t h e g a m e ?
b o u g h t t h e c o a t ?
i n v i t e d t h e m t o t h e e v e n i n g ? ( p a r t y ? )
I
H e
S h e
W e
Y o u
T h e y h a v e
h a s n e v e r
a l r e a d y
j u s t
n o t y e t c r o s s e d t h e s t r e e t a t t h a t p l a c e .
m e t t h e m i n t h e p a r k .
b e e n t o L o n d o n .
s h o w n t h e m o u r p i c t u r e g a l l e r y .
v i s i t e d t h e e x h i b i t i o n .
g o n e t o t h e C a r p a t h i a n m o u n t a i n s .
2 . 5@5B2>@VBL AB25@46C20;L=V @5G5==O C 70?5@5G=V V ?8B0;L=V:
1 . M a r y h a s s w i t c h e d o n t h e l i g h t .
2 . M y r e l a t i v e s h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e p a r c e l .
3 . O u r g r a n d f a t h e r h a s t r a v e l l e d m u c h .
4 . T h e b o y h a s p a s s e d a l l h i s e x a m s .
5 . T h e l i t t l e g i r l h a s b r o k e n t h e c u p .
6 . T h e d i r e c t o r h a s s i g n e d t h e o r d e r .
7 . T h e y h a v e s e e n a n e w f i l m a t t h e c i n e m a .
8 . R o b e r t h a s c o m e b a c k .
3 . 8:>@8AB09B5 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t 01> P a s t S i m p l e :
1 . J o h n _ _ _ _ _ ( w r i t e ) h i s r e p o r t l a s t n i g h t .
2 . B o b _ _ _ _ _ ( s e e ) t h i s m o v i e b e f o r e .
3 . J o r g e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a l r e a d y ( r e a d ) t h e n e w s p a p e r .
4 . H e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( r e a d ) t h e n e w s p a p e r y e s t e r d a y .
5 . W e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( b e g i n ; n e g a t i v e ) t o p r e p a r e f o r t h e t e s t y e t .
6 . B e t t y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( w r i t e ) a l e t t e r l a s t n i g h t .
7 . P e t e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( c a l l ) h i s e m p l o y e r y e s t e r d a y .
8 . W e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( s e e ; n e g a t i v e ) t h i s m o v i e y e t .
9 . M y b r o t h e r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( t r a v e l ) a r o u n d t h e w o r l d .
4 . 5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . / 70;8H82 A2V9 7>H8B C4><0.
2 . 5 5B@>? V= I5 =5 ?@89H>2.
3 . / =5 <>6C WE0B8 7 B>1>N. / I5 =5 A:;02 VA?8BC 7 EV<VW.
4 . 8 I>9=> ?@>G8B0;8 9>3> ?>2V4><;5==O.
5 . 8 >45@60;8 B5;53@0<C 2G>@0.
6 . / 7=0N 9>3> 7 1 9 9 6 @>:C.
7 . 8 =5 10G8;8 9>3> 265 B@8 @>:8.
8 . '><C 2 BV9 :V<=0BV B5<=>? 5@53>@V;0 ;0<?>G:0 ( T h e b u l b h a s b u r n t o u t ( f u s e d ) .
9 . 8 :>;8- =51C4L 1C;8 C >=4>=V? "0:, O 42VGV 1C2 C >=4>=V.
8=C;89 ?5@D5:B=89 G0A
( T h e P a s t P e r f e c t T e n s e )
P a s t P e r f e c t CB2>@NTBLAO 7 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o h a v e C P a s t I n d e f i n i t e B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 <8=C;>3> G0AC ( P a s t P a r t i c i p l e ) .
'8A;> !B25@46C20;L=0 D>@<0 8B0;L=0 D>@<0 0?5@5G=0 D>@<0 4=8=0 V <=>68=0 ( y o u , w e , t h e y , h e , s h e , i t ) h a d a s k e d H a d I ( y o u , w e , t h e y , h e , s h e , i t ) a s k e d ? I ( y o u , w e , t h e y , h e , s h e , i t ) h a d n o t a s k e d . @8<VB:0:
CA=><C <>2;5==V 26820TBLAO ?5@5206=> A:>@>G5=0 D>@<0: h a d n t .
1 . P a s t P e r f e c t 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O 4VW, I> 2V41C;0AO @0=VH5 V=H>W <8=C;>W 4VW, ?>7=0G5=>W 4VTA;>2>< C P a s t I n d e f i n i t e ; O: ?@028;>, 2 @5G5==V T 42V 4VW:
J o h n h a d g o n e t o t h e s t o r e b e f o r e h e w e n t h o m e .
1 - 0 4VO 2 - 0 4VO
J a c k t o l d u s y e s t e r d a y t h a t h e h a d v i s i t e d E n g l a n d i n 1 9 7 0 .
2 - 0 4VO 1 - 0 4VO
_ _ _ _ _
P a s t P e r f e c t P a s t I n d e f i n i t e n o w
1 - 0 4VO 2 - 0 4VO B5?5@
2 . P a s t P e r f e c t 26820TBLAO ?5@5206=> 7V A;>20<8 b e f o r e ( ?5@54 B8<, O:) , a f t e r ( ?VA;O B>3> O:) 01> w h e n ( :>;8) .
J o h n h a d g o n e t o t h e s t o r e b e f o r e h e w e n t h o m e .
J o h n w e n t h o m e a f t e r h e h a d g o n e t o t h e s t o r e .
B e f o r e J o h n w e n t h o m e , h e h a d g o n e t o t h e s t o r e .
A f t e r J o h n h a d g o n e t o t h e s t o r e , h e w e n t h o m e .
@8<VB:0:
V4 G0A ?5@5;V:C <8=C;8E 4V9 C BV9 ?>A;V4>2=>ABV, 2 O:V9 2>=8 2V41C20;8AO, 4VTA;>20 26820NBLAO 2 P a s t I n d e f i n i t e .
I o p e n e d t h e d o o r , c l o s e d i t a n d w e n t i n t o t h e b e d r o o m .
3 . P a s t P e r f e c t 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O <8=C;>W 4VW, I> 265 70:V=G8;0AO 4> ?52=>3> <><5=BC 2 <8=C;><C. &59 <><5=B ?>7=0G0TBLAO B0:8<8 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O<8: b y t w o o c l o c k ( 4> 4@C3>W 3>48=8) , b y t h a t t i m e ( 4> B>3> G0AC) , b y t h e f i r s t o f S e p t e m b e r ( 4> ?5@H>3> 25@5A=O) , b y t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r ( 4> :V=FO @>:C) , B0 V=. 01> 6 V=H>N 4VTN.
I h a d d o n e m y h o m e w o r k b y e i g h t o c l o c k .
4 . # ?V4@O4=8E @5G5==OE G0AC 9 C<>28 P a s t P e r f e c t 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O ?5@54<8=C;>W 4VW, I> 1C;0 <091CB=L>N AB>A>2=> <8=C;>3>.
S h e s a i d t h a t s h e w o u l d g o h o m e a s s o o n a s s h e h a d p a s s e d a l l h e r e x a m s .
H e s a i d t h a t h e w o u l d s h o w t h e m t h e a r t i c l e a f t e r h e h a d w r i t t e n i t .
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . !:;04VBL ?> ? OBL @5G5=L, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 A;>20 7 B01;8FL:
I
H e
S h e
W e
Y o u
T h e y h a d ( n o t ) r e c e i v e d t h e m e s s a g e
s w e p t t h e f l o o r
f a l l e n a s l e e p
c o o k e d d i n n e r
f i n i s h e d i t b y t h r e e o c l o c k .
b y t h a t t i m e .
b e f o r e h e c a m e .
H a d
I
h e
s h e
w e
y o u
t h e y l e a r n e d t h e p o e m
d e c o r a t e d t h e b u i l d i n g
w a s h e d t h e d i s h e s
m o v e d t h e r e
s e e n h e r
p r e p a r e d b y M o n d a y ?
b y t h a t t i m e ?
b y t h e t i m e y o u c a m e ?
I
H e
S h e
W e
Y o u
T h e y s a i d
t h o u g h t
w r o t e
a s k e d t h a t
i f I
h e
s h e
w e
y o u
t h e y h a d f i n i s h e d s c h o o l .
b u i l t t h e p l a n t .
b o u g h t a c a s s e t t e r e c o r d e r .
w o n t h e g a m e .
l e f t f o r t h e F a r E a s t .
s o l v e d t h e p r o b l e m .
2 . 5@5B2>@VBL AB25@46C20;L=V @5G5==O C 70?5@5G=V V ?8B0;L=V:
1 . T h e p u p i l s h a d t r a n s l a t e d t h e t e x t b e f o r e t h e b e l l r a n g .
2 . K a t e h a d d o n e h e r l e s s o n s b y e i g h t o c l o c k .
3 . P e t e r h a d s t u d i e d E n g l i s h b e f o r e h e e n t e r e d t h e U n i v e r s i t y .
4 . T h e g i r l s h a d c l e a n e d t h e r o o m b y t h e t i m e t h e i r m o t h e r c a m e b a c k .
5 . W e h a d r e a c h e d t h e v i l l a g e b e f o r e t h e s u n s e t .
3 . 689B5 P a s t P e r f e c t 01> P a s t I n d e f i n i t e :
1 . T h e p o l i c e m a n r e a d t h e s u s p e c t h i s r i g h t a f t e r h e _ _ _ ( a r r e s t ) h i m .
2 . J o h n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( w a i t ) f o r h i m b e f o r e t h e b u s c a m e .
3 . M a r i a _ _ _ _ _ ( e n t e r ) t h e U n i v e r s i t y a f t e r s h e h a d g r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e c o m m u n i t y c o l l e g e .
4 . J e a n e t t e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( w a s h ) p i p e t t e s a f t e r s h e h a d c o m p l e t e d t h e e x p e r i m e n t .
5 . J a n e s e n t a l e t t e r t o h e r u n i v e r s i t y a f t e r s h e _ _ _ _ _ _ ( r e c e i v e ) h e r s c h o l a r s h i p c h e c k .
6 . A f t e r t h e s t e w a r d e s s e s h a d s e r v e d l u n c h t o t h e p a s s e n g e r s , t h e y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( s i t ) d o w n .
7 . W e c o r r e c t e d o u r p a p e r s a f t e r w e _ _ _ _ _ ( t a k e ) t h e q u i z .
4 . 5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N:
1 . #G8B5;L A:0702, I> 2V= ?5@52V@82 =0HV 48:B0=B8.
2 . V9 B>20@8H ?5@5:;02 B5:AB 4> 45AOB>W 3>48=8.
3 . V9 1@0B 70B5;5D>=C202 V A:0702, I> 2V= 265 A:;02 5:70<5= 7 1V>;>3VW B0 EV<VW.
4 . 8=C;>3> ;VB0 WW 10BL:> W7482 C A5;>, 45 2V= ?@>2V2 A2>T 48B8=AB2>. 5 . G>@0 =O ?@89H;0 4>4><C > ? OBV9 3>48=V. W <>;>4H89 1@0B 28:>=C202 4><0H=T 70240==O, 0 10BL:> 9 <0B8 I5 =5 ?>25@=C;8AO 7 @>1>B8.
6 . >=0 1C;0 2?52=5=0, I> 10G8;0 FN 6V=:C @0=VH5, 0;5 =5 <>3;0 ?@83040B8, 45 2>=0 WW 10G8;0.
7 . VA;O B>3>, O: <V9 B>20@8H ?VH>2 4>4><C, O 730402, I> 701C2 ?>:070B8 9><C =>289 :><?0:B- 48A: ( !D ) .
8 . >;8 <8 ?>25@=C;8AO 4>4><C, 48B8=0 265 A?0;0.
9 . > B>3> G0AC O 265 70:V=G82 ?8A0B8 ;8AB0, 0;5 I5 =5 28:>=02 4><0H=L>3> 70240==O.
091CB=V9 ?5@D5:B=89 G0A
( T h e F u t u r e P e r f e c t T e n s e )
'8A;> !B25@46C20;L=0 D>@<0 8B0;L=0 D>@<0 0?5@5G=0 D>@<0 4=8=0 s h a l l h a v e a s k e d
Y o u ( h e , s h e , i t ) w i l l h a v e a s k e d S h a l l I h a v e a s k e d ?
W i l l h a s h e ( s h e , i t ) a s k e d ? I s h a l l n o t h a v e a s k e d
H e w i l l ( s h e , i t ) n o t h a v e a s k e d =>- 68=0 W e s h a l l h a v e a s k e d
Y o u ( t h e y ) w i l l h a v e a s k e d S h a l l y o u h a v e a s k e d ?
W i l l y o u ( t h e y ) h a v e a s k e d ? W e s h a l l n o t h a v e a s k e d
Y o u ( t h e y ) w i l l n o t h a v e a s k e d
@8<VB:0:
CA=><C <>2;5==V 26820NBLAO B0:V 6 A:>@>G5==O, O: V 2 F u t u r e I n f 5f i n i t e
I s h a l l = I l l , y o u w i l l = y o u l l , I s h a l l n o t = I s h a n t , h e w i l l n o t = h e w o n t .
1 . F u t u r e P e r f e c t T e n s e 26820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O <091CB=L>W 4VW, I> 70:V=G8BLAO 4> ?52=>3> <><5=BC 01> 4> ?>G0B:C V=H>W 4VW 2 <091CB=L><C. ><5=B, 4> O:>3> 2V41C45BLAO FO 4VO <>65 1CB8 28@065=8< B0:8<8 >1AB028=0<8 G0AC O:: b y t w o o c l o c k , b y t h a t t i m e , b y t h e f i r s t o f S e p t e m b e r , b y t h e e n d o f t h e w e e k B0 V=. :
Y o u w i l l h a v e f o r g o t t e n m e b y t h a t t i m e .
2 . # ?V4@O4=8E @5G5==OE G0AC B0 C<>28 70<VABL F u t u r e P e r f e c t 26820TBLAO P r e s 5n t P e r f e c t 01> P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e :
W e l l g e t a n e w f l a t w h e n t h e y h a v e b u i l t t h e h o u s e .
W e l l h a v e f i n i s h e d t h i s w o r k i f h e c o m e s a t f i v e o c l o c k .
1 . 0<V=VBL =5>7=0G5=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 =0 F u t u r e I n d e f i n i t e 01> F u t u r e P e r f e c t :
1 . H e ( t o r e c e i v e ) t h e t e l e g r a m t o m o r r o w .
2 . H e ( t o r e c e i v e ) t h e t e l e g r a m b y t h e e n d o f t h e w e e k .
3 . I ( t o d o ) t h e e x e r c i s e s b y s e v e n o c l o c k .
4 . I ( t o d o ) t h e e x e r c i s e s i n t h e a f t e r n o o n .
5 . B y t h i s t i m e y o u ( t o t a k e ) y o u r e x a m i n a t i o n .
6 . Y o u ( t o t a k e ) y o u r e x a m i n a t i o n n e x t w e e k .
7 . T h e t e a c h e r ( t o c o r r e c t ) o u r e x e r c i s e - b o o k s i n t h e e v e n i n g .
8 . T h e t e a c h e r ( t o c o r r e c t ) o u r e x e r c i s e - b o o k s b y t h e n e x t l e s s o n .
2 . 5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N:
1 . / I5 =5 =0?8A0;0 :C@A>2>W @>1>B8 7 1V>;>3VW, 0;5 O =0?8HC WW 4> B>3> G0AC, O: 8 ?@8W45B5.
2 . >=8 ?@>G8B0NBL 4> :V=FO @>:C B@8 :=86:8 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N ?@> =091V;LHV @V:8 B0 >75@0.
3 . 28G09=>, 4> 1 0 - W 3>48=8 2>=0 70:V=G8BL A2>N 4>?>2V4L ?@> D;>@C B0 D0C=C #:@0W=8.
4 . /:I> <8 ?5@5:;045<> F59 B5:AB 4> 1 2 - W 3>48=8, B> ?V45<> =0 D0:C;LB0B82=5 70=OBBO 7 <0B5<0B8:8 ( o p t i o n a l c l a s s i n m a t h e m a t i c s ) .
P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e s
"5?5@VH=V9 ?5@D5:B=>- B@820;89 G0A
( T h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e )
6820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O B@820;>W 4VW, O:0 ?>G0;0AL 4> B5?5@VH=L>3> <><5=BC V I5 B@820T =0 40=89 <><5=B. VA;O ?V4<5B0 AB028BLAO 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> t o b e 2 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t T e n s e , B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8: B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P a r t i c i p l e ) >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20:
h a v e ( h a s ) b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
J o h n h a s b e e n l i v i n g i n t h e s a m e h o u s e f o r t w e n t y y e a r s . ( V= 4>AV 6825 B0<. )
J o h n h a s b e e n l i v i n g i n t h e s a m e h o u s e s i n c e 1 9 8 6 .
_ _ _ _ _ _
s i n c e ( 7) 1 9 8 6 f o r 2 0 y e a r s ( ?@>BO3>< 2 0 @>:V2) n o w
W e h a v e b e e n b u i l d i n g t h i s a t o m i c p o w e r s t a t i o n f o r t w o y e a r s .
8 1C4CT<> FN 0B><=C AB0=FVN ?@>BO3>< 42>E @>:V2.
0?5@5G=0 D>@<0: h a v e n o t b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
h a s n o t b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
8B0;L=0 D>@<0: H a v e I ( y o u , w e , t h e y ) b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I ?
H a s h e ( s h e , i t ) b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I ?
6820TBLAO 7 B0:8<8 >1AB028=0<8 G0AC O:: f o r a m o n t h ( ?@>BO3>< <VAOFO) , f o r a n h o u r ( 265 >4=C 3>48=C) , f o r a l o n g t i m e ( 265 402=>) , s i n c e M o n d a y ( 7 ?>=54V;:0) , s i n c e t w o o c l o c k ( 7 42CE 3>48=) ;
2 ?8B0==OE, I> ?>G8=0NBLAO 7 h o w l o n g ? ( O: 4>23>? ) , s i n c e w h e n ? ( 7 O:8E ?V@? ) .
/:I> <>20 945 ?@> 728G09=C, ?>ABV9=C 4VN ( 0 =5 =0 <><5=B <>28) ,
?>@CG 7 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t !o n t i n u o u s 26820TBLAO P r e s e n t P e r f e c t ( ?V4:@5A;NTBLAO =5 B@820;VABL 4VW, 0 WW D0:B G8 @57C;LB0B) :
T h e y h a v e b e e n l i v i n g i n K y i v f o r 1 0 y e a r s . = T h e y h a v e l i v e d i n K y i v f o r 1 0 y e a r s . >=8 682CBL C 8T2V 265 1 0 @>:V2.
4VTA;>20<8, I> =5 26820NBLAO 2 !o n t i n u o u s ( 482. C@>: 8 ) , 70<VABL P r e s e n t P e r f e c t !o n t i n u o u s 26820TBLAO P r e s e n t P e r f e c t :
H e h a s b e e n i n K y i v f o r t w o w e e k s . V= 7=0E>48BLAO 2 8T2V 265 2 B86=V.
I h a v e k n o w n h e r s i n c e 1 9 9 8 . / 7=0N WW 7 1 9 9 8 @>:C.
T h e P a s t P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e
( 8=C;89 ?5@D5:B=>- B@820;89 G0A)
6820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O B@820;>W 4VW, I> ?>G0;0AO @0=VH5 V=H>W 4VW 2 <8=C;><C, 28@065=>W 2 P a s t I n d e f i n i t e V, <>6;82>, I5 ?@>4>26C20;0AO =0 <><5=B <>28 2 <8=C;><C. VA;O ?V4<5B0 AB028BLAO 4>?><V6=5 4VTA;>2> t o b e 2 P a s t P e r f e c t B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8: B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P a r t i c i p l e ) >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20:
W e h a d b e e n c o n d u c t i n g t h i s e x p e r i m e n t f o r t w o h o u r s b e f o r e y o u c a m e .
> B>3> O: 28 ?@89H;8, <8 ?@>2>48;8 F59 5:A?5@8<5=B 265 ?@>BO3>< 42>E 3>48=.
h a d b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
0?5@5G=0 D>@<0: h a d n o t b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
8B0;L=0 D>@<0: H a d I ( h e , y o u , w e , t h e y ) b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I ?
8@060T 4VN, I> ?>G0;0AO C <8=C;><C V B@820;0 ?@>BO3>< O:>3>AL G0AC 4> ?52=>3> <><5=BC 2 <8=C;><C:
A l i c e h a d b e e n l i v i n g i n N e w Y o r k f o r t e n y e a r s b e f o r e s h e m o v e d t o C a l i f o r n i a .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
t e n y e a r s m o v e d B5?5@
091CB=V9 ?5@D5:B=>- B@820;89 G0A
( T h e F u t u r e P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s T e n s e )
6820TBLAO 4;O 28@065==O B@820;>W <091CB=L>W 4VW 4> O:>3>AL <><5=BC 2 <091CB=L><C, O:0 2A5 I5 B@820B8<5 2 F59 <><5=B, 01> 70:V=G8BLAO 157?>A5@54=L> ?5@54 =8<. #B2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o b e C F u t u r e P e r f e c t B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:a B5?5@VH=L>3> G0AC ( P a r t i c i p l e ) >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20:
w i l l ( s h a l l ) h a v e b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
0?5@5G=0 D>@<0: I ( w e ) s h a l l n o t h a v e b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
Y o u ( h e , w e , t h e y ) w i l l n o t h a v e b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I
8B0;L=0 D>@<0: S h a l l I ( w e , ) h a v e b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I ?
W i l l h e ( y o u , s h e , i t , t h e y ) h a v e b e e n + P a r t i c i p l e I ?
H e w i l l h a v e b e e n l e a r n i n g E n g l i s h f o r h a l f a y e a r b y J u n e .
> G5@2=O 2V= 282G0B8<5 0=3;V9AL:C <>2C 265 ?V2@>:C.
4VTA;>20<8, I> =5 <0NBL D>@<8 C o n t i n u o u s 26820TBLAO F u t u r e P e r f e c t :
I s h a l l n o t h a v e s e e n t h e e a r t h b e f o r e w e l a n d .
/ =5 10G8B8<C 75<;N, 06 ?>:8 <8 =5 ?@875<;8<>AO.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> 70?5@5G=C D>@<C <091CB=L>3> ?5@D5:=>- B@820;>3> G0AC:
1 . I s h a n t s t i l l b e w o r k i n g w h e n y o u r e t u r n .
2 . T h e y w o n t h a v e d o n e t h i s e x e r c i s e b y t w o o c l o c k .
3 . S h e w o n t f i n i s h h e r d i n n e r i n s o m e m i n u t e s .
4 . T h e b u i l d e r s w o n t h a v e f i n i s h e d b u i l d i n g t h i s s c h o o l b y t h e 1 s t o f S e p t e m b e r .
5 . I s h a n t h a v e b e e n w o r k i n g h e r e f o r t h r e e h o u r s b e f o r e y o u c o m e .
2 . 87=0GB5, 2 O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> <8=C;89 ?5@D5:=>- B@820;89 G0A:
1 . H e w a s w r i t i n g a l e t t e r w h e n I c a m e .
2 . H e h a d w r i t t e n a l e t t e r b e f o r e I c a m e .
3 . H e h a d b e e n w r i t i n g a l e t t e r f o r a n h o u r w h e n I c a m e .
4 . T h e l e t t e r w a s b e i n g w r i t t e n w h e n h e c a m e .
3 . /:C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 =5>1EV4=> 268B8 2 @5G5==V: T h e p l a n t & c a r s s i n c e 1 9 9 5 ?
1 . h a v e p r o d u c e d 2 . h a s p r o d u c e d 3 . h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d 4 . h a s b e e n p r o d u c i n g
4 . 5@5B2>@VBL AB25@46C20;L=V @5G5==O C 70?5@5G=V V ?8B0;L=V:
W e h a v e b e e n l e a r n i n g E n g l i s h f o r 8 y e a r s .
S h e h a s b e e n t y p i n g t h e t e x t f o r h a l f a n h o u r .
S h e h a s b e e n s p e a k i n g E n g l i s h s i n c e s h e w a s f i v e .
I h a d b e e n r e a d i n g t h i s b o o k f o r t h r e e h o u r s w h e n h e c a m e .
I t h a d a l r e a d y b e e n r a i n i n g f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s w h e n I w e n t o u t .
H e w i l l h a v e b e e n l e a r n i n g G e r m a n f o r t h r e e y e a r s w h e n h e e n t e r s t h e I n s t i t u t e .
5 . 0<V=VBL =5>7=0G5=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 =0 =5>1EV4=C G0A>2C D>@<C:
H e ( t o w a i t ) f o r h e r s i n c e 7 o c l o c k f o r a n h o u r .
T h e y ( t o t a k e ) t h e i r e x a m s i n c e 9 o c l o c k t h i s m o r n i n g .
S h e ( t o p a i n t ) t h e p i c t u r e f o r s o m e d a y s , w h e n I c a m e .
W h e n y o u e n t e r t h e M e d i c a l C o l l e g e y o u ( t o s t u d y ) E n g l i s h f o r m o r e t h a n f i v e y e a r s .
I ( t o w r i t e ) a r e p o r t f o r a n h o u r w h e n m y f r i e n d s c a m e i n t o t h e l i b r a r y .
H e ( t o h a v e ) h i s d i n n e r f o r h a l f a n h o u r . H e a l w a y s ( t o h a v e ) d i n n e r a t t h i s t i m e .
T h e y ( t o l e a r n ) t h e n e w w o r d s f o r h a l f a n h o u r w h e n t h e t e a c h e r c a m e .
M r . J o h n s o n ( t o w o r k ) i n t h e s a m e p l a c e f o r t h i r t y f i v e y e a r s a n d h e i s n o t p l a n n i n g t o r e t i r e y e t .
J o h n ( l i v e ) i n M i a m i f o r o n e y e a r w h e n h i s p a r e n t s c a m e t o v i s i t .
6 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T A : G R E A T B R I T A I N
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
c h a n g e 7<V=N20B8 c o n s i s t ( o f ) A:;040B8AO 7 E n g l a n d =3;VO e q u i p >1;04=0B8 g o v e r n C?@02;OB8 I s l a n d >AB@V2 l a k e >75@> m i l d < O:89 m o n a r c h y <>=0@EVO p a r l i a m e n t ?0@;0<5=B p o p u l a t i o n =0A5;5==O p o w e r 2;040 r e i g n ?@028B8 S c o t l a n d (>B;0=4VO s i t u a t e d @>7B0H>20=89 t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s @8B0=AL:V >AB@>28 t h e H o u s e o f C o m m o n s ?0;0B0 3@><04 t h e H o u s e o f L o r d s ?0;0B0 ;>@4V2 t h e N o r t h S e a V2=VG=5 <>@5 t h e T h a m e s "5<70 t o b e d i v i d e d 1CB8 @>74V;5=8< t o b e d i v i d e d f r o m 1CB8 2V4<56>20=8< t o b e k n o w n f o r 1CB8 2V4><8< G8<>AL t o b e w a s h e d b y ><820B8AO t o e l e c t >18@0B8 t o e n j o y =0A>;>46C20B8AO t o f r e e z e 70<5@70B8 W a l e s #5;LA
T E X T A : G R E A T B R I T A I N
G r e a t B r i t a i n ( o f f i c i a l n a m e t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d ) i s s i t u a t e d o n t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s . T h e B r i t i s h I s l e s c o n s i s t o f G r e a t B r i t a i n , I r e l a n d a n d m a n y s m a l l i s l a n d s . T h e t o t a l a r e a o f G r e a t B r i t a i n i s 2 4 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s , i t s p o p u l a t i o n i s 5 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e .
I n t h e n o r t h - w e s t t h e c o u n t r y i s w a s h e d b y t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n a n d t h e I r i s h S e a , i n t h e e a s t b y t h e N o r t h S e a . T h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l s e p a r a t e s t h e i s l a n d o f G r e a t B r i t a i n f r o m F r a n c e .
T h e i s l a n d o f G r e a t B r i t a i n i s d i v i d e d i n t o t w o p a r t s : m o u n t a i n o u s ( i n t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t o f t h e i s l a n d ) a n d l o w l a n d ( i n t h e s o u t h a n d e a s t ) . T h e r e a r e m a n y r i v e r s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n b u t t h e y a r e n o t v e r y l o n g . T h e r i v e r s a r e d e e p a n d d o n o t f r e e z e i n w i n t e r . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r i v e r s a r e t h e T h a m e s ( t h e d e e p e s t ) a n d t h e S e v e r n ( t h e l o n g e s t ) . T h e L a k e D i s t r i c t i s k n o w n f o r i t s b e a u t y . T h e r e a r e 1 6 l a k e s t h e r e . P e o p l e s a y : T h e b e a u t y o f t h e L a k e D i s t r i c t i s a s h a r d t o d e f i n e a s i t i s e a s y t o e n j o y .
G r e a t B r i t a i n i s k n o w n f o r i t s m i l d c l i m a t e w i t h f r e q u e n t r a i n s a n d f o g s . O n t h e a v e r a g e B r i t a i n h a s 2 0 4 r a i n y d a y s a y e a r . T h e w e a t h e r c h a n g e s v e r y o f t e n .
T h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m c o n s i s t s o f f o u r m a i n p a r t s : E n g l a n d ( i t o c c u p i e s o v e r 5 0 % o f t h e t e r r i t o r y w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f 8 3 % o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ) , S c o t l a n d ( i t o c c u p i e s o v e r 3 2 % o f t h e t e r r i t o r y w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f 9 % o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n ) , W a l e s ( i t o c c u p i e s a b o u t 9 % o f t h e t e r r i t o r y w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f 4 . 8 % o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n ; t h e W e l s h s p e a k t h e i r o w n l a n g u a g e ) a n d N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d ( i t o c c u p i e s 5 . 2 % o f t h e t o t a l t e r r i t o r y ) .
G r e a t B r i t a i n i s a h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d i n d u s t r i a l c o u n t r y . S h i p b u i l d i n g i s o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l i n d u s t r i e s i n B r i t a i n . F o r c e n t u r i e s B r i t a i n h a s b e e n t h e l e a d i n g s h i p b u i l d e r i n t h e w o r l d . C o a l - m i n i n g , m e t a l l u r g y , t e x t i l e , s h i p b u i l d i n g a r e t h e o l d e s t b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y . T h e n e w i n d u s t r i e s a r e c h e m i c a l , e l e c t r o t e c h n i c a l , a u t o m o b i l e , a v i a t i o n a n d e l e c t r o n i c s . T h e n e w i n d u s t r i e s h a v e d e v e l o p e d h a n d i n h a n d w i t h s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y a n d a r e e q u i p p e d t o m e e t p r e s e n t t e c h n i c a l d e m a n d s .
T h e l a r g e s t c i t i e s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a r e : L o n d o n , B i r m i n g h a m , G l a s g o w , L i v e r p o o l , M a n c h e s t e r , E d i n b u r g h a n d C a r d i f f . L o n d o n , L i v e r p o o l a n d G l a s g o w a r e t h e b i g g e s t E n g l i s h p o r t s . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c e n t r e o f c o t t o n a n d w o o l l e n i n d u s t r y i s M a n c h e s t e r .
G r e a t B r i t a i n i s a p a r l i a m e n t a r y m o n a r c h y . Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h I I i s a t t h e h e a d o f t h e s t a t e . I n p r a c t i c e s h e r e i g n s b u t d o e s n o t r u l e . I n f a c t , t h e c o u n t r y i s g o v e r n e d i n h e r n a m e b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t . P a r l i a m e n t i s t h e s u p r e m e l e g i s l a t i v e b o d y . I t h a s e x i s t e d s i n c e 1 2 6 5 a n d i s t h e o l d e s t p a r l i a m e n t i n t h e w o r l d . I t c o n s i s t s o f t w o H o u s e s : t h e H o u s e o f C o m m o n s a n d t h e H o u s e o f L o r d s .
T h e r e a r e t w o m a i n p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n : t h e C o n s e r v a t i v e P a r t y a n d t h e L a b o u r P a r t y . A s a r u l e t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r i s t h e l e a d e r o f t h e p a r t y t h a t h a s w o n t h e e l e c t i o n .
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1 . 5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N =0ABC?=V A;>2>A?>;CG5==O B0 A:;04VBL @5G5==O 7 =8<8:
O n t h e a v e r a g e , t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l , t o b e a s h a r d t o d e f i n e a s , f r e q u e n t r a i n s , t h e l e a d i n g s h i p b u i l d e r i n t h e w o r l d , t o d e v e l o p h a n d i n h a n d w i t h , t o m e e t p r e s e n t t e c h n i c a l d e m a n d s , i n p r a c t i c e , i n f a c t , a s a r u l e , t o b e g o v e r n e d i n s m b s n a m e , t h e s u p r e m e l e g i s l a t i v e b o d y .
2 . >AB02B5 70?8B0==O 4> @5G5=L:
T h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d i s s i t u a t e d o n t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s .
T h e n o r t h - w e s t a n d w e s t o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a r e w a s h e d b y t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n .
T h e w e a t h e r c h a n g e s v e r y o f t e n .
T h e i s l a n d o f G r e a t B r i t a i n i s q u i t e d i s t i n c t l y d i v i d e d i n t o 2 p a r t s : m o u n t a i n o u s ( n o r t h a n d w e s t ) a n d l o w l a n d , s o m e t i m e s h i l l y .
3 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h a t a r e t h e p a r t s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ?
W h i c h p a r t o f G r e a t B r i t a i n i s t h e l a r g e s t ?
W h a t i s t h e o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ?
W h a t i s G r e a t B r i t a i n s u r r o u n d e d b y ?
W h a t c l i m a t e h a s G r e a t B r i t a i n ?
T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s o f E n g l a n d a r e c o a l a n d i r o n , a r e n t t h e y ?
W a l e s a n d S c o t l a n d a r e p a r t s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n , a r e t h e y n o t ?
I s t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m a p a r l i a m e n t a r y m o n a r c h y ?
W h a t c a n y o u t e l l a b o u t r i v e r s i n B r i t a i n ?
4 . 815@VBL ?@028;L=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20:
E . g . H e s w o n / h e s b e e n w i n n i n g t h r e e p r i z e s f o r h i s w o r k .
S h e h a s w o r k e d o n / S h e h a s b e e n w o r k i n g o n h e r t y p i n g s k i l l s , b u t s h e s t i l l m a k e s m i s t a k e s !
W e h a v e p a s s e d / W e v e b e e n p a s s i n g a l l o u r e x a m s a n d n o w w e a r e g o i n g o n h o l i d a y !
T h e y r e e x h a u s t e d b e c a u s e t h e y v e t r a i n e d / t h e y v e b e e n t r a i n i n g f o r n e x t w e e k s m a r a t h o n .
A t l a s t w e v e f i n i s h e d / w e v e b e e n f i n i s h i n g w o r k i n g o n t h a t p r o j e c t .
I v e d o n e / I v e b e e n d o i n g m y h o m e w o r k f o r t w o h o u r s .
5 . 5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N:
1 . 5;8:0 @8B0=VO @>7B0H>20=0 =0 @8B0=AL:8E >AB@>20E.
2 . 0A5;5==O 5;8:>W @8B0=VW 5 6 <;=. >AV1.
3 . 0 ?V2=VG=><C AE>4V :@0W=0 ><820TBLAO B;0=B8G=8< >:50=><.
4 . 0- 0=H 2V4<56>2CT >AB@V2 5;8:0 @8B0=VO 2V4 $@0=FVW.
5 . # 5;8:V9 @8B0=VW T 1030B> @VG>:, 2>=8 =5 4>23V V =5 70<5@70NBL 278<:C, 0 =09206;82VH>N @VG:>N T "5<70.
6 . >3>40 2 :@0W=V 7<V=NTBLAO 4C65 G0AB>.
7 . @8B0=VO A:;040TBLAO 7 B@L>E G0AB8=: =3;VW, (>B;0=4VW B0 #5;LAC. 8 . 5;8:0 @8B0=VO F5 28A>:>@>728=5=0 V=4CAB@V0;L=0 :@0W=0.
9 . @>BO3>< AB>;VBL @8B0=VO 70;8H0TBLAO ?@>2V4=>N :>@01;51C4V2=>N :@0W=>N C A2VBV.
1 0 . @8B0=VO <0T 2C3;54>1C2=C, B5:AB8;L=C, EV<VG=C, 5;5:B@>==C, 02B><>1V;L=C B0 02V0FV9=C ?@><8A;>2VABL.
1 1 . 5;8:0 @8B0=VO F5 ?0@;0<5=BAL:0 <>=0@EVO.
1 2 . 0@;0<5=B A:;040TBLAO 7 ?0;0B8 ;>@4V2 V ?0;0B8 3@><04.
6 . !:;04VBL B0 70?8HVBL ?;0= B5<0B8G=>3> B5:ABC. V43>BC9B5 @>7?>2V4L =0 B5<C G r e a t B r i t a i n .
V0;>3
A : H e l l o , H e l e n ! H o w a r e y o u ?
I h a v e n o t s e e n y o u f o r a l o n g t i m e . W h e r e h a v e y o u b e e n ?
B : H i , B i l l ! I a m f i n e . T h a n k s .
I h a v e n o t s e e n y o u f o r a l o n g t i m e t o o . I h a v e b e e n t o E n g l a n d f o r a c o u p l e o f m o n t h s .
A : O h , I a m v e r y g l a d t o h e a r i t . D i d y o u l i k e i t ?
B : O h , y e s , I d i d . I v i s i t e d a l o t o f m u s e u m s , c i n e m a s , c l u b s , s a w t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t m o n u m e n t s i n L o n d o n , B e l f a s t , D u n d e e . D o y o u w a n t t o h a v e a l o o k a t m y p h o t o s ?
A : O f c o u r s e , I d o . W i t h p l e a s u r e !
B : L e t s g o !
N o t e s :
L e t s g o ?V45<>.
G l a d t o h e a r i t @0489 F5 GCB8.
I h a v e n o t s e e n y o u f o r a l o n g t i m e O 4>23> =5 10G82 B515.
W h e r e h a v e y o u b e e n ? ( 5 B8 1C2?
O f c o u r s e 02656.
!:;04VBL 4V0;>3 70 7@07:><.
! !" "
1 . 8?8HVBL 7 B5:ABC G r e a t B r i t a i n @5G5==O 2 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t .
2 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8, 28:>@8AB02H8 D>@<C 4VTA;>20 2 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t 01> 2 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s :
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( y o u r e a c h ) l e v e l t h r e e o n t h a t g a m e ?
T h e y _ _ _ _ _ _ ( p l a n t ) a l o t o f n e w t r e e s i n t h e g a r d e n .
K a t e _ _ _ _ _ _ ( f e e l ) i l l f o r t h r e e h o u r s .
M y m o t h e r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( c o o k ) a l l m o r n i n g .
L o o k , s h e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( a l r e a d y m a k e ) a l l t h e s e c a k e s .
T h e y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( t r a v e l ) i n A u s t r a l i a f o r t w o w e e k s .
T h e y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( k n o w ) e a c h o t h e r f o r 1 0 y e a r s .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( y o u b e ) h e r e s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e m o v i e ?
3 . V4:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 4VTA;>20 C 2V4?>2V4=V9 G0A>2V9 D>@<V.
S h e ( t o t a l k ) o n t h e p h o n e f o r a l o n g t i m e .
H e r e y o u a r e a t l a s t . I ( t o w a i t ) a l r e a d y f o r y o u f o r 2 0 m i n u t e s . Y o u ( t o b e ) l a t e a s u s u a l .
I t ( t o r a i n ) a l r e a d y f o r t w o h o u r s .
Y o u ( t o t r a n s l a t e ) a l r e a d y t h e a r t i c l e f o r t w o h o u r s .
H e r e t u r n e d h o m e , ( t o h a v e ) d i n n e r a n d ( t o b e g i n ) t o r e a d t h e n e w s p a p e r .
H e ( t o r e a d ) a l r e a d y t h e n e w s p a p e r f o r 1 0 m i n u t e s w h e n h i s f r i e n d r a n g h i m u p .
H o w l o n g y o u ( t o w r i t e ) t h e t e s t b e f o r e y o u g i v e i t t o t h e t e a c h e r ?
( T o s e e ) y o u a n y n e w f i l m s i n c e w e s a w e a c h o t h e r l a s t ? N o , I h a v e n t .
O h , I o f t e n ( t o g o ) t o t h e c i n e m a , a n d e v e n t h i s w e e k I ( t o s e e ) t w o f i l m s .
4 . !:;04VBL @>7?>2V4L ?@> 4@C30, O:89 ?>25@=C2AO 7 @8B0=VW.
5 . @>G8B09B5 B5:AB ?@> >=4>= B0 ?V43>BC9B5 ?;0= @>7?>2V4V.
T E X T B : L O N D O N
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
1 . t o s t r e t c h ?@>ABO30B8AL
2 . c r a d l e :>;8A:0
3 . i n v a d e r 7030@1=8:
4 . n a r r o w 2C7L:89
5 . C e l t i c s e t t l e m e n t :5;LBAL:5 ?>A5;5==O
6 . t r a d i n g c e n t r e F5=B@ B>@3V2;V
7 . o r d i n a r y 728G09=89
8 . t o r e s i d e 68B8
9 . t o d i s t i n g u i s h 2V4@V7=OB8, @>7@V7=OB8
1 0 . c h a p e l F5@:20, :0?;8FO
1 1 . t o b e b u r i e d 1CB8 ?>E>20=8<
1 2 . t o b e i n s e s s i o n 70AV40B8
T E X T B : L O N D O N
L o n d o n , o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t c i t i e s i n t h e w o r l d , i s t h e c a p i t a l o f G r e a t B r i t a i n , a n d t h e c r a d l e o f B r i t i s h t r a d i t i o n a n d c u l t u r e . I t i s a l a r g e a n d a n c i e n t c i t y w i t h t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f a b o u t 9 m i l l i o n p e o p l e . L o n d o n l i e s o n t h e T h a m e s a n d s t r e t c h e s f o r o v e r 3 0 m i l e s f r o m e a s t t o w e s t . I t i s m o r e t h a n t w o t h o u s a n d y e a r s o l d . L o n d o n w a s n o t b u i l t a s a c i t y . I t b e g a n l i f e a s a R o m a n f o r t i f i c a t i o n a t a p l a c e w h e r e t h e R o m a n i n v a d e r s f o u n d t h e T h a m e s n a r r o w e n o u g h t o b u i l d a b r i d g e . T h e n a s m a l l C e l t i c s e t t l e m e n t k n o w n a s L o n d i n i u m t h e y h a d t u r n e d i n t o a s e p a r a t e p o r t a n d a n i m p o r t a n t t r a d i n g c e n t r e . N o w L o n d o n i s t h e b i g g e s t i n d u s t r i a l a n d c u l t u r a l c e n t r e o f G r e a t B r i t a i n .
T r a d i t i o n a l l y L o n d o n i s d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r m a i n p a r t s : t h e C i t y , W e s t m i n s t e r , t h e W e s t E n d a n d t h e E a s t E n d .
T h e C i t y i s t h e o l d e s t p a r t o f L o n d o n , i t s f i n a n c i a l a n d b u s i n e s s c e n t r e . H e r e o n e c a n f i n d m a n y b a n k s a n d f i n a n c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . T h e C i t y i s a v e r y s m a l l p a r t , i t i s o n l y o n e s q u a r e m i l e b u t i t i s t h e m o s t c o m m e r c i a l c e n t r e o f t h e c o u n t r y .
T h e r i c h e s t p a r t o f L o n d o n i s t h e W e s t E n d w h e r e y o u c a n f i n d t h e e x p e n s i v e h o t e l s , m u s e u m s , g a l l e r i e s , t h e a t r e s , f a s h i o n a b l e s h o p s , m u s i c - h a l l s , n i g h t - c l u b s a n d r e s t a u r a n t s .
T h e E a s t E n d i s a n i n d u s t r i a l d i s t r i c t o f t h e c a p i t a l . T h e r e a r e m a n y f a c t o r i e s a n d t h e P o r t o f L o n d o n t h e r e . T h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e W e s t E n d a n d t h e E a s t E n d i s s t r i k i n g t h o u g h t h e d i s t r i c t o f f a c t o r i e s a n d p o o r h o u s e s h a s c h a n g e d . W e s t m i n s t e r i s t h e p l a c e f o r g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e s .
L o n d o n h a s m a n y p l a c e s o f i n t e r e s t . O n e o f t h e m o s t f a m o u s i s T r a f a l g a r S q u a r e w i t h t h e N e l s o n C o l u m n i n t h e c e n t r e . N o t f a r f r o m T r a f a l g a r S q u a r e t h e r e i s a l i t t l e s t r e e t w i t h v e r y o r d i n a r y h o u s e s . T h i s i s D o w n i n g S t r e e t . F o r 2 0 0 y e a r s a t h o u s e N u m b e r 1 0 t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r o f E n g l a n d h a s r e s i d e d .
O n e o f t h e m o s t b e a u t i f u l a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d o f a l l E n g l i s h b u i l d i n g s i s W e s t m i n s t e r A b b e y , a n o l d b e a u t i f u l c h a p e l . I t w a s f o u n d e d i n t h e 1 1 t h c e n t u r y . 4 1 k i n g s a n d q u e e n s o f E n g l a n d w e r e c r o w n e d a n d m a n y o f t h e m w e r e b u r i e d h e r e . M a n y B r i t i s h p o e t s a n d w r i t e r s a r e b u r i e d h e r e t o o . B u c k i n g h a m P a l a c e t h e R o y a l r e s i d e n c e i s s i t u a t e d n o t f a r f r o m W e s t m i n s t e r A b b e y .
T h e H o u s e s o f P a r l i a m e n t i n L o n d o n k n o w n a l s o a s t h e P a l a c e o f W e s t m i n s t e r i s t h e p l a c e w h e r e m e m b e r s o f P a r l i a m e n t ( M . P . ) m e e t t o m a k e l a w s . T h e P a l a c e o f W e s t m i n s t e r s t a n d s o n t h e r i v e r s i d e n e a r W e s t m i n s t e r A b b e y . T h e U n i o n J a c k ( t h e f l a g o f t h e U . K . ) f l i e s f r o m V i c t o r i a T o w e r o n l y w h e n t h e P a r l i a m e n t i s i n s e s s i o n . B i g B e n , t h e s y m b o l o f L o n d o n , i s a l s o i n o n e o f t h e T o w e r s .
A m o n g t h e p i c t u r e g a l l e r i e s - t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y a n d t h e T a t e G a l l e r y a r e t h e m o s t f a m o u s .
O n e o f t h e b e s t k n o w n m u s e u m s i s t h e B r i t i s h m u s e u m w i t h i t s l i b r a r y , r e a d i n g r o o m a n d t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f m a n u s c r i p t s . O n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t m o n u m e n t s i s S t . P a u l s C a t h e d r a l , w h i c h i s t h e S i r C h r s t o p h e r W r e n s m a s t e r p i e c e .
L o n d o n i s f u l l o f p a r k s a n d g r e e n s p a c e s : H y d e P a r k , R e g e n t s P a r k , C o v e n t G a r d e n a n d o t h e r s . H y d e P a r k i s f a m o u s f o r i t s S p e a k e r s C o r n e r .
I n L o n d o n t h e r e i s s o m u c h t o s e e t h a t e v e n L o n d o n e r s c a n a l w a y s f i n d n e w s i g h t s . T h e y l i k e t o s a y : W h e n a m a n i s t i r e d o f L o n d o n h e i s t i r e d o f l i f e .
09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 ?8B0==O:
W h o w a s L o n d o n f o u n d e d b y ? H o w o l d i s i t ?
W h e r e i s L o n d o n s i t u a t e d ?
W h a t i s t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f L o n d o n ?
W h a t m a i n p a r t s i s L o n d o n d i v i d e d i n t o ?
W h a t c a n y o u t e l l a b o u t t h e C i t y ?
W h a t i s t h e p r i n c i p a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e E a s t E n d a n d t h e W e s t E n d ?
W h a t p l a c e s o f i n t e r e s t a r e t h e r e i n L o n d o n ?
8 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB
T E X T C : T H E F O U N D A T I O N F O T I M P R O V E M E N T O F L A N D R E L A T I O N S
w o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
e x a g g e r a t i o n - ?5@51V;LH5==O
s i g n i f i c a n t e v e n t 7=0:>20 ?>4VO
c o n f o r m i t y - C73>465=VABL
m e r i t 70A;C30, 70A;C68B8
d o m a i n 2;0A=VABL, AD5@0 V=B5@5AV2
i n v i o l a b i l i t y =5@CH8<VABL, =54>B>@:0=VABL
s o c i a l j u s t i c e A>FV0;L=0 A?@0254;82VABL
r e a p p o r t i o n m e n t =5?@>?>@FV9=89 @>7?>4V;
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i m p a c t C40@, 2?;82, C:@V?;N20B8, 70GV?0B8 G8WAL V=B5@5A8
p e a s a n t AV;LAL:89 68B5;L
a b s e n t e e l a n d l o r d s 2V4ACB=V9 >@5=4>4025FL, 2>;>40@
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T E X T C : T H E F O U N D A T I O N F O T I M P R O V E M E N T O F L A N D R E L A T I O N S
N e v e r t h e l e s s , a m a j o r a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e l a n d r e f o r m a n d , i t m a y b e s a i d w i t h o u t e x a g g e r a t i o n , - a s i g n i f i c a n t p o l i t i c a l e v e n t o f 2 0 0 1 w a s t h e L a n d C o d e o f U k r a i n e p a s s e d b y V e r k h o v n a R a d a o n O c t o b e r 2 5 s i g n e d b e t h e P r e s i d e n t o f U k r a i n e .
T h e n e w v e r s i o n o f t h e L a n d C o d e o f U k r a i n e i s i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f U k r a i n e , h a r m o n i z i n g t h e L a n d C o d e p r o v i s i o n s w i t h t h e n o r m s o f l a n d l e g i s l a t i o n D e c r e e s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t o f U k r a i n e . I t i n c o r p o r a t e s n o r m s s e c u r i n g a n i m m e d i a t e , d i r e c t e f f e c t , b u t n o t g e n e r a l d e c l a r a t i o n . T h e m a i n m e r i t o f t h e n e w v e r s i o n o f t h e L a n d C o d e o f U k r a i n e i s i t s h a v i n g e n a c t e d f a r m l a n d p r i v a t i z a t i o n p r a c t i c e s i n t o l a w , i n p a r t i c u l a r , - t h e p r o v i s i o n f o r c e r t i f i c a t e s o f l a n d s h a r e o w n e r s h i p .
T h e L a n d C o d e c r e a t e s a f o u n d a t i o n f o r f u r t h e r i m p r o v e m e n t a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f l a n d r e l a t i o n s n o t o n l y i n t h e a g r a r i a n s e c t o r , b u t a l s o i n t h e d o m a i n o f n o n - f a r m l a n d s b a s i n g o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s :
1 . I n v i o l a b i l i t y o f p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p o f l a n d m a r k e t a b i l i t y o f l a n d ;
2 . S o c i a l j u s t i c e i n r e a p p o r t i o n m e n t o f s t a t e - o w n e d a n d m u n i c i p a l l a n d s ;
3 . C o m b i n a t i o n o f h i g h e c o n o m i c e f f i c i e n c y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a f e t y o f l a n d u s e .
T h e n e w L a n d C o d e i n t r o d u c e s a n u m b e r c o n s t r a i n s t h a t m a y b e u n a c c e p t a b l e f o r c o u n t r i e s w i t h d e v e l o p e d m a r k e t e c o n o m i e s . B u t t h e s e a r e t r a n s i t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s c o n d i t i o n e d p o l i t i c a l l y f i r s t o f a l l . T h e e x p e c t a t i o n i s t h a t t h e s e c o n s t r a i n s w i l l b e l i f t e d s o o n .
T h e i m p a c t o f l a n d r e f o r m o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y d e p e n d s o n w h a t k i n d o f s y s t e m i s b e i n g r e f o r m e d a s w e l l a s c o n t e n t o f t h e r e f o r m m e a s u r e s . L a n d r e f o r m h a s t h e g r e a t e s t p o s i t i v e i m p a c t o n p r o d u c t i v i t y w h e r e t h e p r e v i o u s s y s t e m w a s o n e o f s m a l l p e a s a n t f a r m s , w i t h h i g h r a t e s o f i n s e c u r e t e n a n c y a n d a b s e n t e e l a n d l o r d s . U n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s r e f o r m h a s l i t t l e i m p a c t o n c u l t i v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s s i n c e f a r m s a r e s m a l l b o t h b e f o r e a n d a f t e r r e f o r m . E l i m i n a t i o n o f l a n d l o r d s a l s o h a s l i t t l e e f f e c t o n p r o d u c t i v i t y b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h f a r m i n g . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t u r n i n g t e n a n t s i n t o o w n e r s p r o v i d e s t h e m w i t h a g r e a t e r i n c e n t i v e t o i n v e s t i n i m p r o v e m e n t s . T h e C h i n e s e , J a p a n e s e a n d S o u t h K o r e a n l a n d r e f o r m s o f t h e 1 9 4 0 s a n d 1 9 5 0 s w e r e a l l e s s e n t i a l l y o f t h i s k i n d .
A t t h e o t h e r e x t r e m e a r e r e f o r m s t h a t b r e a k u p l a r g e , h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t m o d e r n e s t a t e s o r f a r m s a n d s u b s t i t u t e s m a l l , i n e f f i c i e n t p r o d u c e r s . I n m a n y p a r t s o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d , s u c h a s M e x i c o , K e n y a , M a l a y s i a l a r g e , h i g h l y m e c h a n i z e d e s t a t e s u s i n g t h e m o s t a d v a n c e d t e c h n i q u e s h a v e g r o w n u p o v e r t i m e . T h e i n c e n t i v e i n h e r e n t i n t h e u s e o f s k i l l e d p r o f e s s i o n a l e s t a t e m a n a g e r s . O f t e n t h e s e e s t a t e s a r e m a j o r s u p p l i e r s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e f o r e x p o r t , a n d h e n c e a c r u c i a l s o u r c e o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y s f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e . I f l a n d r e f o r m b r e a k s u p t h e s e e s t a t e s a n d t u r n s t h e m o v e r t o s m a l l p e a s a n t p r o p r i e t o r s , w h o k n o w l i t t l e a b o u t m o d e r n t e c h n i q u e s a n d l a c k t h e c a p i t a l t o p a y f o r t h e m , t h e i m p a c t o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y c a n b e c a t a s t r o p h i c . B u t t h e r e a r e a l s o e x a m p l e s , a s i n t h e K e n y a n h i g h l a n d s , w h e r e t h e b r e a k u p o f l a r g e e s t a t e s i n t o s m a l l p e a s a n t h o l d i n g a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i v i t y , m a i n l y b e c a u s e t h e s m a l l h o l d i n g s w e r e f a r m e d m u c h m o r e i n t e n s i v e l y t h a n t h e l a r g e e s t a t e s .
I . A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s :
1 . W h a t e f f o r t w a s t a k e n i n 2 0 0 1 i n t h e a r e a o f a g r i c u l t u r a l ?
2 . W h a t w a s t h e m a j o r e s s e n c e o f t h e n e w L a n d C o d e o f U k r a i n e ?
3 . D i d t h e L a n d C o d e c r e a t e t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r i m p r o v e m e n t o f l a n d r e l a t i o n s i n t h e a g r a r i a n s e c t o r o r i n t h e o t h e r s p h e r e s ?
4 . W h a t d i d t h e n e w L a n d C o d e i n t r o d u c e ?
5 . D i d a c h i e v e m e n t s i n l a n d r e f o r m i n g y i e l d a r a d i c a l r e v i v a l o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n ?
6 . I s l a n d l e a s e m a r k e t d e v e l o p i n g i n U k r a i n e ?
7 . W h a t d o e s t h e L a n d C o d e c r e a t e ?
8 . T h e n e w L a n d C o d e i n t r o d u c e s a n u m b e r o f c o n s t r a i n t s f o r U k r a i n e . A r e t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s a c c e p t a b l e f o r c o u n t r i e s w i t h d e v e l o p e d m a r k e t e c o n o m i e s ?
9 . W h a t d o e s a n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y d e p e n d o n f r o m ?
1 0 . I s t h e l a n d r e f o r m a l w a y s e f f i c i e n t ?
I I . M a c h t h e w o r d s o n t h e l e f t w i t h t h e c o r r e c t d e f i n i t i o n s i n t h e r i g h t :
1 . l a w a ) a n o f f i c i a l w r i t t e n a g r e e m e n t i n w h i c h l a n d i s l e t t o s o m e b o d y e l s e f o r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f t i m e i n r e t u r n f o r r e n t ; 2 . c o d e b ) a n o f f i c i a l p i e c e o f p a p e r t h a t s a y s t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e o r c o r r e c t ; 3 . c o n s t r a i n c ) c h a n g i n g t h e o w n e r s h i p o f a n o r g a n i z a t i o n f r o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o a p r i v a t e c o m p a n y ; 4 . p r i v a t i z a t i o n d ) t o l i m i t o n s o m e t h i n g o r o n y o u r f r e e d o m t o d o s o m e t h i n g ; 5 . l e a s e e ) a s e t o f r u l e s f o r b e h a v i o r , a s e t o f s t a n d a r d s a g r e e d a n d a c c e p t e d b y g o v e r n m e n t ; 6 . c e r t i f i c a t e f ) t o w r i t e o n e s n a m e t o s h o w t h a t o n e a c c e p t s o r a g r e e s w i t h t h e c o n t e n t s ; 7 . p e a s a n t g ) s y s t e m o f r u l e s a n d p r i n c i p l e s t h a t h a s b e e n e x c e p t e d b y s o c i e t y o r a g r o u p o f p e o p l e ; 8 . t o s i g n e ) m a n w o r k i n g o n t h e l a n d o r o n a v e r y s m a l l f a r m w h i c h h e r e n t s o r o w n s
I I I . F i n d a s m a n y s y n o n y m s a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s a n d m a k e y o u r o w n s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e m :
T o p u r c h a s e - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
T o c r e a t e - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
T o d e v e l o p - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
T o c a l c u l a t e - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S h a r e - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I V . T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o U k r a i n i a n :
T h e r e a r e a l w a y s s o m e f i n a n c i a l c o n s t r a i n s o n a p r o j e c t l i k e t h i s . H e s i g n e d t h e d o c u m e n t u n d e r c o n s t r a i n t s .
W e c a l c u l a t e d t h a t t h e a d v a n t a g e s w o u l d b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o c a l c u l a t e h o w l o n g t h e p r o j e c t w i l l t a k e .
I w a n t t o t r a n s f e r $ 1 0 0 0 f r o m m y d e p o s i t t o m y c u r r e n t a c c o u n t i n a b a n k .
T h e r e s o n l y o n e r o o m a v a i l a b l e s o w e l l h a v e t o s h a r e . S h a r e s i n t h e c o m p a n y c a n b o u g h t a n d s o l d .
M a n y e m p l o y e e s h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p u r c h a s e s h a r e s i n t h e c o m p a n y t h e y w o r k f o r . T h e p u r c h a s e r o f t h e h o u s e a g r e e s t o p a y a d e p o s i t o f 1 0 % .
Y o u h a v e a c h i e v e d t h e s u c c e s s y o u d e s i r e . S h e f e l t t h a t b o o k w a s h e r g r e a t e s t a c h i e v e m e n t .
V . T r a n s l a t e i n t o E n g l i s h :
5<5;L=0 @5D>@<0 T A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N 5:>=><VG=>W @5D>@<8, O:0 ?@>2>48BLAO 2 #:@0W=V C 72 O7:C V7 ?5@5E>4>< 5:>=><V:8 45@6028 4> @8=:>28E 2V4=>A8=. 0240==O< FVTW @5D>@<8 T ?5@5@>7?>4V; 75<5;L 7 >4=>G0A=>N ?5@540G5N WE C ?@820B=C 2;0A=VABL, 0 B0:>6 C :>@8ABC20==O ?V4?@8T<AB20<, CAB0=>20< B0 >@30=V70FVO< 7 <5B>N AB2>@5==O C<>2 4;O @V2=>?@02=>3> @>728B:C @V7=8E D>@< 3>A?>40@N20==O =0 75<;V, D>@<C20==O 1030B>C:;04=>W 5:>=><V:8, @0FV>=0;L=>3> 28:>@8AB0==O B0 >E>@>=8 75<5;L.
;O B>3>, I>1 AB0B8 28A>:>@>728=5=>N :@0W=>N, #:@0W=0 7>1>2 O70=0 >A2>WB8 ?>ABV=4CAB@V0;L=C AB04VN F82V;V70FV9=>3> @>728B:C. ;O FL>3>, =0A0<?5@54, ?>B@V1=> 287=0G8B8AO 7 <VAF5< B0 @>;;N 75<;V 2 5:>=><VG=><C :C3>>15@BV @5AC@AV2 45@6028. '5@57 B5, I> 75<;O 2 #:@0W=V 4>AV =5 <0T @50;L=>W FV=8, =5 AB0;0 B>20@>< V :0?VB0;><, 5:>=><V:0 45@6028 <>65 ?>25@=CB8AO C 4> V=4CAB@V0;L=C AB04VN @>728B:C F82V;V70FVW.
528@VH5=VABL 75<5;L=>3> ?8B0==O =5 40T 7<>38 V ?@020 2V4=5AB8 #:@0W=C 4> :@0W=, O:V ?5@51C20NBL =0 V=4CAB@V0;L=V9 AB04VW F82V;V7>20=>3> @>728B:C, 2 O:V9 :0?VB0; 75<;V T A:;04>2>N =0FV>=0;L=>3> 1030BAB20.
8 . @>G8B09B5 ?@8A;V2 O B0 =072VBL WE 2V4?>2V4=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
E a s t o r W e s t , h o m e i s b e s t .
A p e n n y s a v e d i s a p e n n y g a i n e d .
L i t t l e s t r o k e s f e l l g r e a t o a k s .
9 . @>G8B09B5 V ?5@5:;04VBL 2V@HV. 82GVBL >48= 7 =8E =0?0< OBL.
P o e m s
W h e n t h e w e a t h e r i s w e t ,
W e m u s t n o t f r e t , (
W h e n t h e w e a t h e r i s c o l d w e m u s t n o t s c o l d .
W h e n t h e w e a t h e r i s w a r m ,
W e m u s t n o t s t o r m , (
B u t b e t h a n k f u l t o g e t h e r
W h a t e v e r t h e w e a t h e r .
W i n d y N i g h t s
B y R . L . S t e v e n s o n
W h e n e v e r t h e m o o n a n d s t a r s a r e s e t ,
W h e n e v e r t h e w i n d i s h i g h ,
A l l n i g h t l o n g i n t h e d a r k a n d w e t
A m a n g o e s r i d i n g b y .
L a t e i n t h e n i g h t w h e n t h e f i r e s a r e o u t ,
W h y d o e s h e g a l l o p a n d g a l l o p a b o u t ?
T i m e f o r F u n
D R E A D F U L W O R D
M o t h e r : W h o e v e r t a u g h t y o u t o u s e t h a t d r e a d f u l w o r d ?
T o m m y : S a n t a C l a u s , M o m .
M o t h e r : S a n t a C l a u s ?
T o m m y : Y e s , M o m , w h e n h e f e l l o v e r a c h a i r i n m y b e d r o o m o n C h r i s t m a s e v e . N o t e s : d r e a d f u l 60E;8289; ?@5?>30=89; f e l l o v e r a c h a i r ?5@5G5?82AO G5@57 ABV;5FL.
#@>: 1 0
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
A G R I C U L T U R E I N G R E A T B R I T A I N
<VAB C@>:C:
1 . 5:A8G=0 B5<0: A g r i c u l t u r e i n G r e a t B r i t a i n
2 . !;>2>B2>@5==O: @5DV:A8 i n - , u n - , i m - .
!CDV:A8 a l , - o u s .
3 . @0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: 0A82=89 AB0= 4VTA;V2. @C?0 ?@>AB8E G0AV2 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C ( S i m p l e P a s s i v e T e n s e s ) . @C?0 B@820;8E G0AV2 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C ( C o n t i n u o u s P a s s i v e T e n s e s ) . @C?0 G0AV2 P e r f e c t ?0A82=>3> AB0=C ( P e r f e c t P a s s i v e T e n s e s ) .
4 . "5:AB W o r l d a g r i c u l t u r e
!;>2>B2>@5==O
1 . 0 4>?><>3>N ?@5DV:AV2 i n - , u n - , i m - CB2>@NNBLAO ?@8:<5B=8:8, ( V=>4V 9 V<5==8:8) , I> <0NBL 0) 7=0G5==O 70?5@5G5==O O:>ABV, ?>7=0G5=>W >A=>2>N: u n s a f e =5157?5G=89; 1) =5<>6;82>ABV, 01> 2V4ACB=>ABV 4VW: u n c o l l e c t e d =57V1@0=89; 2) 2 4VTA;>20E ?@5DV:A u n - <0T 7=0G5==O 4VW ?@>B8;56=>W BV9, I> 28@065=0 >A=>2>N; ?>7102;5==O 2V4 B>3>, I> ?>7=0G5=> 2 >A=>2V; 2840;5==O, 284>1C20==O: t o u n d o ?>25@B0B8 4> ?>G0B:>2>3> AB0=C, t o u n c a g e 28?CA:0B8 7 :;VB:8, t o u n e a r t h 28:>?C20B8.
2 . !CDV:A8 a l , - o u s CB2>@NNBL ?@8:<5B=8:8: v a r i o u s - @V7=><0=VB=89, c h e m i c a l EV<VG=89.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . >409B5 =0ABC?=V ?@5DV:A8 4> ?@8:<5B=8:V2 V ?5@5:;04VBL =>2>CB2>@5=V A;>20:
i n - d e p e n d e n t , d i r e c t l y , a c t i v e , a d e q u a t e ;
u n - r e a l , c o m m o n , f i t , a b l e , l i m i t e d ;
i m - p o s s i b l e , p r a c t i c a b l e , m a t u r e , m o b i l i t y .
2 . 5@5:;04VBL =0ABC?=V ?@8:<5B=8:8, CB2>@5=V 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2 - a l , - o u s , - y , - i v e , - f u l :
a ) a g r i c u l t u r a l , f o r m a l , c e n t r a l , c u l t u r a l , i n d u s t r i a l ;
b ) m o u n t a i n o u s , n u m e r o u s , v a r i o u s , i n f e c t i o u s , c o n t i n u o u s ;
c ) s u n n y , w i n d y , s a n d y , s t o n y , c l o u d y , s a l t y ;
d ) p r o g r e s s i v e , p r o t e c t i v e , m a s s i v e , i n t e n s i v e , p r o d u c t i v e ;
e ) b e a u t i f u l , u s e f u l , w o n d e r f u l , h e l p f u l , c a r e f u l .
3 . 5@5?8HVBL V<5==8:8, ?V4:@5A;VBL WE ACDV:A8 B0 =0?8HVBL 4VTA;>20, 2V4 O:8E 2>=8 CB2>@5=V. 5@5:;04VBL =0 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C:
d e v e l o p m e n t , i m p r o v e m e n t , d i f f e r e n c e , p r e d o m i n a n c e , r e s i s t a n c e , s u i t a b l e , v a l u a b l e , p r o d u c t i o n , c o n s u m p t i o n , e x p a n s i o n , a d d i t i o n , c o l l e c t i o n , p u r i f i c a t i o n , b r e e d e r , o w n e r , o p e r a t o r .
4 . #B2>@VBL ?@8A;V2=8:8 2V4 =02545=8E =86G5 ?@8:<5B=8:V2 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 l y B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE:
@07>:: e q u a l e q u a l l y ; h i g h h i g h l y .
A t t e n t i v e , u s u a l , e a s y , n i c e , s l o w , g r e a t , n a t u r a l , m a i n , b e a u t i f u l , a n n u a l , l a r g e , a p p r o x i m a t e .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
0A82=89 AB0= 4VTA;V2
( P a s s i v e V o i c e )
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V T 420 AB0=8 4VTA;>20:
0:B82=89 ( t h e a c t i v e v o i c e ) ;
?0A82=89 ( t h e p a s s i v e v o i c e ) .
>;8 ?V4<5B T >A>1>N G8 ?@54<5B><, I> 28:>=CT 4VN, 4VTA;>2> 26820TBLAO C D>@<V 0:B82=>3> AB0=C: H e a s k e d h e r . V= 70?8B02 WW. ( @8AC4>: 2V4?>2V40T =0 70?8B0==O )> 7@>182 ?V4<5B? ) .
>;8 ?V4<5B T >A>1>N G8 ?@54<5B><, I> ?V4;O30T 4VW V=H>W >A>18 G8 ?@54<5B0, 4VTA;>2> 26820TBLAO C D>@<V ?0A82=>3> AB0=C: H e w a s a s k e d . >3> 70?8B0;8. ( @8AC4>: 2V4?>2V40T =0 70?8B0==O )> 7@>18;8 7 ?V4<5B><? ) .
$>@<0 4VTA;>20 C ?0A82=><C AB0=V A:;040TBLAO 7 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o b e C 2V4?>2V4=><C G0AV + P a s t P a r t i c i p l e ( V 3 ) .
@C?0 ?@>AB8E G0AV2 C ?0A82=><C AB0=V
( S i m p l e P a s s i v e T e n s e s )
P r e s e n t S i m p l e P a s s i v e : a m ( i s , a r e ) + d o n e ( 7 ?V4<5B>< I>AL @>18BLAO 27030;V) .
M a n y a r t i c l e s a r e p u b l i s h e d e v e r y y e a r .
030B> AB0B59 ?C1;V:CTBLAO :>6=>3> @>:C.
P a s t S i m p l e P a s s i v e : w a s ( w e r e ) + d o n e ( 7 ?V4<5B>< I>AL 7@>18;8) .
M a n y a r t i c l e s w e r e p u b l i s h e d l a s t y e a r .
030B> AB0B59 1C;> >?C1;V:>20=> <8=C;>3> @>:C.
F u t u r e S i m p l e P a s s i v e : s h a l l b e ( w i l l b e ) + d o n e ( 7 ?V4<5B>< I>AL 7@>1;OBL G8 1C4CBL @>18B8) .
M a n y a r t i c l e s w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d 030B> AB0B59 1C45 >?C1;V:>20=>
n e x t y e a r . =0ABC?=>3> @>:C.
/:I> 2:070=>, :8< 28:>=0=0 4VO, B> 28:>@8AB>2CTBLAO ?@89<5==8: b y , 0 O:I> 2:070=> V=AB@C<5=B, O:8< 28:>=0=0 4VO, ( ?@89<5==8: w i t h .
D o n a l d D u c k w a s c r e a t e d 0G5=O >=0;L4 1C;> AB2>@5=>
b y W a l t D i s n e y i n 1 9 3 6 . >;B>< 8A=5T< C 1 9 3 6 @.
R i c e i s e a t e n w i t h c h o p s t i c k s i n C h i n a . 8A W4OBL ?0;8G:0<8 C 8B0W.
'0A $>@<0 !B25@46C20;L=0 8B0;L=0 0?5@5G=0 "5?5@VH=V9 ?@>AB89 T h e l e t t e r i s w r i t t e n I s t h e l e t t e r w r i t t e n ? T h e l e t t e r i s n o t w r i t t e n 8=C;89 ?@>AB89 T h e l e t t e r w a s w r i t t e n y e s t e r d a y W a s t h e l e t t e r w r i t t e n y e s t e r d a y ? T h e l e t t e r w a s n o t w r i t t e n y e s t e r d a y 091CB=V9 ?@>AB89 T h e l e t t e r w i l l b e w r i t t e n t o m o r r o w W i l l t h e l e t t e r b e w r i t t e n t o m o r r o w ? T h e l e t t e r w i l l n o t b e w r i t t e n t o m o r r o w
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
=094VBL D>@<C ?0A82=>3> AB0=C 4VTA;>20:
a ) s e n d b ) i s s e n d i n g c ) w a s s e n t d ) s e n t
=094VBL D>@<C 0:B82=>3> AB0=C 4VTA;>20:
a ) w a s b o u g h t b ) w i l l b e b o u g h t c ) w i l l b u y d ) i s b o u g h t
3 . O:><C @5G5==V ?@8AC4>: 26820TBLAO C D>@<V ?@>AB>3> <8=C;>3> G0AC ?0A82=>3> AB0=C?
1 . M a n y i n t e r e s t i n g f i l m s a r e o f t e n s h o w n o n T V .
2 . M a n y i n t e r e s t i n g f i l m s w i l l b e s h o w n o n T V t o m o r r o w .
3 . M a n y i n t e r e s t i n g f i l m s w e r e s h o w n o n T V l a s t w e e k .
4 . T h e g u i d e s h o w e d u s a l o t o f i n t e r e s t i n g p l a c e s t h e r e .
4 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8 B0 70?>2=VBL @5G5==O:
O u r U n i v e r s i t y & a s t a t u s o f N a t i o n a l i n 1 9 9 4 ( t o g i v e ) .
T h e U S A & b y t h e G u l f o f M e x i c o i n t h e S o u t h ( t o w a s h ) .
S o o n o u r d e p a r t m e n t & a n e w c o m p u t e r ( t o g i v e ) .
5 . =094VBL C:@0W=AL:89 5:2V20;5=B 0=3;V9AL:>3> @5G5==O: S o m e n e w h o u s e s w e r e b u i l t i n o u r s t r e e t l a s t y e a r .
1 . 5:V;L:0 =>28E 1C48=:V2 1C45 ?>1C4>20=> =0 =0HV9 2C;8FV =0ABC?=>3> @>:C.
2 . 8 ?>1C4C20;8 45:V;L:0 =>28E 1C48=:V2 =0 =0HV9 2C;8FV <8=C;>3> @>:C.
3 . 5:V;L:0 =>28E 1C48=:V2 1C;> ?>1C4>20=> =0 =0HV9 2C;8FV <8=C;>3> @>:C.
4 . >2V 1C48=:8 1C4CNBLAO =0 =0HV9 2C;8FV :>6=>3> @>:C.
6 . 815@VBL ?@028;L=C 2V4?>2V4L =0 70?8B0==O: W e r e y o u a s k e d l a s t t i m e ?
a ) Y e s , i t w a s b ) Y e s , I w a s c ) N o , I w e r e n t d ) Y e s , t h e y w e r e .
7 . >@8ABCNG8AL B01;8F5N, 287=0GVBL D>@<8 ?@8AC4:V2:
1 . w a s n t t r a n s l a t e d
2 . w i l l b e b o u g h t
3 . w o n t b e a s k e d
4 . w i l l b e g i v e n
5 . a r e r e p a i r e d
6 . w a s c r e a t e d
7 . a r e n t g r o w n
8 . i s u s e d
9 . w e r e n t f o u n d
1 0 . i s n t d o n e .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
@C?0 B@820;8E G0AV2 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C
( C o n t i n u o u s P a s s i v e T e n s e s )
'0A8 3@C?8 !o n t i n u o u s ( o r P r o g r e s s i v e ) ?0A82=>3> AB0=C, O: V 0:B82=>3>, 28@060NBL B@820;C 4VN, I> 2V41C20TBLAO 2 O:89AL <><5=B 01> ?5@V>4 G0AC 2 B5?5@VH=L><C G8 <8=C;><C G0AV. 091CB=V9 G0A F u t u r e C o n t i n u o u s 2 ?0A82=><C AB0=V =5 26820TBLAO.
P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s P a s s i v e : A v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g f i l m i s b e i n g s h o w n o n T V .
P a s t C o n t i n u o u s P a s s i v e : A n i c e h o c k e y g a m e w a s b e i n g s h o w n o n T V w h e n h e r e t u r n e d h o m e .
P r e s e n t ( P a s t ) C o n t i n u o u s P a s s i v e CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o b e 2 P r e s e n t ( P a s t ) C o n t i n u o u s A c t i v e V o i c e B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 <8=C;>3> G0AC >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20.
T H E P A S S I V E F O R M S O F T H E P R E S E N T A N D P A S T C O N T I N U O U S
A C T I V E P A S S I V E T h e s e c r e t a r y i s c o p y i n g s o m e l e t t e r s . S o m e l e t t e r s a r e b e i n g c o p i e d b y t h e s e c r e t a r y . P a s s i v e f o r m o f t h e p r e s e n t p r o g r e s s i v e : a m } S o m e o n e i s b u i l d i n g a n e w h o s p i t a l . A n e w h o s p i t a l i s b e i n g b u i l t . i s + b e i n g + P A S T P A R T I C I P L E a r e T h e s e c r e t a r y w a s c o p y i n g s o m e l e t t e r s . S o m e l e t t e r s w e r e b e i n g c o p i e d b y t h e s e c r e t a r y . P a s s i v e f o r m o f t h e p a s t p r o g r e s s i v e : W a s } S o m e o n e w a s b u i l d i n g a n e w h o s p i t a l . A n e w h o s p i t a l w a s b e i n g b u i l t . + b e i n g + P A S T P A R T I C I P L E W e r e
/: V 2 0:B82=><C AB0=V, 4VTA;>20, I> =5 28@060NBL 4VN O: ?@>F5A, O: ?@028;>, =5 26820NBLAO 2 D>@<V C o n t i n u o u s . > =8E 2V4=>AOBLAO 4VTA;>20, I> 28@060NBL 2V4GCBBO ( t o s e e , t o s m e l l ) , 2>;528O2;5==O ( t o r e f u s e , t o p r e f e r ) , 1060==O ( t o w i s h , t o w a n t ) , ?>GCBBO ( t o l i k e , t o h a t e ) , @>7C<>2C 4VO;L=VABL ( t o k n o w , t o u n d e r s t a n d ) , B0 V=HV.
( 82. C@>: 8 ) .
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . !:;04VBL ?> 5 @5G5=L, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 A;>20 7 B01;8FL:
T h e f a c t o r y i s b e i n g w r i t t e n T h e b o o k a r e b e i n g b u i l t T h e f i l m r e p a i r e d T h e h o u s e s d i s c u s s e d T h e l e t t e r r e a d
T h e f a c t o r y w a s b e i n g d i s c u s s e d a t t h a t t i m e T h e f i l m w e r e b e i n g w r i t t e n w h e n I c a m e i n T h e h o u s e s b u i l t w h e n h e m o v e d h e r e T h e l e t t e r r e p a i r e d w h e n w e w e r e h e r e T h e b o o k r e a d
2 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O. 25@=VBL C203C =0 D>@<8 G0AC 4VTA;V2 C ?0A82=><C AB0=V:
1 . E x c u s e t h e m e s s , t h e h o u s e i s b e i n g p a i n t e d .
2 . I f e l t a s i f I w a s b e i n g w a t c h e d .
3 . T h e r o o f i s b e i n g r e p a i r e d b y a f r i e n d o f o u r s .
4 . A m u l t i s t o r i e d h o u s e i s b e i n g b u i l t n e a r o u r s c h o o l .
5 . T h e c h i l d r e n a r e b e i n g t a u g h t b y M r . R i c e a t t h e m o m e n t .
6 . I t h i n k t h e f i l m i s b e i n g s h o w n o n T V n o w .
7 . T h e f a c t o r y w a s s t i l l b e i n g b u i l t w h e n w e c a m e t o t h a t p l a c e .
3 . V4:@5A;VBL ?@8AC4:8 2 @5G5==OE. 5@5B2>@VBL @5G5==O C P a s s i v e V o i c e , 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 G0A>2C D>@<C 4VTA;V2:
S o m e p e o p l e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g a n e w p l a n .
A n e w p l a n _ _ _ _ i s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d _ _ _ _ _ .
T h e g r a n d p a r e n t s a r e w a t c h i n g t h e c h i l d r e n .
T h e c h i l d r e n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y t h e i r g r a n d p a r e n t s .
S o m e p a i n t e r s a r e p a i n t i n g M r . R i v e r a ' s a p a r t m e n t t h i s w e e k .
M r . R i v e r a ' s a p a r t m e n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t h i s w e e k .
M a n y o f t h e o l d e r p e o p l e i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d w e r e g r o w i n g v e g e t a b l e s .
V e g e t a b l e s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y m a n y o f t h e o l d e r p e o p l e i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d .
E r i c ' s c o u s i n s a r e m e e t i n g h i m a t t h e a i r p o r t t h i s a f t e r n o o n .
E r i c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y h i s c o u s i n s a t t h e a i r p o r t t h i s a f t e r n o o n .
I w a t c h e d w h i l e t h e m o v e r s w e r e m o v i n g t h e f u r n i t u r e f r o m m y f l a t t o a t r u c k .
I w a t c h e d w h i l e t h e f u r n i t u r e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ f r o m m y a p a r t m e n t t o a t r u c k .
E v e r y o n e l o o k e d a t t h e f l a g w h i l e t h e y w e r e s i n g i n g t h e n a t i o n a l a n t h e m .
E v e r y o n e l o o k e d a t t h e f l a g w h i l e t h e n a t i o n a l a n t h e m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
A c c o r d i n g t o o n e s c i e n t i f i c e s t i m a t e , w e l o s e 2 0 , 0 0 0 s p e c i e s o f p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s e a c h y e a r d u e t o t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f r a i n f o r e s t s .
A c c o r d i n g t o o n e s c i e n t i f i c e s t i m a t e , 2 0 , 0 0 0 s p e c i e s o f p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e a c h y e a r d u e t o t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f r a i n f o r e s t s .
4 . #B2>@VBL ?8B0;L=C B0 70?5@5G=C D>@<8:
1 . T h e s i c k m a n i s b e i n g o p e r a t e d o n .
2 . T h e r o o m i s b e i n g c l e a n e d n o w .
3 . T h i s m e t r o l i n e w a s b e i n g b u i l t a t t h a t t i m e .
4 . T h e r o a d i s b e i n g r e p a i r e d b y o u r w o r k e r s .
5 . T h e f i l m w a s b e i n g s h o w n f r o m 7 t i l l 9 .
6 . T h e o r c h e s t r a w a s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d b y o u r m u s i c t e a c h e r .
7 . W a t e r - p o w e r s t a t i o n s a r e b e i n g b u i l t o n t h e M o u n t a i n R i v e r s .
V4:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 4VTA;>20 C 2V4?>2V4=V9 G0A>2V9 D>@<V:
D u r i n g t h e f a m i l y c e l e b r a t i o n , t h e l i t t l e b o y w a s c r y i n g b e c a u s e h e ( i g n o r e ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . H e n e e d e d s o m e a t t e n t i o n , t o o .
T h e C l a r k s l i v i n g r o o m ( r e d e c o r a t e ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i n b l u e a n d w h i t e .
T h e y w a n t i t t o l o o k n i c e f o r t h e i r d a u g h t e r s w e d d i n g r e c e p t i o n .
J a c k p r i c k e d h i s f i n g e r w h i l e h e ( t h r e a d ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a n e e d l e .
O i l e x p l o r a t i o n c o s t s a l o t o f m o n e y . T h e e x p l o r a t i o n s i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y ( f i n a n c e ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t .
T h e n e w s o f t h e v i c t o r y ( b r o a d c a s t ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y o v e r t h e r a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n . E v e r y o n e h e a r d a b o u t i t a l m o s t a s s o o n a s i t h a p p e n e d .
A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , t h e o l d e s t h o u s e i n t o w n ( r e s t o r e ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y t h e H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y . W h e n t h e r e s t o r a t i o n i s f i n i s h e d , t h e h o u s e i s s u r e t o b e a p o p u l a r t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n .
T h e l o g g i n g i n d u s t r y i n t h a t c o u n t r y s t i l l u s e s a n i m a l p o w e r . A f t e r t h e t r e e s a r e c u t d o w n , t h e l o g s ( d r a g ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t o t h e c e n t r a l c a m p b y e l e p h a n t s .
5@5B2>@VBL @5G5==O, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 P a s s i v e V o i c e :
I s a s t u d e n t p i l o t f l y i n g t h a t a i r p l a n e ?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t h a t a i r p l a n e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y a s t u d e n t p i l o t ?
T h e p o l l u t i o n i n t h e c i t y w a s a f f e c t i n g T i m s b r e a t h i n g .
T i m s b r e a t h i n g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y t h e p o l l u t i o n i n t h e c i t y .
S o m e o n e i s c o n s i d e r i n g J a c k f o r t h e j o b .
J a c k _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ f o r t h e j o b .
T h e p o l i c e a r e q u e s t i o n i n g t w o b o y s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e a c c i d e n t .
T w o b o y s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y t h e p o l i c e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e a c c i d e n t .
L o o k ! S o m e o n e i s f e e d i n g t h e s e a l s .
T h e s e a l s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
T h e y a r e b u i l d i n g a n e w r i n g - r o a d r o u n d t h e c i t y .
A n e w r i n g - r o a d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r o u n d t h e c i t y .
S o m e b o d y w a s c l e a n i n g t h e r o o m w h e n I a r r i v e d .
T h e r o o m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ w h e n I a r r i v e d .
S o m e b o d y i s c l e a n i n g t h e r o o m a t t h e m o m e n t .
T h e r o o m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a t t h e m o m e n t .
7 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 C o n t i n u o u s P a s s i v e . #B2>@VBL ?8B0;L=C D>@<C:
1 . A t p r e s e n t s o i l p r o t e c t i v e c r o p f a r m i n g m e t h o d s a r e b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d i n m a n y r e g i o n s o f o u r c o u n t r y .
2 . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m a c h i n e r y a n d c h e m i c a l s f o r l o c a l s o i l - p r o t e c t i v e a n d p l a n t - p r o t e c t i v e s y s t e m s i s b e i n g i n c r e a s e d .
3 . A n i n t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e i s b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t t o p r o d u c e b a s i c d a t a f o r n e w d e s i g n s a n d p r o c e d u r e s : t h i s i n c l u d e s h a r v e s t i n g u n d e r d i f f i c u l t t e r r a i n c o n d i t i o n s ; n e w t h i n n i n g m a c h i n e s , a f f o r e s t a t i o n a n d c u l t i v a t i o n e q u i p m e n t a n d m e t h o d s .
4 . F e r t i l i z a t i o n i s g r a d u a l l y b e i n g m o r e c o m m o n l y u s e d i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e y i e l d .
5 . N e w f a r m s a r e b e i n g o r g a n i z e d o n i r r i g a t e d l a n d s . T h e y a r e b e i n g p r o v i d e d w i t h u p - t o - d a t e e q u i p m e n t a n d m a c h i n e r y .
8 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N. 25@=VBL C203C =0 ?0A82=89 AB0= 4VTA;V2:
1 . 13>2>@N20;0AL 9>3> ?@>?>78FVO, :>;8 22V9H>2 ?@>D5A>@ @0C=. 2 . / 2?52=5=89, I> F59 <0BG B@0=A;NTBLAO 70@07 ?> B5;510G5==N. 3 . >289 :>@?CA C=V25@A8B5BC 1C4C20;8, :>;8 O 2ABC?82 4> VAB>@8G=>3> D0:C;LB5BC.
4 . 8AB8 2V4A8;0;8, :>;8 O ?@89H>2.
5 . 030B> 1C48=:V2 1C;> 7@C9=>20=> 2 8T2V ?V4 G0A 2V9=8; 1V;LHVABL 7 =8E 2V41C4>20=>, V 1030B> =>28E 1C4CTBLAO 70@07.
@C?0 G0AV2 P e r f e c t ?0A82=>3> AB0=C
( P e r f e c t P a s s i v e T e n s e s )
I . '0A8 3@C?8 P e r f e c t ?0A82=>3> AB0=C, O: V 0:B82=>3>, 28@060NBL 4VN, I> ?5@54CT V=HV9 4VW 01> O:><CAL <><5=BC 2 B5?5@VH=L><C, <8=C;><C 01> <091CB=L><C G0AV. @V< FL>3>, ?5@D5:B=V G0A8, >A>1;82> P r e s e n t P e r f e c t P a s s i v e , 26820NBLAO 4;O ?V4:@5A;5==O @57C;LB0BC 4VW, I> 2V41C;0AO.
T h e w i n d o w s h a v e s t i l l n o t b e e n r e p a i r e d . V:=0 I5 =5 2V4@5<>=B>20=V.
I w a s t h i n k i n g o f a l l t h a t h a d b e e n s a i d . / 4C<02 ?@> 2A5, I> 1C;> A:070=>.
T h e g o o d s h a v e j u s t b e e n e x a m i n e d b y t h e c u s t o m s o f f i c e r s . ">20@8 I>9=> >3;O=CBV ( 1C;8 >3;O=CBV) <8B=8:0<8.
I I . P r e s e n t ( P a s t , F u t u r e ) P e r f e c t P a s s i v e CB2>@NNBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o b e 2 P r e s e n t ( P a s t , F u t u r e ) P e r f e c t B0 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 <8=C;>3> G0AC >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20:
P r e s e n t P e r f e c t P a s s i v e : I ( w e , y o u , t h e y ) h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d .
H e ( s h e , i t ) h a s b e e n i n v i t e d .
P a s t P e r f e c t P a s s i v e : I ( h e , s h e , i t , w e , y o u , t h e y ) h a d b e e n i n v i t e d .
F u t u r e P e r f e c t P a s s i v e : I ( w e ) s h a l l h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d .
H e ( s h e , y o u , t h e y ) w i l l h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d .
F u t u r e P e r f e c t - i n - t h e - P a s t P a s s i v e CB2>@NTBLAO B0: A0<>, O: V F u t u r e P e r f e c t P a s s i v e , 0;5 70<VABL 4>?><V6=8E 4VTA;V2 s h a l l / w i l l 26820NBLAO 2V4?>2V4=> s h o u l d / w o u l d .
F u t u r e P e r f e c t - i n - t h e - P a s t P a s s i v e : I ( w e ) s h o u l d h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d .
H e ( s h e , y o u , t h e y ) w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d .
I I I . /: V 2 0:B82=><C AB0=V, 2 ?V4@O4=8E >1AB028==8E @5G5==OE G0AC B0 C<>28 4;O 28@065==O <091CB=L>W 4VW 70<VABL D>@<8 F u t u r e P e r f e c t P a s s i v e 26820TBLAO D>@<0 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t P a s s i v e :
A f t e r t h e g o o d s h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d VA;O B>3>, O: B>20@8 1C4CBL
w e s h a l l t a k e t h e m t o t h e w a r e h o u s e . >3;O=CBV, <8 2V7L<5<> WE =0
A:;04.
I V . /: V 2 0:B82=><C AB0=V, 26820==O G0AV2 C ?V4@O4=><C @5G5==V 7 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:>< C <8=C;><C G0AV, C73>46CTBLAO 7 ?@028;0<8 ?>A;V4>2=>ABV G0AV2.
I k n e w t h a t t h e p l a n t h a d b e e n / 7=02, I> 702>4 1C4CTBLAO 265
b u i l t f o r t w o y e a r s . 420 @>:8.
S h e s h o w e d m e t h e a r t i c l e w h i c h >=0 ?>:070;0 <5=V AB0BBN, O:0
h a d b e e n t r a n s l a t e d b y h e r b r o t h e r . 1C;0 ?5@5:;045=0 WW 1@0B><.
H e s a i d t h a t t h e h o u s e w o u l d V= A:0702, I> 1C48=>: ( 265) 1C45
h a v e b e e n b u i l t b y J a n u a r y . ?>1C4>20=89 ( ?>1C4CNBL) 4> AVG=O.
S h e s a i d t h a t y o u w o u l d h a v e >=0 A:070;0, I> 20< ?>:06CBL
b e e n s h o w n a n e w f i l m b e f o r e h e =>289 DV;L<, 4> B>3> O: 2V= ?V45.
l e f t .
V . P e r f e c t I n f i n i t i v e P a s s i v e B0 <>40;L=V 4VTA;>20.
P e r f e c t I n f i n i t i v e P a s s i v e 26820TBLAO:
- ?VA;O <>40;L=8E 4VTA;V2 m u s t V m a y 4;O 28@065==O ?@8?CI5==O, I> 4VO 265 74V9A=8;0AO:
T h e l e t t e r m a y h a v e b e e n s e n t t o 8AB, <01CBL, 1C2 2V4VA;0=89 70 t h e w r o n g a d d r e s s . =5?@028;L=>N 04@5A>N.
- ?VA;O 4VTA;V2 c a n , c a n n o t 4;O 28@065==O 7482C20==O, AC<=V2C 7 ?@82>4C B>3>, I> 4VO <>3;0 74V9A=8B8AO:
C a n t h i s w o r k h a v e b e e n d o n e i n 5265 FO @>1>B0 1C;0 7@>1;5=0 70 s u c h a s h o r t t i m e ? B0:89 :>@>B:89 AB@>:?
- ?VA;O 4VTA;V2 s h o u l d , w o u l d , c o u l d , m i g h t , o u g h t B0 w a s ( w e r e ) 4;O 28@065==O 4VW, O:0 ?>28==0 1C;0 1 G8 <>3;0 1 74V9A=8B8AO, 0;5 =5 74V9A=8;0AO:
T h e g o o d s w e r e t o h a v e b e e n ">20@8 ?>28==V 1C;8 1CB8
d e l i v e r e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f M a y . 4>AB02;5=V =0 ?>G0B>: B@02=O ( 0;5 =5 1C;8 4>AB02;5=V) .
T h e w i n d o w s s h o u l d h a v e b e e n V:=0 A;V4 1C;> ( ?>B@V1=>
c l e a n e d y e s t e r d a y . 1C;>) ?><8B8 2G>@0.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . !:;04VBL 5 @5G5=L, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 A;>20 7 B01;8FV:
T h e h o u s e h a v e b e e n b u i l t b e f o r e w e a r r i v e d T h e h o u s e s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n b u i l t H e s a i d t h a t t h e h o u s e w o u l d h a v e b e e n b u i l t b y t h e e n d o f n e x t y e a r w i l l h a v e b e e n b u i l t f o r 2 y e a r s b e f o r e w e a r r i v e d h a d b e e n b u i l t b y J a n u a r y
2 . @>G8B09B5 @5G5==O B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE. 25@=VBL C203C =0 P a s s i v e V o i c e :
1 . J i m d i d n t k n o w a b o u t t h e c h a n g e o f p l a n s . H e h a d n t b e e n t o l d .
2 . T h e r o o m l o o k e d m u c h b e t t e r . I t h a d b e e n c l e a n e d .
3 . H a v e y o u h e a r d t h e n e w s ? T h e p r e s i d e n t h a d b e e n s h o t .
4 . H a v e y o u e v e r b e e n b i t t e n b y a d o g ?
5 . I m n o t g o i n g t o t h e p a r t y . I h a v e n t b e e n i n v i t e d .
6 . T h e l e t t e r h a s j u s t b e e n t y p e d .
7 . T h e a r t i c l e w i l l h a v e b e e n t r a n s l a t e d b y s i x o c l o c k .
8 . H e s a i d t h a t h e w o u l d s h o w u s t h e l e t t e r w h e n i t w a s t y p e d .
9 . T h i s r o o m l o o k s d i f f e r e n t . H a s i t b e e n p a i n t e d s i n c e I w a s l a s t h e r e ?
1 0 . A t r e e w a s l y i n g a c r o s s t h e r o a d . I t h a d b e e n b l o w n d o w n i n t h e s t o r m .
3 . V4:@5A;VBL ?5@D5:B=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20. 0:V=GVBL @5G5==O 2V4?>2V4=>N G0A>2>N D>@<>N 4VTA;>20 C ?0A82=><C AB0=V:
1 . T h e y h a v e c h a n g e d t h e d a t e o f t h e m e e t i n g .
T h e d a t e o f t h e m e e t i n g _ _ _ _ h a s b e e n c h a n g e d _ _ _ _ _ .
2 . T h e p o l i c e h a v e a r r e s t e d t h r e e m e n .
T h r e e m e n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
3 . B r i a n t o l d m e t h a t s o m e b o d y h a d a t t a c k e d a n d r o b b e d h i m i n t h e s t r e e t .
B r i a n t o l d m e t h a t h e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4 . T h e c h i l d r e n h a v e s c a t t e r e d a b o u t a l o t o f t h i n g s .
A l o t o f t h i n g s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
5 . T h e y h a v e b u i l t e x c e l l e n t s h e l t e r s f o r t o u r i s t s i n t h e s e m o u n t a i n s .
E x c e l l e n t s h e l t e r s f o r t o u r i s t s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
6 . T h e y h a v e r e c e n t l y b u i l t a h u g e p l a n t i n t h e t o w n o f N .
A h u g e p l a n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
5@5:;04VBL =0ABC?=V @5G5==O 7 P e r f e c t P a s s i v e . 0:V=GVBL @5G5==O 2V4?>2V4=>N G0A>2>N D>@<>N 4VTA;>20 2 0:B82=><C AB0=V:
T h i s m a n h a s b e e n m u c h s p o k e n o f .
E v e r y o n e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
I n v i t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n s e n t t o a l l t h e o l d p u p i l s t o b e p r e s e n t a t t h e s c h o o l s t h i r t i e t h a n n i v e r s a r y .
T h e y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
A f t e r t h e f a c t s h a d b e e n t h o r o u g h l y e x p l a i n e d t o h e r , s h e n o l o n g e r f e l t w o r r i e d .
T h e h o s t e s s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
T h e p a p e r s h a d b e e n l o o k e d t h r o u g h a n d c o r r e c t e d b y t h e n e x t l e s s o n .
T h e p r o f e s s o r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
N e w m a t e r i a l w i l l h a v e b e e n e x p l a i n e d b y t h e t e a c h e r b y t h e e n d o f t h e f i r s t l e s s o n .
T h e t e a c h e r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
5 . >AB02B5 ?8B0;L=C B0 70?5@5G=C D>@<8 4> @5G5=L:
1 . T h e l i g h t h a s n o t y e t b e e n t u r n e d o f f .
2 . H e h a s b e e n t o l d e v e r y t h i n g , s o h e k n o w s w h a t t o d o n o w .
3 . T h e d o o r h a s b e e n l e f t o p e n .
4 . T h e a r t i c l e w i l l h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d b y t h e t i m e y o u a r r i v e .
5 . T h i s c r o p h a d b e e n s o w n b y t h e e n d o f t h e m o n t h .
5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 P e r f e c t I n f i n i t i v e P a s s i v e ?VA;O <>40;L=8E 4VTA;V2:
M y b i c y c l e h a s d i s a p p e a r e d . I t m u s t h a v e b e e n s t o l e n .
T h e w e a t h e r w a s a w f u l . T h e f o o t b a l l m a t c h o u g h t t o h a v e b e e n c a n c e l l e d .
D i d a n y o n e i n v i t e A n n t o t h e p a r t y ? I d o n t k n o w . S h e m i g h t h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d .
D i d a n y o n e s e e y o u ? N o , b u t I w o u l d h a v e b e e n s e e n i f i t h a d n t b e e n s o d a r k .
H a s s o m e o n e r e p a i r e d t h i s m a c h i n e ? W e l l , i t s w o r k i n g a g a i n s o i t m u s t h a v e b e e n r e p a i r e d .
D i d s o m e o n e t h r o w t h o s e o l d l e t t e r s a w a y ? Y e s , b u t i t w a s a m i s t a k e . T h e y s h o u l d n t h a v e b e e n t h r o w n a w a y .
0?8HVBL V=H5 @5G5==O 7 B8< A0<8< 7=0G5==O<, 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 P a s s i v e V o i c e :
S o m e b o d y m i g h t h a v e s t o l e n y o u r c a r i f y o u h a d l e f t t h e k e y s i n i t .
Y o u r c a r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
A n e l e c t r i c a l f a u l t c o u l d h a v e c a u s e d t h e f i r e .
T h e f i r e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
T h e y s h o u l d n t h a v e p l a y e d t h e f o o t b a l l m a t c h i n s u c h b a d w e a t h e r .
T h e f o o t b a l l m a t c h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
T h e y s h o u l d h a v e d i s c u s s e d t h i s q u e s t i o n a t t h e l a s t m e e t i n g .
T h i s q u e s t i o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
H e s h o u l d h a v e p u b l i s h e d t h e n o v e l l a s t y e a r .
T h e n o v e l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
@>G8B09B5 @5G5==O B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE. 25@=VBL C203C =0 28:>@8AB0==O P e r f e c t P a s s i v e :
A l o t o f t r a c t o r s a n d o t h e r f a r m m a c h i n e r y h a v e b e e n s u p p l i e d b y t h e m a c h i n e b u i l d i n g p l a n t s .
F o r e s t s h a v e b e e n c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e .
T o d a y m u c h o f t h e l a n d h a s b e e n c u l t i v a t e d a n d s o w n t o c r o p s i n U k r a i n e .
M u c h o f t h e b e s t q u a l i t y f o r e s t h a s b e e n c u t t o c l e a r l a n d f o r a g r i c u l t u r e i n B r a z i l .
C o n s i d e r a b l e p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n m a d e i n b r e e d i n g s u i t a b l e p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s a n d i n t h i s w a y i t i s p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n i n t o a r e a s t h e y h a v e n o t g r o w n b e f o r e .
I n s o m e a r e a s o f r u r a l B r i t a i n , u p t o 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y s i d e h a s b e e n t u r n e d i n t o v a r i o u s k i n d s o f p r o t e c t e d a r e a s .
9 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O 0=3;V9AL:>N <>2>N, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 G0A>2V D>@<8 4VTA;>20 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C:
1 . #AV B5;53@0<8 2V4VA;0=V? )5 =V. >;>28=0 B5;53@0< 1C;0 2V4VA;0=0 2G>@0. 5HB0, >:@V< B@L>E, =04@C:>20=V. AB0==V 70@07 4@C:CNBLAO. E =04@C:CNBL G5@57 4204FOBL E28;8=.
2 . /: ?>2V4><;ONBL C ?@5AV, ?5@53>2>@8 7025@HCNBLAO. ;5 73>48 I5 =5 4>AO3=CB> 4> A8E ?V@.
3 . 5 70E>4LB5 2 :V<=0BC. 0@07 5:70<5=CNBL ABC45=B0 5B@>20. >3> 5:70<5=CNBL 265 4204FOBL E28;8=.
4 . 8:;040G ?>?@>A82 ABC45=B0 282G8B8 F5 ?@028;> A0<>ABV9=>, >A:V;L:8 2>=> 1C;> 265 ?>OA=5=>. 8 1C;8 =5C206=8<, :>;8 F5 ?@028;> ?>OA=N20;8 , ( A:0702 2V=.
5 . &5 ?8B0==O 265 4C65 402=> @>73;O 40TBLAO.
6 . VAB 265 1C4C20;8 420 <VAOFV, :>;8 <8 ?@8WE0;8.
7 . )> 70@07 2V41C20TBLAO 2 1V1;V>B5FV? "0< 70@07 >13>2>@NNBLAO =>2V :=838. E >13>2>@NNBL 265 3>48=C.
#" "
1 . 87=0GB5 7=0G5==O 0=3;V9AL:8E A;V2 70 ?>4V1=VABN 4> C:@0W=AL:8E A;V2. !:06VBL, 4> O:8E G0AB8= <>28 2>=8 =0;560BL:
p i o n e e r p r o d u c t s p r o g r e s s i v e a c r e e f f i c i e n c y h e c t a r e p r o p o r t i o n p r i v a t e c o n c e n t r a t e d t o t a l c u l t i v a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n l o c a t i o n c o m p o s i t i o n o c e a n i c s p e c i a l i s t c l i m a t e t r a d i t i o n a l t y p e p l a s t i c i n t e n s i v e f a r m i n g m e c h a n i z e d c o m b i n e
2 . @>G8B09B5, ?@028;L=> 28<>2;ONG8, 35>3@0DVG=V =0728:
N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d , t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s , N o r f o l k , t h e T h a m e s , t h e T y n e , t h e H u m b e r , t h e S e v e r n , t h e M e r s e y , A t l a n t i c , N o r w a y , W a l e s .
3 . V415@VBL 0=B>=V<8 4> A;V2:
a ) i n c o m e r e v e n u e , p r o f i t , a d v a n t a g e , l o s s
b ) m o i s t f e r t i l e , a r i d , p o o r , d a m p .
c ) d r a i n a g e d r a i n i n g , i r r i g a t i o n , c u l t i v a t i o n , f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
d ) d r y m i l d , l i g h t , h e a v y , h u m i d .
e ) t o i n c r e a s e t o a u g m e n t , t o e x t e n d , t o d e c r e a s e , t o e n h a n c e .
4 . #B2>@VBL ABC?5=V ?>@V2=O==O ?@8:<5B=8:V2: h e a v y , w a r m , l i t t l e , d r y , b i g , l a r g e , i m p o r t a n t , p r o g r e s s i v e .
5 . #B2>@VBL D>@<C 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 <8=C;>3> G0AC:
S t a n d a r d v e r b s : t o f i t , t o c o n c e n t r a t e , t o c o v e r , t o m i x , t o p r o t e c t , t o l o c a t e , t o o r g a n i z e , t o j o i n , t o h a r v e s t , t o p r e p a r e .
N o n - s t a n d a r d v e r b s : t o h a v e , t o m a k e , t o f i n d , t o g i v e , t o d o , t o h o l d , t o s p e n d , t o b e , t o s e e , t o c u t , t o b u y , t o s e l l , t o k e e p , t o g r o w .
6 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O, :>@8ABCNG8AL A;>2=8:><. 25@=VBL C203C =0 7=0G5==O 284V;5=8E A;V2:
1 . T o t a l c a t t l e n u m b e r s h a v e t e n d e d t o r e m a i n s t e a d y a t s o m e 1 3 m i l l i o n h e a d .
2 . P i g a n d p o u l t r y n u m b e r s ( 8 m i l l i o n a n d 1 3 5 m i l l i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) a r e m o r e v o l a t i l e , b u t t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n r e m a i n s v e r y i m p o r t a n t .
3 . O n t h e a r a b l e l a n d w h e a t a n d b a r l e y a r e s u p r e m e , a c c o u n t i n g b e t w e e n t h e m f o r w e l l o v e r h a l f t h e a c r e a g e .
4 . F i s h f a r m i n g i s a s m a l l b u t h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e s e c t o r o f S c o t l a n d s r u r a l i n d u s t r y , a n d h a s u n d e r g o n e a m a s s i v e e x p a n s i o n i n t h e l a s t 1 0 y e a r s .
82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB.
T E X T A : A G R I C U L T U R E I N G R E A T B R I T A I N
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
a c r e a g e ?;>I0 2 0:@0E a s h OA5=L b e e c h 1C: c i r c u i t 4>268=0 >:@C38 c o d B@VA:0 c o n i f e r o u s E2>9=V 45@520 c o n s u m p t i o n A?>6820==O e f f i c i e n c y 4VT2VABL, 5D5:B82=VABL e l m 2 O7 e x p a n s i o n @>7H8@5==O f e a t u r e E0@0:B5@=0 >A>1;82VABL, @8A0 f i t ?@840B=89, 2V4?>2V40B8, 3>48B8AO f l a t f i s h e s ?;0A:V, ?;5A:0BV @818 ( :0<10;0, ?0;BCA) f l o u n d e r :0<10;0 g r a z e 28?0A0B8 ( EC4>1C) h e a t h AB5?, O:89 70@VA 25@5A>< h e n c e >B65, 0B>6 h e r r i n g >A5;545FL i n c o m e ?@81CB>: l o b s t e r ><0@ m a c k e r e l <0:@5;L, A:C<1@VO m a r s h 1>;>B> m o o r 1>B. 25@5A m u t t o n 10@0=8=0 o a k 4C1 p e r m a n e n t ?>ABV9=89 p i o n e e r ?V>=5@, V=VFV0B>@, ?@>:;040B8 H;OE, 25AB8 p o r k A28=8=0 p r e d o m i n a n c e ?5@52060==O, ?5@52030 p r e d o m i n a t e ?5@52060B8, <0B8 ?5@5203C r a i n b o w t r o u t @094C6=0 D>@5;L r e m a i n 70;8H0B8AO r u r a l AV;LAL:89 s a l m o n ;>A>AL, AL><30 t e n d <0B8 B5=45=FVN, =0<V@ t h e r e f o r e B><C, >B65 t h u s B0:8< G8=><
T E X T A : A G R I C U L T U R E I N G R E A T B R I T A I N
B r i t i s h a g r i c u l t u r e h a s l o n g h a d a r e p u t a t i o n f o r i t s p i o n e e r i n g o f n e w t e c h n i q u e s a n d h i g h e f f i c i e n c y , a n d r e m a i n s a m o n g t h e m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e i n t h e w o r l d . I n a s m a l l c o u n t r y , w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f m o u n t a i n , m o o r l a n d , a n d o t h e r l a n d u n f i t f o r c u l t i v a t i o n , t h e a r e a a v a i l a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r e i s n o w a b o u t 4 6 . 4 5 m i l l i o n a c r e s ( 1 8 . 9 8 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s ) , r e p r e s e n t i n g 4 9 % o f t h e t o t a l a r e a o f t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m . O f t h i s a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d m o r e t h a n 1 5 m i l l i o n a c r e s ( 6 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s ) c o n s i s t o f g r a z i n g l a n d a n d o n l y 3 0 m i l l i o n a c r e s ( 1 2 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s ) a r e u n d e r c r o p s a n d g r a s s .
D u e t o g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ( o n t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s ) t h e c l i m a t e i s o c e a n i c i n t y p e . T h e w i n t e r s a r e m i l d a n d t h e s u m m e r s a r e c o o l , b u t l o n g e n o u g h t o p r o d u c e c r o p s . T h e w a r m t h c o m e s f r o m t h e G u l f S t r e a m . I n J a n u a r y t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e i s + 3 o , + 7 o C , i n J u l y + 1 6 o , + 1 7 o C . T h e w i n d s f r o m t h e o c e a n t o t h e s o u t h - w e s t b r i n g r a i n f a l l t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . T h e r a i n f a l l i s h e a v i e s t o n t h e w e s t c o a s t s . T h e w i n d s c o m i n g f r o m t h e e a s t a r e d r i e r . S o t h e w e s t s i d e o f E n g l a n d , w i t h m o r e r a i n a n d s n o w , h a s a d i f f e r e n t s o r t o f f a r m i n g f r o m t h e e a s t s i d e , w h i c h h a s f a r l e s s r a i n a n d e v e n s o m e t i m e s h a s d r o u g h t .
S o i l , a l s o , v a r i e s f r o m o n e p a r t o f E n g l a n d t o a n o t h e r . I n t h e c o u n t y o f N o r f o l k , o n t h e d r i e r e a s t e r n s i d e o f E n g l a n d , s o m e o f t h e s o i l i s s o s a n d y a n d s t o n y t h a t t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e c r o p i s t r e e s , y e t w i t h i n a f e w m i l e s t h e r e i s d e e p r i c h s o i l w h i c h , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e d r y c l i m a t e , p r o d u c e s w o n d e r f u l g r a i n c r o p s .
T h e r i v e r s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a r e s h o r t b u t a b u n d a n t , a n d t h e y n e v e r f r e e z e . T h e m a i n r i v e r s a r e t h e T h a m e s , t h e T y n e , t h e H u m b e r , t h e S e v e r n , t h e M e r s e y . A c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a o f l a n d i s c o v e r e d w i t h m e a d o w s a n d h e a t h s .
T h u s , t w o o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e s o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m a r e t h e w i d e v a r i a t i o n s i n s o i l s a n d t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n c l i m a t e . T h e w e t t e r a n d m i l d e r w e s t o f E n g l a n d , W a l e s a n d N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d h a v e a l w a y s h a d a p r e d o m i n a n c e o f p e r m a n e n t p a s t u r e a n d h e n c e t h e r a i s i n g o f c a t t l e a n d d a i r y i n g , w h i l e t h e d r i e r a n d c o l d e r e a s t o f E n g l a n d a n d S c o t l a n d h a s b e e n s p e c i a l i z e d i n a r a b l e p r o d u c t i o n .
I n s o m e a r e a s , e s p e c i a l l y n e a r l a r g e u r b a n c e n t e r s , t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s c e n e i s e x t r e m e l y v a r i e d , a n d i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s e e g r a i n c r o p s , d a i r y c a t t l e , s h e e p , o r c h a r d s a n d s o f t f r u i t s , p o t a t o e s a n d v e g e t a b l e s , p o u l t r y , m a r k e t g a r d e n s , a l l w i t h i n a c i r c u i t o f 1 0 m i l e s ( 1 6 k m ) o r l e s s .
A g r i c u l t u r e i n G r e a t B r i t a i n i s i n t e n s i v e a n d h i g h l y m e c h a n i z e d . I n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y , m o s t f a r m s a r e d a i r y . I n c o m e f r o m l i v e s t o c k a n d d a i r y p r o d u c t s i s a b o u t t h r e e t i m e s t h a t f r o m c r o p s . F a r m e r s r a i s e c a t t l e , s h e e p , p i g s a n d p o u l t r y . B r i t i s h l i v e s t o c k b r e e d e r s h a v e d e v e l o p e d m a n y o f t h e c a t t l e , s h e e p a n d p i g b r e e d s w i t h w o r l d w i d e r e p u t a t i o n . T h e r e a r e o v e r 6 0 p r i n c i p a l b r e e d s o f s h e e p i n B r i t a i n .
C r o p p r o d u c t i o n i s c o n c e n t r a t e d o n t h e e a s t e r n s i d e . O n t h e a r a b l e l a n d w h e a t a n d b a r l e y a r e s u p r e m e , a c c o u n t i n g b e t w e e n t h e m f o r w e l l o v e r h a l f t h e a c r e a g e . S u c h o t h e r c r o p s a s p o t a t o e s , s u g a r b e e t s , o a t s , m a i z e ( c o r n ) , r a p e f o r o i l s e e d a r e a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t . A b o u t 5 , 4 0 0 a c r e s ( 2 , 2 0 0 h e c t a r e s ) a r e u n d e r g l a s s o r p l a s t i c f o r g r o w i n g e a r l y t o m a t o e s a n d o t h e r m a r k e t - g a r d e n p r o d u c e .
B u l b s a n d f l o w e r g r o w i n g a r e e s t a b l i s h e d i n f o r m e r m a r s h l a n d a r e a s i n K e n t , w i t h o v e r 1 3 , 0 0 0 a c r e s ( 5 , 3 0 0 h e c t a r e s ) d e v o t e d t o t h e s e s p e c i a l t i e s .
C r o p p r o d u c t i o n i s t h e m a i n e n t e r p r i s e , b u t t h e r e a r e s t i l l m a n y m i x e d f a r m s o n w h i c h f a r m e r s b o t h g r o w c r o p s a n d r a i s e l i v e s t o c k . T h e m i x e d f a r m p r o d u c e s m a n y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f f o o d : m i l k , b u t t e r a n d c h e e s e , b e e f , p o r k , b a c o n , w h e a t , b a r l e y , s u g a r b e e t , m u t t o n a n d , o f c o u r s e , a l l s o r t s o f p o u l t r y , s i n c e h e n s , d u c k s a n d t u r k e y s c a n a l w a y s b e f i t t e d i n s o m e w h e r e . T h e f a r m e r o f a m i x e d f a r m t h e r e f o r e h a s a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f p r o d u c e t o s e l l .
F i s h f a r m i n g i s a s m a l l b u t h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e s e c t o r o f S c o t l a n d s r u r a l i n d u s t r y . M a r i n e f i s h e s h a r v e s t e d i n c l u d e A t l a n t i c m a c k e r e l , A t l a n t i c h e r r i n g , c o d , a n d v a r i o u s f l a t f i s h e s , i n c l u d i n g f l o u n d e r , A t l a n t i c s a l m o n a n d N o r w a y l o b s t e r . T h e p r i n c i p a l f r e s h w a t e r f i s h i s r a i n b o w t r o u t . D o m e s t i c f i s h p r o d u c t i o n p r o v i d e s a b o u t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n s n e e d s .
O f t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 . 2 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s ( a b o u t 5 . 4 m i l l i o n a c r e s ) o f w o o d l a n d s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n , a b o u t 4 0 p e r c e n t a r e i n E n g l a n d , 4 9 p e r c e n t i n S c o t l a n d , a n d 1 1 p e r c e n t i n W a l e s . H o w e v e r t h e y p r o v i d e o n l y 1 5 p e r c e n t o f h o m e c o n s u m p t i o n o f w o o d p r o d u c t s . P r i v a t e o w n e r s h o l d m o r e t h a n 6 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l f o r e s t l a n d s . A b o u t 7 0 p e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t i v e f o r e s t i s c o n i f e r o u s . T h e m o s t c o m m o n b r o a d l e a v e d t r e e s a r e o a k , b e e c h , a s h , a n d e l m . P i n e a n d b i r c h p r e d o m i n a t e i n S c o t l a n d .
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1 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8 A;>20<8 7 B5:ABC, I> =02>4OBLAO =86G5:
O f t h i s a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d m o r e t h a n 1 5 m i l l i o n a c r e s c o n s i s t o f & a n d o n l y 3 0 m i l l i o n a c r e s a r e u n d e r & a n d g r a s s .
& g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ( o n t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s ) t h e c l i m a t e i s & i n t y p e . T h e w i n t e r s a r e & a n d t h e s u m m e r s a r e c o o l , b u t . . . t o p r o d u c e c r o p s .
T h u s , t w o & o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m a r e t h e w i d e & i n s o i l s a n d t h e & i n c l i m a t e .
I n s o m e a r e a s , & n e a r l a r g e & c e n t r e s , t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s c e n e i s & v a r i e d , a n d i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s e e g r a i n c r o p s , d a i r y c a t t l e , s h e e p , & a n d s o f t f r u i t s , p o t a t o e s a n d v e g e t a b l e s , p o u l t r y , & , a l l w i t h i n a c i r c u i t o f 1 0 m i l e s ( 1 6 k m ) o r l e s s .
C r o p p r o d u c t i o n i s c o n c e n t r a t e d o n t h e & s i d e . O n t h e & l a n d w h e a t a n d b a r l e y a r e & , a c c o u n t i n g b e t w e e n t h e m f o r w e l l o v e r h a l f t h e & .
( c r o p s , m a r k e t g a r d e n s , a c r e a g e , d u e t o , m i l d , l o n g e n o u g h , v a r i a t i o n s , e x t r e m e l y , o c c u r , g r a z i n g l a n d , s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s , e s p e c i a l l y , u r b a n , o c e a n i c , o r c h a r d s , e a s t e r n , a r a b l e , s u p r e m e , o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e s ) .
2 . AB02B5 =5>1EV4=V ?@89<5==8:8:
I n a s m a l l c o u n t r y , & a c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n & m o u n t a i n , m o o r l a n d , a n d o t h e r l a n d u n f i t & c u l t i v a t i o n , t h e a r e a a v a i l a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r e i s n o w & 4 6 . 4 5 m i l l i o n a c r e s , r e p r e s e n t i n g 4 9 % & t h e t o t a l a r e a & t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m .
T h e w a r m t h c o m e s & t h e G u l f S t r e a m . & J a n u a r y t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e i s + 3 ( C , + 7 ( C , & J u l y + 1 6 ( C , + 1 7 ( C . T h e w i n d s f r o m t h e o c e a n & t h e s o u t h - w e s t b r i n g r a i n f a l l t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r .
S o i l , a l s o , v a r i e s & o n e p a r t o f E n g l a n d & a n o t h e r . I n t h e c o u n t y o f N o r f o l k , & t h e d r i e r e a s t e r n s i d e o f E n g l a n d , s o m e o f t h e s o i l i s s o s a n d y a n d s t o n y t h a t t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e c r o p i s t r e e s .
& t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 . 2 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s ( & 5 . 4 m i l l i o n a c r e s ) o f w o o d l a n d s & G r e a t B r i t a i n , a b o u t 4 0 p e r c e n t a r e & E n g l a n d , 4 9 p e r c e n t & S c o t l a n d , a n d 1 1 p e r c e n t & W a l e s .
( i n , o f , a b o u t , w i t h , f r o m , t o , n e a r , f o r , o n , ) .
3 . !:;04VBL @5G5==O, >1 T4=02H8 2V4?>2V4=V 70 7<VAB>< G0AB8=8 B5:ABC 7 ;V2>W B0 ?@02>W :>;>=>::
1 . B r i t i s h a g r i c u l t u r e h a s l o n g h a d a r e p u t a t i o n f o r i t s p i o n e e r i n g o f n e w t e c h n i q u e s a n d h i g h e f f i c i e n c y , w h i l e t h e d r i e r a n d c o l d e r e a s t o f E n g l a n d a n d S c o t l a n d h a s b e e n t h e h o m e o f d i s t r i c t s o f s p e c i a l i z e d a r a b l e p r o d u c t i o n . 2 . T h e w i n t e r s a r e m i l d a n d t h e s u m m e r s a r e c o o l , w i t h a b a l a n c e o f b o t h l i v e s t o c k a n d a r a b l e i n t e r e s t s . 3 . T h e w e t t e r a n d m i l d e r w e s t o f E n g l a n d , W a l e s a n d N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d h a v e a l w a y s h a d a p r e d o m i n a n c e o f p e r m a n e n t p a s t u r e a n d h e n c e t h e r a i s i n g o f c a t t l e a n d d a i r y i n g , A t l a n t i c m a c k e r e l , A t l a n t i c h e r r i n g , c o d , v a r i o u s f l a t f i s h e s , i n c l u d i n g f l o u n d e r , A t l a n t i c s a l m o n a n d N o r w a y l o b s t e r . 4 . C r o p p r o d u c t i o n i s t h e m a i n e n t e r p r i s e , b u t t h e r e a r e s t i l l m a n y m i x e d f a r m s a n d r e m a i n s a m o n g t h e m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e i n t h e w o r l d . 5 . M a r i n e f i s h e s h a r v e s t e d i n c l u d e b u t l o n g e n o u g h t o p r o d u c e c r o p s .
4 . @>G8B09B5 B5:AB I5 @07 B0 7=094VBL 2AV @5G5==O 7 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t B0 P r e s e n t P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s 0:B82=>3> AB0=C. >OA=VBL WE 26820==O. >AB02B5 ?8B0==O 4> F8E @5G5=L.
5 . 0<V=VBL A;>20 A8=>=V<0<8, ?@82545=8<8 =86G5:
1 . I n a s m a l l c o u n t r y , w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f m o u n t a i n , m o o r l a n d , a n d o t h e r l a n d u n f i t f o r c u l t i v a t i o n , t h e a r e a a v a i l a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r e i s n o w a b o u t 4 6 . 4 5 m i l l i o n a c r e s .
2 . A c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a o f l a n d i s c o v e r e d w i t h m e a d o w s a n d h e a t h s .
3 . O n t h e a r a b l e l a n d w h e a t a n d b a r l e y a r e s u p r e m e , a c c o u n t i n g b e t w e e n t h e m f o r w e l l o v e r h a l f t h e a c r e a g e .
4 . S u c h o t h e r c r o p s a s p o t a t o e s , s u g a r b e e t s , o a t s , m a i z e ( c o r n ) , r a p e f o r o i l s e e d a r e a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t .
5 . A l l s o r t s o f p o u l t r y , s i n c e h e n s , d u c k s a n d t u r k e y s c a n a l w a y s b e f i t t e d i n s o m e w h e r e .
6 . M a r i n e f i s h e s h a r v e s t e d i n c l u d e A t l a n t i c m a c k e r e l , A t l a n t i c h e r r i n g , c o d , v a r i o u s f l a t f i s h e s .
7 . D o m e s t i c f i s h p r o d u c t i o n p r o v i d e s a b o u t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n s n e e d s .
8 . T h e m o s t c o m m o n b r o a d l e a v e d t r e e s a r e o a k , b e e c h , a s h , a n d e l m .
( i m p o r t a n t , d e c i d u o u s , a c c e s s i b l e , d i f f e r e n t , u n s u i t a b l e , m e e t s & t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s , l a r g e , a v a i l a b l e , p r e d o m i n a t e ) .
6 . !:;04VBL ?8B0==O 70 D0:B0<8 B0 F8D@0<8, 73040=8<8 C B5:ABV.
7 . @>482VBLAO B5:AB B0 409B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h y d o e s B r i t i s h a g r i c u l t u r e r e m a i n o n e o f t h e m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e i n t h e w o r l d ?
W h a t i s i t s a r e a a v a i l a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r e ?
I s t h e c l i m a t e o f G r e a t B r i t a i n f a v o u r a b l e t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r e ?
W h a t a r e t w o o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e s o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m ?
W h y i s t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s c e n e e x t r e m e l y v a r i e d n e a r l a r g e u r b a n c e n t r e s ?
W h a t t y p e s o f f a r m s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ?
W h e r e i s a r a b l e p r o d u c t i o n c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e c o u n t r y ?
W h a t a r e t h e m a i n g r a i n c r o p s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ?
W h a t a r e t h e m a i n l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t s ?
W h a t d o e s t h e m i x e d f a r m p r o d u c e ?
W h a t p a r t o f G r e a t B r i t a i n i s h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e i n f i s h f a r m i n g ?
D o f o r e s t s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n c o m p l e t e l y p r o v i d e h o m e c o n s u m p t i o n o f w o o d p r o d u c t s ?
W h a t a r e t h e m o s t c o m m o n b r o a d l e a v e d a n d c o n i f e r o u s t r e e s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ?
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T E X T B : W O R L D A G R I C U L T U R E
O v e r 1 0 0 0 0 y e a r s s i n c e a g r i c u l t u r e b e g a n t o b e d e v e l o p e d , p e o p l e e v e r y w h e r e h a v e d i s c o v e r e d t h e f o o d v a l u e o f w i l d p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s a n d d o m e s t i c a t e d a n d b r e d t h e m . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r o p s a r e c e r e a l s a s w h e a t , r i c e , b a r l e y , c o r n a n d r y e ; s u g a r c a n e a n d s u g a r b e e t s ; m e a t a n i m a l s s u c h a s s h e e p , c a t t l e , g o a t s , a n d p i g s o r s w i n e ; p o u l t r y s u c h a s c h i c k e n s , d u c k s , t u r k e y s ; a n i m a l p r o d u c t s s u c h a s m i l k , c h e e s e , e g g s ; a n d n u t s a n d o i l s . F r u i t s , v e g e t a b l e s a n d o l i v e s a r e a l s o m a j o r f o o d s f o r p e o p l e . F e e d g r a i n s f o r a n i m a l s i n c l u d e s o y b e a n s , f i e l d c o r n a n d s o r g h u m .
A g r i c u l t u r a l i n c o m e i s a l s o d e r i v e d f r o m n o n f o o d c r o p s s u c h a s r u b b e r , f i b e r p l a n t s , t o b a c c o , o i l s e e d s u s e d i n s y n t h e t i c c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d s , a s w e l l a s a n i m a l s r a i s e d f o r p e l t s . C o n d i t i o n s t h a t d e t e r m i n e w h a t i s r a i s e d i n a n a r e a i n c l u d e c l i m a t e , w a t e r s u p p l y a n d w a t e r w o r k s , t e r r a i n a n d e c o l o g y .
I n t h e m i d - 1 9 9 0 s , 4 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r l d s l a b o r f o r c e w a s e m p l o y e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n r a n g e d f r o m 6 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e e c o n o m i c a l l y a c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n i n A s i a t o l e s s t h a n 3 p e r c e n t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a . I n A f r i c a t h e f i g u r e w a s 6 0 p e r c e n t ; i n S o u t h A m e r i c a 2 0 p e r c e n t a n d i n E u r o p e 9 p e r c e n t .
F a r m s i z e v a r i e s f r o m r e g i o n t o r e g i o n . I n t h e 1 9 9 0 s t h e a v e r a g e f o r C a n a d i a n f a r m s w a s a b o u t 2 6 4 h e c t a r e s p e r f a r m ; f o r f a r m s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s 1 9 0 h e c t a r e s . B y c o n t r a s t , t h e a v e r a g e s i z e o f a s m a l l l a n d h o l d i n g i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s w a s 2 . 6 h e c t a r e s .
S i z e a l s o d e p e n d s o n t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e f a r m . C o m m e r c i a l f a r m i n g o r p r o d u c t i o n f o r c a s h , u s u a l l y t a k e s p l a c e o n l a r g e h o l d i n g . T h e l a t i f u n d i a o f L a t i n A m e r i c a a r e l a r g e , p r i v a t e l y o w n e d e s t a t e s w o r k e d b y t e n a n t l a b o r .
S i n g l e - c r o p p l a n t a t i o n s p r o d u c e t e a , r u b b e r a n d c o c o a . W h e a t f a r m s a r e m o s t e f f i c i e n t w h e n t h e y c o m p r i s e t h o u s a n d s o f h e c t a r e s a n d c a n b e w o r k e d b y t e a m s o f p e o p l e a n d m a c h i n e s . A u s t r a l i a n s h e e p s t a t i o n s a n d o t h e r l i v e s t o c k f a r m s m u s t b e l a r g e t o p r o v i d e g r a z i n g f o r t h o u s a n d s o f a n i m a l s . T h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p l o t s o f C h i n e s e c o m m u n e s a n d t h e c o o p e r a t i v e f a r m s h e l d b y P e r u v i a n c o m m u n i t i e s a r e o t h e r n e c e s s a r i l y l a r g e a g r i c u l t u r a l u n i t s , a s w e r e t h e c o l l e c t i v e f a r m s t h a t w e r e o w n e d a n d o p e r a t e d b y s t a t e e m p l o y e e s i n t h e f o r m e r U n i o n o f S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c s ( U S S R ) .
I n d i v i d u a l s u b s t a n c e f a r m s o r s m a l l - f a m i l y m i x e d - f a r m o p e r a t i o n s a r e d e c r e a s i n g i n n u m b e r i n d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s b u t a r e s t i l l n u m e r o u s i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s o f A f r i c a a n d A s i a . A b a c k - t o - t h e - l a n d m o v e m e n t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s p a r t i a l l y r e v e r s e d t h e d e c l i n e o f s m a l l f a r m s i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s .
N o m a d i c h e r d e r s r a n g e o v e r l a r g e a r e a s i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a , A f g h a n i s t a n a n d L a p l a n d ; t h e h e r d i n g i s a m a j o r p a r t o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n s u c h a r e a s a s M o n g o l i a .
M u c h o f t h e f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e e a r n e d b y a c o u n t r y m a y b e d e r i v e d f r o m a s i n g l e a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m m o d i t y ; f o r e x a m p l e , S r i L a n k a d e p e n d s o n t e a , D e n m a r k s p e c i a l i z e s i n d a i r y p r o d u c t s , A u s t r a l i a i n w o o l , a n d N e w Z e a l a n d i n m e a t p r o d u c t s . I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w h e a t , c o r n a n d s o y b e a n s h a v e b e c o m e m a j o r f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e c o m m o d i t i e s i n r e c e n t d e c a d e s .
T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a n i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t r y a s a n e x p o r t e r o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s d e p e n d s o n m a n y v a r i a b l e s . A m o n g t h e m i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e c o u n t r y i s t o o l i t t l e d e v e l o p e d i n d u s t r i a l l y t o p r o d u c e m a n u f a c t u r e d g o o d s i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y o r t e c h n i c a l s o p h i s t i c a t i o n . S u c h a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p o r t e r s i n c l u d e C h i n a w i t h c o c o a a n d M y a n m a r ( f o r m e r l y B u r m a ) w i t h r i c e . H o w e v e r , a d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r y m a y p r o d u c e s u r p l u s e s t h a t a r e n o t n e e d e d b y i t s o w n p o p u l a t i o n ; t h i s i s t h e c a s e w i t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , C a n a d a a n d s o m e w e s t e r n E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s .
B e c a u s e n a t i o n s d e p e n d o n a g r i c u l t u r e n o t o n l y f o r f o o d b u t f o r n a t i o n a l i n c o m e a n d r o w m a t e r i a l s f o r i n d u s t r y a s w e l l , t r a d e i n a g r i c u l t u r e i s a c o n s t a n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n c e r n . I t i s r e g u l a t e d b y i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g r e e m e n t s s u c h a s t h e G e n e r a l A g r e e m e n t o f T a r i f f s a n d T r a d e ( G A T T ) , T h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n F r e e T r a d e A g r e e m e n t ( N A F T A ) a n d b y t r a d i n g r e g i o n s s u c h a s t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y .
T h e F o o d a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n ( F A O ) o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s d i r e c t s m u c h a t t e n t i o n t o a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a d e a n d p o l i c i e s .
I . A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s :
1 . H o w d i d a g r i c u l t u r e b e g i n t o b e d e v e l o p e d ?
2 . D o e s f a r m s i z e v a r y f r o m r e g i o n t o r e g i o n ?
3 . H o w d o e s t h e s i z e o f t h e f a r m d e p e n d ?
4 . D o n a t i o n s d e p e n d o n a g r i c u l t u r e o n l y f o r f o o d ?
5 . W h i c h t r a d e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g r e e m e n t s d o y o u k n o w ?
6 . W h i c h c o n d i t i o n s t h a t d e t e r m i n e w h a t i s r a i s e d i n a n a r e a d o y o u k n o w ?
I I . C o m p e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e c o r r e c t w o r d o r d e r :
1 . p o p u l a t i o n ; a ; m a y ; d e v e l o p e d ; o w n ; s u r p l u s e s ; c o u n t r y ; i t s ; t h a t ; n e e d e d ; n o t ;
p r o d u c e ; a r e ; b y .
2 . r e c e n t ; i n ; c o m m o d i t i e s ; t h e ; d e c a d e s ; U n i t e d S t a t e s ; i n ; a n d ; w h e a t ; e x c h a n g e ; b e c o m e ; f o r e i g n ; c o r n ; h a v e ; s o y b e a n s ; m a j o r .
3 . f o r e i g n ; m u c h ; c o m m o d i t y ; o f ; a g r i c u l t u r a l ; t h e ; s i n g l e ; e x c h a n g e ; a ; f r o m ; m a y ; e a r n e d ; d e r i v e d ; b y ; b e ; a ; c o u n t r y .
4 . p e o p l e ; f r u i t s ; f o o d s ; v e g e t a b l e s ; f o r ; a n d ; m a j o r ; o l i v e s ; a l s o ; a r e .
5 . f i e l d ; f e e d ; s o r g h u m ; g r a i n s ; c o r n ; f o r ; a n d ; a n i m a l s ; s o y b e a n s ; i n c l u d e .
6 . e m p l o y e d ; 4 8 ; l a b o r ; a g r i c u l t u r e ; i n ; w o r l d s ; p e r c e n t ; w a s ; o f ; f o r c e ; t h e .
7 . v a r i e s ; f a r m ; r e g i o n ; s i z e ; t o ; r e g i o n ; f r o m .
8 . a l s o ; f a r m ; t h e ; d e p e n d s ; s i z e ; o f ; o n ; p u r p o s e ; t h e .
9 . a n d ; t e a , c o c o a ; s i n g l e - c r o p ; r u b b e r ; p r o d u c e ; p l a n t a t i o n s .
1 0 . d e v e l o p e d ; n u m b e r ; d e c r e a s i n g ; i n d i v i d u a l ; i n ; s u b s t a n c e ; c o u n t r i e s ; f a r m s ; a r e ; o r ; m i x e d - f a r m ; s m a l l - f a m i l y ; o p e r a t i o n s ; i n .
I I I . T h i n k a b o u t f a r m s i n U k r a i n e .
! !" "
1 . @>G8B09B5 B5:AB. 8?8HVBL @5G5==O 7 G0A>28<8 D>@<0<8 P e r f e c t P a s s i v e , ?5@5:;04VBL WE ?8AL<>2>:
T i l l a g e o p e r a t i o n s .
G o o d c r o p s h a v e n e v e r b e e n p r o d u c e d o n p o o r l y p r e p a r e d g r o u n d .
P l o u g h i n g h a s a l w a y s b e e n t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s t e p i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s e e d b e d . T h i s o p e r a t i o n l o o s e n s t h e s o i l , t u r n s u n d e r t h e v e g e t a b l e m a t e r i a l , a n d m i x e s i t w i t h t h e s o i l ; i t a l s o d e s t r o y s w e e d s . T h e s o i l s h o u l d n o t b e t o o d r y o r t o o w e t w h e n t h e p l o u g h i n g i s d o n e . T h i s o p e r a t i o n m a y b e d o n e a s s o o n a s t h e p r e v i o u s c r o p h a s b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m t h e l a n d .
S o m e t i m e s p l o u g h i n g i s d o n e i n t h e f a l l , s o m e t i m e s i n t h e s p r i n g . T i m e o f p l o u g h i n g h a s g e n e r a l l y d e p e n d e d o n t h e c l i m a t i c a n d s o i l c o n d i t i o n s . H o w e v e r , f a l l p l o u g h i n g h a s n o t b e e n d o n e o n l a n d s u b j e c t t o w i n t e r e r o s i o n . S p r i n g p l o u g h i n g h a s a l w a y s b e e n p r a c t i c e d o n s o i l s t h a t e r o d e e a s i l y . O n h e a v y s o i l s s p r i n g p l o u g h i n g h a s n e v e r b e e n d e s i r a b l e . T h e y h a v e b e e n o f t e n s u c c e s s f u l l y p l o u g h e d i n t h e f a l l . I n t h i s c a s e t i m e i s s a v e d , a n d c h a n g e s o f w e a t h e r i m p r o v e s o i l s t r u c t u r e .
S o i l s o f l i g h t t y p e s h a v e g e n e r a l l y b e e n p l o u g h e d i n t h e s p r i n g t o s a v e t h e i r n u t r i e n t s f o r c r o p s .
H a r r o w i n g . T h e f i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s e e d b e d i s h a r r o w i n g . H a r r o w i n g m a k e s t h e s o i l f i n e , l o o s e a n d d e e p e n o u g h t o p r o v i d e g o o d c o n t a c t b e t w e e n t h e s e e d a n d m o i s t s o i l . W h e n t h e s e e d b e d i s p r e p a r e d , f a r m e r s m a y b e g i n s o w i n g ( s e e d i n g ) c r o p s .
N o t e s :
T i l l v >1@>1;OB8 75<;N, >@0B8; t i l l a g e n >1@>1:0 75<;V; 2 . p o o r l y a d v ?>30=>, =5240;>; 3 . s u b j e c t t o AE8;L=89 4>; 4 . l o o s e a ?CE:89, l o o s e n v @>7?CHC20B8; 5 . t u r n u n d e r 70>@N20B8; 6 . f i n e a 4@V1=89; 7 . n u t r i e n t s n p l ?>682=V @5G>28=8; 6 . h a r r o w 1>@>=C20B8.
2 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O C:@0W=AL:>N, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 G0A>2V D>@<8 P e r f e c t P a s s i v e . >OA=VBL WE 26820==O. #B2>@VBL 70?5@5G=C D>@<C:
1 . T h e s e e d b e d f o r w i n t e r w h e a t h a d b e e n p l o u g h e d b e f o r e r a i n f a l l w a s h e a v y . 2 . T h e v e g e t a b l e s w i l l h a v e b e e n h a r v e s t e d b y t h e f i r s t f r o s t s .
3 . P l o u g h i n g h a s j u s t b e e n d o n e . 4 . S p r i n g p l o u g h i n g h a s a l w a y s b e e n p r a c t i c e d o n s o i l s o f l i g h t t y p e s . 5 . S o i l s l o w i n o r g a n i c m a t t e r h a v e b e e n p l o u g h e d i n t h e s p r i n g t o m a k e t h e m m o r e e a s i l y c u l t i v a t e d . 6 . I f t h e s o i l h a s b e e n t i l l e d w e l l w e m a y e x p e c t g o o d r e s u l t s . 7 . T h e e f f e c t o f s o i l e r o s i o n h a d a l w a y s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n p l a n n i n g a l l t i l l a g e o p e r a t i o n s .
3 . V4:@5A;VBL G0A>2V D>@<8 P e r f e c t A c t i v e . 0:V=GVBL @5G5==O 2V4?>2V4=>N G0A>2>N D>@<>N ?0A82=>3> AB0=C:
1 . F a r m e r s h a v e a l r e a d y d o n e a l l t i l l a g e o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e i r f i e l d s .
A l l t i l l a g e o p e r a t i o n s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y f a r m e r s i n t h e i r f i e l d s .
2 . T h e y h a d h a r r o w e d t h e i r f i e l d s t h o r o u g h l y b e f o r e t h e y s o w e d s p r i n g w h e a t .
T h e i r f i e l d s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b e f o r e t h e y s o w e d s p r i n g w h e a t .
3 . F a r m e r s h a v e n e v e r p l o u g h e d c l a y s o i l s w h e n t h e y a r e w e t .
C l a y s o i l s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ w h e n t h e y a r e w e t .
4 . S t u d e n t s h a v e j u s t p l a n t e d m a n y e x o t i c t r e e s a n d s h r u b s i n t h e p a r k .
M a n y e x o t i c t r e e s a n d s h r u b s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b y s t u d e n t s i n t h e p a r k .
4 . !:06VBL, G8 28 73V4=V 7 B0:8<8 B25@465==O<8:
1 . T h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f g o o d s e e d b e d i s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n g e t t i n g h i g h y i e l d s .
2 . T h e m o s t c o m m o n t i l l a g e p r e p a r a t i o n s a r e p l o u g h i n g , h a r r o w i n g , a n d c u l t i v a t i n g .
3 . H a r r o w i n g i s t h e f i r s t a n d t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s t e p i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s e e d b e d .
4 . C r o p r o t a t i o n i s o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e i n p r o v i d i n g f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r p l a n t g r o w t h .
5 . F a r m e r s u s e o n l y f e r t i l i z e r s t o p r o d u c e g o o d c r o p s .
6 . T h e m i l k g i v e s f a r m e r s a s t e a d y i n c o m e t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r .
7 . C r o p s p e c i e s g r o w i n g a s w e l l a s t y p e s o f a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y d e p e n d o n s o i l a n d c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s .
5 . 5@5B2>@VBL @5G5==O 7 0:B82=>3> AB0=C =0 ?0A82=89, 26820NG8 ?@89<5==8: " b y " 7 4>40B:>< BV;L:8 B0<, 45 F5 =5>1EV4=>:
S c i e n t i s t s a r e s t i l l d i s c o v e r i n g n e w s p e c i e s o f p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s .
N e w s p e c i e s o f p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S o m e o n e i s b u i l d i n g a n e w h o u s e o n E l m S t r e e t .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
T h e S m i t h C o n s t r u c t i o n C o m p a n y i s b u i l d i n g t h a t h o u s e .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
W e c a n ' t u s e o u r c l a s s r o o m t o d a y b e c a u s e s o m e o n e i s p a i n t i n g i t .
W e c a n ' t u s e o u r c l a s s r o o m t o d a y b e c a u s e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
W e c o u l d n ' t u s e o u r c l a s s r o o m y e s t e r d a y b e c a u s e s o m e o n e w a s p a i n t i n g i t .
W e c o u l d n ' t u s e o u r c l a s s r o o m y e s t e r d a y b e c a u s e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S o m e o n e w a s r e p a i r i n g m y s h o e s .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S o m e o n e i s o r g a n i z i n g a s t u d e n t t r i p t o t h e a r t m u s e u m .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O 70 7@07:><:
H a v e t h e y d i s c u s s e d t h e p l a n y e t ?
- N o , i t s s t i l l b e i n g d i s c u s s e d .
1 . H a v e t h e y b u i l t t h e h o u s e y e t ?
2 . H a s h e w r i t t e n t h e b o o k y e t ?
3 . H a s h e t r a n s l a t e d t h e a r t i c l e y e t ?
4 . H a v e t h e y s o l d t h e b o o k s y e t ?
5 . H a v e t h e y l o o k e d t h r o u g h t h o s e n e w s p a p e r s y e t ?
6 . H a s h e c o m p l e t e d t h e t r a n s l a t i o n y e t ?
7 . @>G8B09B5 B5:AB8 B0 ?V43>BC9B5AO 4> >13>2>@5==O B5<:
a ) C l i m a t e o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ;
b ) C r o p p r o d u c t i o n i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ;
c ) L i v e s t o c k b r e e d i n g i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ;
d ) F o r e s t r y a n d f i s h f a r m i n g o f G r e a t B r i t a i n ;
8:>@8AB09B5 A;>20 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O:
a ) d u e t o g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n , o c e a n i c i n t y p e , t h e w i n t e r a r e m i l d , t h e G u l f S t r e a m , t h e w a r m t h , t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e r a i n f a l l , h e a v i e s t , l o w m o u n t a i n o u s r i m s , v a r i a t i o n s i n s o i l s , s a n d y , f e r t i l e , t h e t e m p e r a t e r a n g e , r i v e r s ;
b ) t h e d r i e r a n d c o l d e r e a s t , a r a b l e p r o d u c t i o n , g r a i n c r o p s , w h e a t , b a r l e y , s u p r e m e , o v e r h a l f t h e a c r e a g e , t h e a r e a u n d e r , p o t a t o e s , s u g a r b e e t s , o a t s , r a p e , m a i z e ( c o r n ) , r o o t c r o p s , m a n g o l d s , h o e i n g , t o g e t r i d o f t h e w e e d s , t h e w h e a t - b a r l e y - r o o t s s c h e m e , t h e c l o v e r f a m i l y , v e g e t a b l e s , e a r l y t o m a t o e s ;
c ) t h e w e t t e r a n d m i l d e r w e s t , p e r m a n e n t p a s t u r e , d a i r y c a t t l e , o v e r 6 0 p r i n c i p a l b r e e d s o f s h e e p , p i g s , p o u l t r y , s u g a r - b e e t p u l p , h a y , s i l a g e , m e a l ;
d ) S c o t l a n d s r u r a l i n d u s t r y , h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e s e c t o r , m a r i n e f i s h e s , A t l a n t i c m a c k e r e l , h e r r i n g , c o d , f l a t f i s h e s , s a l m o n , l o b s t e r , f r e s h w a t e r f i s h , t r o u t ; w o o d l a n d s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y , t o p r o v i d e , h o m e c o n s u m p t i o n o f w o o d p r o d u c t s , p r i v a t e o w n e r s , c o n i f e r o u s , b r o a d l e a v e d t r e e s , o a k , b e e c h , a s h , e l m , p i n e , b i r c h .
8 . !:;04VBL @>7?>2V4V 70 B5<0<8:
a ) 0g r i c u l t u r e i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ;
b ) m i x e d f a r m s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n
T i m e f o r f u n
A N E W P R O B L E M
S o a l l y o u r d a u g h t e r s a r e m a r r i e d n o w .
Y e s , t h e l a s t o n e l e f t u s l a s t w e e k .
I t m u s t b e n i c e t o g e t t h e m a l l o f f y o u r h a n d s .
W e l l , i t s n i c e e n o u g h t o g e t y o u r d a u g h t e r s o f f y o u r h a n d s ; b u t w h a t w e d o n t l i k e i s h a v i n g t o k e e p o u r s o n s - i n - l a w o n t h e i r f e e t .
N o t e s : t o g e t s m b o f f o n e s h a n d s 71CB8AO ( :>3>AL) ;
t o k e e p s m b o n h i s f e e t CB@8<C20B8 :>3>AL.
#@>: 1 1
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A
<VAB C@>:C:
1 . 5:A8G=0 B5<0 T h e U S A .
2 . !;>2>B2>@5==O: @5DV:A s u b - 7 @V7=8<8 G0AB8=0<8 <>28.
3 . @0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: 1 ) 5@C=4V9 ( t h e G e r u n d ) . 2 ) 5@D5:B=89 4VT?@8:<5B=8: ( P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e ) D>@<8 0:B82=>3> B0 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C. 3 ) !;>20- 70<V==8:8: o n e / t h a t .
4 . "5:AB I m p o r t a n c e o f M e c h a n i z a t i o n o f A g r i c u l t u r e .
!;>2>B2>@e ==O
1 . @5DV:A s u b - [ s A b ] : 1 ) 2:07CT =0 ?>;>65==O =86G5 G>3>AL 01> ?V4 G8<>AL s u b m a r i n e ?V42>4=89; 2 ) 2:07CT =0 ?V4?>@O4:>20=5 ?>;>65==O 2 VT@0@EVW c l a s s s u b c l a s s ?V4:;0A.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5 7=0G5==O =0ABC?=8E 0=3;V9AL:8E A;V2 70 WE ?>4V1=VABN 4> C:@0W=AL:8E:
C e n t r a l , c o n t i n e n t , t o t a l , n a t i o n , c o l o n y , d e c l a r a t i o n , n a v i g a t o r , f r u i t , t o b a c c o , c l i m a t e , z o n e , d i s t a n c e , e q u a t o r , o c e a n , z i n c , e n e r g y , p o r t i o n , a r c t i c , s u b t r o p i c a l .
2 . A . #B2>@VBL ?@8:<5B=8:8 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 l e s s B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N.
@07>:: p o w e r p o w e r l e s s ( A8;0 157A8;89) .
L i f e , f r u i t , u s e , c o l o u r , h a i r , l e a f , s e e d , c h i l d , w a t e r , h e a r t , l a n d , s u n , r a i n , c l a s s , h o p e , s e x , p r o f i t , t a c t , l a w , e n d .
B . #B2>@VBL ?@8:<5B=8:8 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:A0 i c B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N.
@07>:: e n e r g y e n e r g e t i c ( 5=5@3VO 5=5@35B8G=89)
E c o n o m y , a t o m , g e n e , s y s t e m , e n e r g y , p a r a s i t e , b o t a n y , o r g a n , O l y m p , e l e c t r i c i t y , a c a d e m y , t e c h n i q u e , m e t a b o l i s m .
C . #B2>@VBL =>2V A;>20 70 4>?><>3>N ?@5DV:A0 s u b - B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N.
@07>:: f a m i l y s u b f a m i l y ( @>48=0 ?V4@>48=0) .
G r o u p , a r e a , d i v i s i o n , a c i d , a e r a t i o n , c l a s s , c u l t u r e , s e a , h e a d , s o i l , u r b a n , w a y , z e r o , t i t l e , c o m p a n y , t r o p i c a l , s p e c i e s .
@0<0B8G=89 <a B5@V0;
5>A>1>2V D>@<8 4VTA;>20
5>A>1>2V D>@<8 4VTA;>20 ( n o n - f i n i t e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b ) V=DV=VB82 ( t h e i n f i n i t i v e ) , 35@C=4V9 ( t h e g e r u n d ) , 4VT?@8:<5B=8: ( t h e p a r t i c i p l e ) =5 <0NBL 3@0<0B8G=8E >7=0: >A>18, G8A;0 V A?>A>1C, =5 28@060NBL G0AC 4VW, B><C =5 <>6CBL 1CB8 ?@8AC4:>< @5G5==O, 0 <>6CBL BV;L:8 2E>48B8 4> 9>3> A:;04C. >=8 2:07CNBL ;8H5 =0 A?V22V4=5A5=VABL C G0AV 4VW, I> 2>=8 28@060NBL, 4> 4VW ?@8AC4:0: >4=>G0A=0 2>=0 G8 ?5@54CT W9.
5@C=4V9
( T h e G e r u n d )
5@C=4V9 - F5 =5>A>1>20 D>@<0 4VTA;>20, I> <0T 2;0AB82>ABV 4VTA;>20 B0 V<5==8:0. /: V V=DV=VB82, 35@C=4V9 =07820T 4VN: r e a d i n g G8B0==O, s e e i n g 10G5==O.
C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V =5<0T D>@<8, O:0 2V4?>2V40;0 1 35@C=4VN. !;>20 G8B0==O, 10G5==O - V<5==8:8, I> CB2>@8;8AL 2V4 4VTA;V2, 0;5 2>=8 =5 <0NBL 3@0<0B8G=8E >7=0: 4VTA;>20. 5@C=4V9 ?5@5:;040TBLAO V<5==8:><, V=DV=VB82><, 4VT?@8:<5B=8:><, 4VTA;>2><, ?V4@O4=8< @5G5==O<.
VTA;V2=V 2;0AB82>ABV
5@C=4V9 <0T B0:V 4VTA;V2=V 2;0AB82>ABV:
35@C=4V9 ?5@5EV4=8E 4VTA;V2 26820TBLAO 7 ?@O<8< 4>40B:><:
l i k e r e a d i n g b o o k s . / ;N1;N G8B0B8 :=86:8.
S h e b e g a n p r e p a r i n g f o o d . >=0 ?>G0;0 3>BC20B8 W6C.
35@C=4V9 <>65 <0B8 >7=0G5==O, 28@065=5 ?@8A;V2=8:><:
T h e y c o n t i n u e d l i s t e n i n g a t t e n t i v e l y . >=8 ?@>4>26C20;8 C206=> A;CE0B8.
35@C=4V9 <0T =5>7=0G5=C 9 ?5@D5:B=C D>@<8, 26820TBLAO 2 0:B82=><C V ?0A82=><C AB0=V.
$>@<8 A c t i v e P a s s i v e I n d e f i n i t e w r i t i n g b e i n g w r i t t e n P e r f e c t h a v i n g w r i t t e n h a v i n g b e e n w r i t t e n
5>7=0G5=0 D>@<0 35@C=4VO ( I n d e f i n i t e G e r u n d ) 26820TBLAO:
0) 4;O 28@065==O 4VW, >4=>G0A=>W 7 4VTN, 28@065=>N 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:>< @5G5==O:
5 s a t w i t h o u t t u r n i n g h i s h e a d . V= A84V2, =5 >15@B0NG8AL,
1) 4;O 28@065==O 4VW 1572V4=>A=> 4> O:>3>AL ?52=>3> G0AC:
S e e i n g i s b e l i e v i n g . 0G8B8 7=0G8BL 2V@8B8.
2) ?VA;O 4VTA;V2 t o i n t e n d , t o s u g g e s t , t o i n s i s t B0 45O:8E V=H8E I n d e f i n i t e G e r u n d 28@060T <091CB=N 4VN ?> 2V4=>H5==N 4> 4VW, 28@065=>W 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:><:
5 i n s i s t e d o n t e l l i n g h e r a b o u t i t . V= =0?>;O302 =0 B><C, I>1 @>7:070B8 W9 ?@> F5.
3) 4;O 28@065==O 4VW, I> ?5@54CT 4VW, 28@065=V9 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:><, 7>:@5<0 ?VA;O 4VTA;V2 t o t h a n k , t o f o r g e t , t o r e m e m b e r , t o e x c u s e , t o a p o l o g i z e , 0 B0:>6 ?VA;O ?@89<5==8:V2 o n V a f t e r :
I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r s e e i n g h e r . / =5 ?0<' OB0N, I>1 O 10G82 WW.
5@D5:B=0 D>@<0 35@C=4VO ( P e r f e c t G e r u n d ) 28@060T 4VN, I> ?5@54CT 4VW, 28@065=V9 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:>< @5G5==O:
T h a n k y o u f o r h a v i n g h e l p e d m e . !?0A81V, I> 4>?><>3;8 <5=V.
5@C=4V9 26820TBLAO 2 ?0A82=><C AB0=V, O:I> V<5==8: G8 709<5==8:, 4> O:>3> 2V= 2V4=>A8BLAO, ?>7=0G0T >1' T:B 28@065=>W =8< 4VW:
H e d o e s n o t c o m e w i t h o u t b e i n g i n v i t e d . V= =5 ?@8E>48BL, O:I> 9>3> =5 70?@>HCNBL.
S h e r e m e m b e r s h a v i n g b e e n s h o w i n g t h i s a r t i c l e . >=0 ?0< OB0T, I> W9 ?>:07C20;8 FN AB0BBN.
$C=:FVW 35@C=4VO 2 @5G5==V.
5@C=4V9 C @5G5==V <>65 28:>=C20B8 B0:V 2;0AB82V V<5==8:C A8=B0:A8G=V DC=:FVW:
?V4<5B0:
S m o k i n g i s h a r m f u l . C@8B8 - H:V4;82>.
?@548:0B820:
H i s h o b b y i s c o l l e c t i n g s t a m p s . >3> C;N1;5=5 70=OBBO - :>;5:FV>=C20B8 ?>HB>2V <0@:8.
4>40B:0 ( ?@O<>3> V ?@89<5==8:>2>3>) :
F o r g i v e m y s a y i n g i t . @>10G <5=V B5, I> O A:0702.
S h e i s f o n d o f p a i n t i n g . >=0 ?>;N1;OT <0;N20B8.
>1AB028=8 ( <5B8, ?@8G8=8, C<>28, G0AC, A?>A>1C 4VW) :
S h e i m p r o v e d t h e t e x t b y c h a n g i n g a f e w s e n t e n c e s .
>=0 ?>:@0I8;0 B5:AB, 70<V=82H8 45:V;L:0 @5G5=L.
T h e y n e v e r o b t a i n h i g h y i e l d s w i t h o u t a p p l y i n g f e r t i l i z e r s .
>=8 =V:>;8 =5 >B@8<0NBL 28A>:8E 2@>60W2, =5 70AB>A>2CNG8 4>1@82.
6820==O
1 ) VA;O 4VTA;V2: t o a v o i d , t o f i n i s h , t o s u g g e s t , c a n n o t h e l p , t o e n j o y , t o e x c u s e , t o f o r g i v e , t o p o s t p o n e , t o d e l a y , t o m i n d , B0 V=. - 26820TBLAO BV;L:8 35@C=4V9 ( 7 CAVE =5>A>1>28E D>@< 4VTA;>20) :
W e f i n i s h e d d r e s s i n g . 8 70:V=G8;8 >4O30B8AO.
2 ) VA;O 4VTA;V2 B0 4VTA;V2=8E A;>2>A?>;CG5=L 7 ?@89<5==8:0<8: t o l e a v e o f f , t o g i v e u p , t o g o o n , t o k e e p o n , t o p u t o f f , t o i n s i s t o n , t o a g r e e t o , t o p r e v e n t f r o m , t o t h a n k f o r , t o b e b u s y i n , t o b e c a p a b l e o f , t o b e f o n d o f , t o b e p r o u d o f , t o b e s u r p r i s e d a t , B0 V=. :
M a r y l e f t o f f i r o n i n g . 5@V ?5@5AB0;0 ?@0AC20B8.
F a n c y g o i n g f o r a w a l k i n s u c h w e a t h e r . #O2VBL A>1V ?@>3C;O=:C 2 B0:C ?>3>4C.
3 ) VA;O ?@8:<5B=8:V2 w o r t h B0 b u s y ( 7 4VTA;>2>< t o b e ) :
T h e s e f e r t i l i z e r s a r e w o r t h b u y i n g . &V 4>1@820 20@B> :C?8B8.
Y e s t e r d a y h e w a s b u s y w o r k i n g i n t h e g a r d e n . G>@0 2V= 1C2 709=OB89 @>1>B>N 2 A04C.
4 ) 5@C=4V9 01> V=DV=VB82 26820TBLAO ?VA;O B0:8E 4VTA;V2, O:: t o b e g i n , t o s t a r t , t o c o n t i n u e , t o p r o p o s e , t o l i k e , t o t r y , t o r e f u s e , t o i n t e n d , t o f o r g e t , t o r e m e m b e r , t o p r e f e r :
T h e c h i l d r e n b e g a n p l a y i n g . = T h e c h i l d r e n b e g a n t o p l a y .
><?;5:A 7 35@C=4VT<
5@H0 G0AB8=0 35@C=4V0;L=>3> :><?;5:AC V<5==8: C ?@8A2V9=><C G8 7030;L=><C 2V4<V=:C 01> ?@8A2V9=89 709<5==8:. @C30 G0AB8=0 35@C=4V9, I> 28@060T 4VN, O:C 28:>=CT G8 707=0T >A>10 01> ?@54<5B, ?>7=0G5=89 ?5@H>N G0AB8=>N :><?;5:AC. "0:89 72>@>B G0AB> ?5@5:;040TBLAO ?V4@O4=8< @5G5==O<, 45 709<5==8: G8 V<5==8: T ?V4<5B><, 0 35@C=4V9 - ?@8AC4:><:
I d o n t l i k e h i m g o i n g h e r e . 5=V =5 ?>4>10TBLAO, I> 2V= V45 BC48.
I r e m e m b e r h i s f r i e n d t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e c o n f e r e n c e . / ?0< OB0N, I> 9>3> 4@C3 1@02 CG0ABL C :>=D5@5=FVW.
T h e y t o l d u s a b o u t h i s c o m i n g h e r e . >=8 A:070;8 =0< ?@> B5, I> 2V= ?@8E>482 AN48.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> D>@<C 35@C=4VO?
1 . B o b a n d A n n a r e p l a y i n g t e n n i s .
2 . I h e a r d s o m e s u r p r i s i n g n e w s .
3 . W a l k i n g i s g o o d e x e r c i s e .
4 . R e a d i n g h e r n e w s p a p e r , s h e f e l l a s l e e p .
5 . T h e a p p l y i n g o f t h e s e f e r t i l i s e r s w i l l n o t c o s t m u c h m o n e y .
2 . 5@5:;04VBL =0 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 DC=:FVN 35@C=4VO 2 @5G5==V B0 9>3> D>@<C:
1 . H e l i k e s t r a n s l a t i n g s c i e n t i f i c a r t i c l e s f r o m E n g l i s h i n t o U k r a i n i a n .
2 . A f t e r h a v i n g c h a n g e d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e t w i c e h e d e c i d e d t o c h a n g e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t .
3 . T h e m a n a g e r h a s f i n i s h e d d i c t a t i n g a t e x t t o h e r s e c r e t a r y .
4 . H a v i n g b e e n r e a d a n d c o r r e c t e d b y t h e s e c r e t a r y , t h e t e x t c o n t a i n e d n o m i s t a k e s .
5 . O n c a r r y i n g o u t h i s e x p e r i m e n t s , h e c o u l d m a k e a l o t o f c a l c u l a t i o n s .
6 . I n s t e a d o f t r a n s l a t i n g t h e a r t i c l e h i m s e l f , h e a s k e d h i s f r i e n d t o d o i t .
3 . >7:@89B5 4C6:8, 26820NG8 D>@<C 35@C=4VO B0 ?5@5:;04VBL =0ABC?=V @5G5==O:
1 . P e t e r g a v e u p ( t o s m o k e ) .
2 . S h e a d v i s e d ( t o w a i t ) u n t i l t o m o r r o w .
3 . H e a v o i d e d ( t o a n s w e r ) m y q u e s t i o n .
4 . M y f r i e n d a n d I e n j o y e d ( t o g o ) a r o c k c o n c e r t l a s t w e e k e n d .
5 . I ' l l n e v e r f o r g e t ( t o v i s i t e ) h e r t o m b .
6 . I f i n a l l y c o m p l e t e d ( t o w r i t e ) m y t e r m p a p e r .
7 . I d i s l i k e ( t o d r i v e ) l o n g d i s t a n c e s .
8 . W o u l d y o u m i n d ( t o h e l p ) m e w i t h t h i s ?
4 . >?>2=VBL @5G5==O, 26820NG8 D>@<C 35@C=4VO =0ABC?=8E 4VTA;V2:
t o w a t c h , t o g o , t o s t a y , t o w r i t e , t o t a l k , t o f o r g e t , t o c l e a n
1 . I t h i n k p e o p l e s h o u l d s t o p & t e l e v i s i o n s o m u c h .
2 . H e h a s f i n i s h e d & t h e f l a t .
3 . N o b o d y t h o u g h t o f & t o b e d .
4 . D o n ' t f e a r m y & h e r .
5 . i n s i s t o n m y s i s t e r ' s & a t h o m e .
6 . I d o n t e n j o y & l e t t e r s .
7 . H e l i k e s & t o m e .
5@D5:B=89 4VT?@8:<5B=8:
( P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e )
P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e <0T 42V D>@<8 0:B82=>3> B0 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C. $>@<0 0:B82=>3> AB0=C CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N P r e s e n t P a r t i c i p l e 4>?><V6=>3> 4VTA;>20 t o h a v e V P a s t P a r t i c i p l e >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20: h a v i n g a s k e d .
$>@<0 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e CB2>@NTBLAO 70 4>?><>3>N h a v i n g b e e n V P a s t P a r t i c i p l e >A=>2=>3> 4VTA;>20: h a v i n g b e e n a s k e d . 5?5@5EV4=V 4VTA;>20 =5 <0NBL D>@<8 ?0A82=>3> AB0=C ( =0?@. t o g o ) :
$>@<8 A c t i v e P a s s i v e I n d e f i n i t e a s k i n g
g o i n g b e i n g a s k e d P e r f e c t h a v i n g a s k e d
h a v i n g g o n e h a v i n g b e e n a s k e d
=0G5==O B0 26820==O
P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e 28@060T 4VN, O:0 ?5@54CT 4VW, 28@065=V9 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:><. P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e 2V4?>2V40T C:@0W=AL:><C ?@8A;V2=8:C 4>:>=0=>3> 284C:
H a v i n g l e a r n e d a b o u t i t , t h e y s t o p p e d s p e a k i n g . V7=02H8AL ?@> F5, 2>=8 ?@8?8=8;8 @>7<>2C.
P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e A c t i v e 26820TBLAO B>4V, :>;8 V<5==8: G8 709<5==8:, 4> O:>3> 2V= 2V4=>A8BLAO, >7=0G0T AC1' T:B 28@065=>W =8< 4VW:
H a v i n g t a k i n g t h e b o o k , h e l e f t t h e l i b r a r y . 7O2H8 :=83C, 2V= 289H>2 7 1V1;V>B5:8.
P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e P a s s i v e 26820TBLAO B>4V, :>;8 V<5==8: G8 709<5==8:, 4> O:>3> 2V= 2V4=>A8BLAO, >7=0G0T >1' T:B 28@065=>W =8< 4VW:
H a v i n g b e e n i n v i t e d t o 0 p a r t y , s h e c o u l d n o t s t a y a t h o m e . A:V;L:8 WW 70?@>A8;8 =0 25GV@:C, 2>=0 =5 7<>3;0 70;8H8B8AO 24><0.
570;56=89 4VT?@8:<5B=8:>289 72>@>B
( T h e A b s o l u t e P a r t i c i p l e C o m p l e x )
570;56=89 4VT?@8:<5B=8:>289 72>@>B ( ) A:;040TBLAO 7 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0, ?5@54 O:8< AB>WBL V<5==8: C 7030;L=><C 2V4<V=:C 01> 709<5==8: C =0782=><C 2V4<V=:C. 702648 2V4>:@5<;NBLAO 2V4 3>;>2=>3> @5G5==O :><>N.
>;8 AB>WBL =0 ?>G0B:C @5G5==O, 2V= ?5@5:;040TBLAO ?V4@O4=8< @5G5==O< >1AB028=8 70 4>?><>3>N A?>;CG=8:V2 :>;8 ; ?VA;O B>3>, O: ; B><C I> ; G5@57 B5, I> ; >A:V;L:8 ; O:I> :
T h e r a i n h a v i n g s t o p p e d , w e w e n t o u t . >;8 ( ?VA;O B>3>, O:) 4>I CICE, <8 289H;8 7 4><C.
W e a t h e r p e r m i t t i n g , w e l l g o f o r a w a l k . /:I> ?>3>40 4>72>;8BL, <8
?V45<> =0 ?@>3C;O=:C.
T h e p r o f e s s o r b e i n g i l l , t h e l e c t u r e w a s A:V;L:8 ?@>D5A>@ 1C2 E2>-
p u t o f f . @8<, ;5:FVN 2V4AB@>G8;8.
>;8 AB>WBL ?VA;O 3>;>2=>3> @5G5==O, 2V= ?5@5:;040TBLAO AC@O4=8< @5G5==O< 70 4>?><>3>N A?>;CG=8:V2 V ; 0 ; ?@8 FL><C ; 4> B>3> 6 01> 157 A?>;CG=8:0:
F a r m e r s g r o w a l o t o f g r a i n c r o p s i n o u r $5@<5@8 28@>ICNBL 1030B> c o u n t r y , w h e a t b e i n g t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t . 75@=>28E, ?@8 G><C ?H5=8FO
T =09206;82VH>N.
T h e y w e n t q u i c k l y o u t o f t h e h o u s e , h e >=8 H284:> 289H;8 7 4><C,
a c c o m p a n y i n g h e r t o t h e s t a t i o n . V 2V= ?@>2V2 WW 4> 2>:70;C.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . O:><C 7 @5G5=L 268B> P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e ?
1 . W h i l e r e a d i n g a n i n t e r e s t i n g E n g l i s h s t o r y s h e u s e d a d i c t i o n a r y .
2 . E n t e r i n g t h e r o o m w e f o u n d n o b o d y t h e r e .
3 . H e l o o k e d t h r o u g h t h e n e w s p a p e r r e c e i v e d t h i s m o r n i n g .
4 . H a v i n g c l e a n e d t h e r o o m t h e y w e n t s h o p p i n g .
5 . T h e c o n t r a c t s i g n e d l a s t y e a r i s u s e f u l f o r b o t h s i d e s .
2 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N:
H a v i n g f i n i s h e d t h e e x p e r i m e n t h e d e s c r i b e d i t s r e s u l t s i n h i s a r t i c l e .
H a v i n g s o l v e d m a n y s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m s , o u r s c i e n t i s t s c o u l d l a u n c h t h e f i r s t s p a c e s h i p i n o u t e r s p a c e .
H a v i n g t r a v e l l e d a b o u t t h e c o u n t r y n e a r l y t w o m o n t h s , h e r e t u r n e d t o t h e c a p i t a l .
T h e q u e s t i o n s n o w b e i n g d i s c u s s e d a t t h e m e e t i n g a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t .
H a v i n g c o l l e c t e d a l l t h e m a t e r i a l , s h e w a s a b l e t o w r i t e h e r r e p o r t t o t h e c o n f e r e n c e .
H a v i n g b e e n s e n t t o t h e w r o n g a d r e s s , t h e l e t t e r d i d n t r e a c h t h e m .
Y e s t e r d a y t h e p r o f e s s o r t o l d u s a b o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t s n o w b e i n g c a r r i e d o n i n h i s l a b o r a t o r y .
3 . /:C D>@<C 4VT?@8:<5B=8:0 A;V4 268B8 2 @5G5==V: T h e y a s k e d a b o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t s & i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y .
1 . c a r r i n g 2 . c a r r y o u t 3 . b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t 4 . h a v i n g c a r r i e d
4 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N @5G5==O 7 =570;56=8< 4VT?@8:<5B=8:>28< 72>@>B><:
1 . M a n y a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o c e s s e s h a v i n g b e e n m e c h a n i z e d , t h e w o r k o f t h e f a r m e r s b e c a m e m u c h e a s i e r .
2 . T h e a m o u n t o f f r e s h w a t e r b e i n g s m a l l , w e m u s t u s e f r e s h w a t e r e f f i c i e n t l y .
3 . R a i n f a l l i n g t o t h e l a n d , s o i l e r o d e s .
4 . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l c o m b i n e - h a r v e s t e r s o n t h i s f a r m , f i v e o f t h e m a r e n e w .
5 . T h e g a s b e i n g c o m p r e s s e d , t h e n u m b e r o f m o l e c u l e s i n e a c h c u b i c c e n t i - m e t e r i s i n c r e a s e d .
6 . T h e s u n h a v i n g r i s e n , t h e y c o n t i n u e d t h e i r w o r k .
7 . I t b e i n g S u n d a y , t h e p o s t - o f f i c e w a s c l o s e d .
5 . O:><C @5G5==V =570;56=89 4VT?@8:<5B=8:>289 72>@>B A;V4 ?5@5:;0AB8 ?V4@O4=8< @5G5==O< 7 A?>;CG=8:>< ?VA;O B>3> O: ?
1 . T h i s c r o p b e i n g u s e d f o r d i f f e r e n t p u r p o s e s , m a n c u l t i v a t e s i t a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d .
2 . W a t e r c o v e r s n e a r l y t h r e e f o u r t h s o f t h e E a r t h , m o s t b e i n g s e a w a t e r .
3 . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w a t e r o n o u r p l a n e t v a r y i n g g r e a t l y , s o m e p l a c e s g e t t o o m u c h w a t e r o r t o o l i t t l e .
4 . T h e e x p e r i m e n t s h a v i n g b e e n c a r r i e d o u t , t h e y s t a r t e d n e w i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
5 . T h e b r i d g e b e i n g d e s t r o y e d , w e c o u l d n t c r o s s t h e r i v e r .
!;>20- 70<V==8:8: o n e / t h a t
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V 70<VABL @0=VH5 268B8E C @5G5==V V<5==8:V2, I>1 C=8:=CB8 WE ?>2B>@5==O, 26820NBLAO 709<5==8:8 o n e ( o n e s ) , t h a t ( t h o s e ) .
09<5==8:- 70<V==8: o n e ( C D>@<V <=>68=8 o n e s ) <>65 ?5@5:;040B8AO: V<5==8:><, O:5 2>=> 70<VICT; 709<5==8:>< 2V= , B>9 , B0:89 , ( BV, B0:V ) , 01> =5 ?5@5:;040B8AO 27030;V.
N o s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s a r e f o r e s e e n i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m a c h i n e , i f o n e w e r e d e s i r e d .
5 ?5@5410G0TBLAO 6>4=8E A5@9>7=8E B@C4=>IV2 C AB2>@5==V FVTW <0H8=8, O:18 WW 70E>BV;8 7@>18B8.
!;>2>- 70<V==8: o n e ( o n e s ) <>65 AB>OB8 ?VA;O
1 ) ?@8:<5B=8:V2: T h e s e c u p s a r e d i r t y . C a n w e h a v e s o m e c l e a n o n e s ?
2 ) 709<5==8:V2 t h i s , t h a t , a n o t h e r , t h e o t h e r , w h i c h :
T h i s e x e r c i s e i s e a s i e r t h a n t h a t o n e .
T h i s e l e m e n t r e a c t s 2 0 t i m e s a s f a s t a s t h e o t h e r o n e .
&59 5;5<5=B 270T<>4VT C 2 0 @07V2 H284H5 =V6 V=H89.
3 ) >7=0G5=>3> 0@B8:;O B0 A;V2 t h e f i r s t , t h e s e c o n d , t h e l a s t , t h e n e x t , & B>I>:
W h i c h h o t e l d i d y o u s t a y a t ? T h e o n e n e a r t h e s t a t i o n .
09<5==8:- 70<V==8: t h a t ( C D>@<V <=>68=8 t h o s e ) B0:>6 <>65 ?5@5:;048B8AO V<5==8:><, O:5 2>=> 70<VICT; 2:07V2=8<8 709<5==8:0<8 B>9, B0, B5, BV ( =0A0<?5@54 B>4V, :>;8 2V= <0T ?@8 A>1V ?V4@O4=5 >7=0GC20;L=5 @5G5==O) , 01> =5 ?5@5:;048B8AO:
O u r d a t a a r e n o t i n a c c o r d w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d b y p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h e r s .
0HV 40==V =5 2V4?>2V40NBL 40==8<, O:V 1C;8 >B@8<0=V @0=VH5 V=H8<8 4>A;V4=8:0<8.
O A:V;L:8 709<5==8:- 70<V==8: t h a t ( t h o s e ) <>65 70<V=N20B8 @0=VH5 268B89 V<5==8: 7 ?@89<5==8:>28< 72>@>B><, B> ?VA;O =L>3> G0AB> 26820TBLAO ?@89<5==8::
T h e c l i m a t e o f t h e C r i m e a i s m i l d e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e C a u c a s u s .
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 A?>A>18 ?5@5:;04C A;>20- 70<V==8:0 o n e ( o n e s ) :
1 . I k n o w t h e o l d r u l e s , b u t I d o n t k n o w t h e n e w o n e s .
2 . B r i n g m e t h e E n g l i s h n e w s p a p e r , t h e o n e o n m y t a b l e .
3 . S y n t h e t i c r u b b e r i s m o r e w i d e l y u s e d i n m o d e r n i n d u s t r y t h a n t h e n a t u r a l o n e .
4 . T h e s e d i s c o v e r i e s b r o u g h t h i m t h e w o r l d f a m e . E s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t w a s t h e o n e m a d e i n 1 9 5 9 .
5 . W h i l e s o l v i n g a n u m b e r o f p r o b l e m s , t h e n e w o n e c r e a t e s a f e w o t h e r s .
6 . T h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f p r o p o s i t i o n s . T h e o n e s c o n c e r n i n g l o g i c a n d m a t h e m a t i c s a r e a n a l y t i c a l p r o p o s i t i o n s .
2 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 A?>A>18 ?5@5:;04C A;>20- 70<V==8:0 t h a t ( t h o s e ) :
1 . T h e r i v e r s o f A s i a a r e m u c h l o n g e r t h a n t h o s e o f E u r o p e .
2 . M y f i n d i n g s d i f f e r o n l y s l i g h t l y f r o m t h o s e o f o t h e r a u t h o r s .
3 . T h e p r e s e n t t h e o r y t h u s e m b o d i e s a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f G a s t e r .
4 . H i s d a t a a r e l e s s c o n v i n c i n g t h a n t h o s e o f A m e r i c a n s c i e n t i s t s .
5 . T h e s o i l o n t h e f a r m s t h a t a r e l o c a t e d n o t f a r f r o m r i v e r s i s b e t t e r t h a n t h a t o n t h e f a r m s s i t u a t e d f a r f r o m a n y w a t e r s o u r c e s .
3 . 0<VABL 284V;5=8E :C@A82>< A;V2 28:>@8AB09B5 A;>20- 70<V==8:8:
1 . W o u l d y o u l i k e a c u p o f c o f f e e ? N o t h a n k y o u , I v e j u s t h a d a c u p o f c o f f e e .
2 . I h a v e n o d i c t i o n a r y a t h o m e . I m u s t t a k e a d i c t i o n a r y f r o m t h e l i b r a r y .
3 . T h e b o o k s t h a t w e h a v e i n o u r U n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r y a r e b e t t e r t h a n t h e b o o k s i n t h e l i b r a r y o f o u r s c h o o l .
4 . C a n y o u l e n d m e a n u m b r e l l a ? I m s o r r y , I h a v e n t g o t a n u m b r e l l a .
5 . I v e b o u g h t s o m e E n g l i s h m a g a z i n e s a n d m y f r i e n d a f e w F r e n c h m a g a z i n e s .
6 . S o m e p r o p e r t i e s o f a i r a r e s i m i l a r t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f w a t e r .
7 . T h e y i e l d s o f g r a i n c r o p s t h i s y e a r a r e h i g h e r t h a n t h e y i e l d s t h e y r a i s e d l a s t y e a r .
8 . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e v e r y f a v o u r a b l e . E s p e c i a l l y t h e r e s u l t o f J o n e s a n d t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h n e w c o m p o u n d s .
#" "
1 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL B0:V A;>20 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O:
c l i m a t e , t r o p i c a l , s u b a r c t i c , p o s i t i o n , g e o g r a p h i c a l , r e s e r v o i r , t e m p e r a t u r e , o c e a n , f a c t , N o r t h A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t , c e n t r a l , i r r i g a t i o n , m o u n t a i n s r u n n o r t h a n d s o u t h , t h e h i g h l a n d a n d l o w l a n d r e g i o n s , c l i m a t i c z o n e s , t o b e o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e , m o d e r a t e c o n t i n e n t a l , s u b t r o p i c a l , i s a f f e c t e d , m o u n t a i n o u s l a n d , d r y d e s e r t s , n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s .
2 . @>G8B09B5, ?@028;L=> 28<>2;ONG8 35>3@0DVG=V =0728:
A l a s k a t h e A p p a l a c h i a n s
C h i n a t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n
C a l i f o r n i a C h i c a g o
H a w a i i t h e G u l f o f e x i c o
H u d s o n B a y E u r o p e
C a n a d a t h e M i s s i s s i p p i
t h e C o r d i l l e r a t h e H u d s o n
C o l u m b i a A r i z o n a
3 . V415@VBL 0=B>=V<8 4> A;V2:
c l o u d y , h u m i d , i n s u l a r , h o t , w i n d y , s u n n y , w a r m , f o g g y , f i n e , c o l d , c o o l , r a i n y , c a l m , c l o u d l e s s , d r y , c o n t i n e n t a l , c l e a r , n a s t y .
4 . 87=0GB5, 4> O:8E G0AB8= <>28 =0;560BL B0:V A;>20:
c o n n e c t i o n , t r o p i c a l , p o s i t i o n , s u b a r c t i c , g r e a t e r , p a r t , l o w e r , e s p e c i a l l y , i n f l u e n c e , l e s s , e a s t e r n , h i g h e r , r a i n y , d r i e r , n o r t h - e a s t e r n , c h a n g e a b l e , m o d e r a t e , d a i l y , r a i n f a l l , t h e l a r g e s t , i n c l u d e s , c e n t r a l , a h a l f , b o r d e r s o n , n a t i o n , t h e f i r s t , t h e f o u r t h , a f e w , w a s c a l l e d , i m p o r t a n t , d i f f e r e n t , c l i m a t i c , c o n t i n e n t a l , i s a f f e c t e d , d e s e r t s , h o m e l e s s , e c o n o m i c , n a t u r a l , i s u s e d .
<5==8: @8:<5B=8: VTA;>2> @8A;V2=8: '8A;V2=8: c o n n e c t i o n t r o p i c a l b o r d e r s o n e s p e c i a l l y t h e f i r s t
5 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB
T E X T A : T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
a r i d ACE89, ?>ACH;8289 a v e r a g e A5@54=V9 b i l l 70:>=>?@>5:B c o p p e r <V4L d r o u g h t 70ACE0 l e g i s l a t i v e p o w e r 70:>=>402G0 2;040 e s t a b l i s h 2AB0=>2;N20B8 e x c e p t 70 28=OB:>< e x e c u t i v e p o w e r 28:>=02G0 2;040 t h e G u l f o f M e x i c o 5:A8:0=AL:0 70B>:0 t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ?0;0B0 ?@54AB02=8:V2 j o i n 7 T4=C20B8 m o d e r a t e ?><V@=89 t o a f f e c t 2?;820B8 p r a i r i e ?@5@VO r a n g e ?0A<>, @O4 3V@ r o u t e H;OE, <0@H@CB Vr r i g a t i o n 7@>HC20==O S u p r e m e C o u r t 5@E>2=89 AC4 t e m p e r a t e ?><V@=89 t h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n s !:5;OABV 3>@8 t o w a r d s C =0?@O<V 4> t r i b u t a r y ?@8B>:0 j u d i c i a l p o w e r AC4>20 2;040 v a l l e y 4>;8=0 v a r y 7<V=N20B8AL T E X T A : T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A
T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a i s t h e f o u r t h l a r g e s t c o u n t r y i n t h e w o r l d a f t e r R u s s i a , C h i n a a n d C a n a d a . I t i s s i t u a t e d i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t . I t a l s o i n c l u d e s A l a s k a a n d H a w a i i . T h e t o t a l a r e a i s o v e r n i n e m i l l i o n s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s . T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e U S A i s a b o u t 2 5 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e . T h e U S A b o r d e r s o n C a n a d a i n t h e n o r t h a n d M e x i c o i n t h e s o u t h . I t s w e s t e r n c o a s t i s w a s h e d b y t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n a n d i t s e a s t e r n o n e - b y t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n .
T h e c o n t i n e n t a l p a r t o f t h e U S A c o n s i s t s o f t h e h i g h l a n d r e g i o n s a n d t w o l o w l a n d r e g i o n s . T h e h i g h l a n d r e g i o n s a r e t h e A p p a l a c h i a n m o u n t a i n s i n t h e e a s t a n d t h e C o r d i l l e r a i n t h e w e s t . T h e G r e a t R o c k y m o u n t a i n s r u n n o r t h a n d s o u t h . S o m e o f t h e m f o r m a d i v i d e b e t w e e n r i v e r s t h a t f l o w w e s t w a r d a n d t h o s e t h a t f l o w t o w a r d s t h e A t l a n t i c o r t h e G u l f o f M e x i c o . T h e l o w l a n d s a r e s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e C o r d i l l e r a a n d t h e A p p a l a c h i a n m o u n t a i n s a n d a r e u s u a l l y c a l l e d t h e p r a i r i e . E a s t e r n l o w l a n d s a r e c a l l e d M i s s i s s i p p i v a l l e y .
T h e m a i n r i v e r s o f t h e U S A a r e t h e M i s s i s s i p p i t h e w o r l d s t h i r d l o n g e s t r i v e r a f t e r t h e N i l e a n d t h e A m a z o n , a n d t h e H u d s o n r i v e r . T h e M i s s i s s i p p i r i v e r w h i c h i s o f g r e a t h i s t o r i c a n d e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s r u n s 5 , 9 6 9 k m f r o m C a n a d a i n t o t h e G u l f o f M e x i c o . A c a n a l s o u t h o f C h i c a g o j o i n s o n e o f t h e t r i b u t a r i e s o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i t o t h e f i v e G r e a t L a k e s m a k i n g i t t h e w o r l d s l a r g e s t i n l a n d w a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r o u t e .
T h e t e r r i t o r y o f t h e U S A l i e s i n d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t i c z o n e s . T h e c l i m a t e o f A l a s k a i s s u b a r c t i c a n d t h a t o f t h e c o a s t o f t h e G u l f o f M e x i c o i s s u b t r o p i c a l . B u t m o s t o f t h e U S A i s i n t h e t e m p e r a t e z o n e .
T h e c l i m a t e o f t h e c o u n t r y i s a f f e c t e d b y t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e e q u a t o r , m o u n t a i n o u s l a n d i n t h e w e s t a s w e l l a s b y t w o o c e a n s . Y e a r - l o n g t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e l o w e r i n t h e n o r t h e r n a n d n o r t h - e a s t e r n s t a t e s a n d h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e i n t h e s o u t h e r n a n d w e s t e r n s t a t e s . A l o n g t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t t h e c l i m a t e i s w a r m , b e c a u s e t h e l a n d t h e r e i s p r o t e c t e d f r o m t h e c o l d w i n d s o f t h e n o r t h b y t h e g r e a t m o u n t a i n r a n g e ( t h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n s a n d i s o p e n t o t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e w a r m w i n d s o f t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n ) . T h a t s w h y w e s t c o a s t w i n t e r s a r e m i l d a n d r a i n y e x c e p t i n s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , w h e r e t h e y a r e m i l d b u t d r i e r . I n c e n t r a l a n d e a s t e r n r e g i o n s t h e w e a t h e r i s v e r y c h a n g e a b l e i n w i n t e r . I t m a y r a i n i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d s n o w i n t h e e v e n i n g w h e n t h e n o r t h w i n d b e g i n s b l o w i n g .
S u m m e r t e m p e r a t u r e s a l s o v a r y f r o m r e g i o n t o r e g i o n . I n m a n y p l a c e s i n s o u t h e r n A r i z o n a a n d C a l i f o r n i a t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y t e m p e r a t u r e i s a b o v e 4 0 C . T h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t s o f A l a s k a h a v e m o d e r a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s i n b o t h w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r . T h e c l i m a t e i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t i s h o t a n d d r y , t h e s o i l i s a r i d , t h e r a i n f a l l i s l o w a n d i r r i g a t i o n m u s t b e p r o v i d e d a g a i n s t d r o u g h t . I n t h e n o r t h e r n s e c t i o n o f t h e p a c i f i c c o a s t l i n e , a l o n g t h e c o a s t s o f t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n a n d o f t h e G u l f o f M e x i c o , t h e r e i s m u c h r a i n f a l l .
T h e U S A i s r i c h i n m i n e r a l r e s o u r c e s . I t h a s d e p o s i t s o f o i l , g a s , c o a l , i r o n , z i n c , c o p p e r , g o l d , s i l v e r , e t c . T h e U S A i s a h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r y . I t h a s v e r y p o w e r f u l i n d u s t r i e s , a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d s c i e n c e . T h e m a i n b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y a r e c o a l - m i n i n g , m e t a l l u r g y , s h i p b u i l d i n g , a u t o m o b i l e , c h e m i c a l , t e x t i l e , a v i a t i o n a n d e l e c t r o n i c s . T h e l a r g e s t c i t i e s o f t h e U S A a r e N e w Y o r k , S a n F r a n c i s c o , W a s h i g t o n , L o s A n g e l e s , C h i c a g o e t c .
T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s a f e d e r a l u n i o n o f 5 0 s t a t e s , w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a a s t h e s e a t o f t h e n a t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t . T h e w h o l e s y s t e m o f A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t i s b a s e d o n t h e p r i n c i p l e s e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d B i l l o f R i g h t s . T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n d i v i d e s t h e p o w e r s o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t i n t o t h r e e b r a n c h e s t h e e x e c u t i v e , h e a d e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t ; t h e l e g i s l a t i v e , w h i c h i n c l u d e s b o t h h o u s e s o f C o n g r e s s ( t h e S e n a t e a n d t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ) ; a n d t h e j u d i c i a l , w h i c h i s h e a d e d b y t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t . T h e h e a d o f t h e S e n a t e i s t h e V i c e - P r e s i d e n t w h o i s e l e c t e d f o r 4 y e a r s . T h e h e a d o f t h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i s t h e S p e a k e r .
T h e R e p u b l i c a n a n d D e m o c r a t i c P a r t i e s a r e t h e m a i n p a r t i e s i n t h e U S A .
#" "
1 . >?>2=VBL @5G5==O B0 ?5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . T h e U S A & s i t u a t e d i n & p a r t o f & N o r t h A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t .
2 . T h e c o u n t r y & b y t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n & a n d b y & i n & W e s t .
3 . T h e U S A b o r d e r s o n & i n t h e N o r t h a n d M e x i c o i n & .
4 . T h e t o t a l a r e a i s & m i l l i o n s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s .
5 . T h e & p a r t o f & U S A c o n s i s t s o f t h e & r e g i o n s a n d t w o & r e g i o n s .
6 . T h e h i g h l a n d r e g i o n s a r e & m o u n t a i n s i n t h e e a s t a n d t h e & i n t h e w e s t . 7 . T h e l o w l a n d s s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e C o r d i l l e r a a n d t h e A p p a l a c h i a n m o u n t a i n s a r e u s u a l l y c a l l e d t h e & .
8 . T h e m a i n r i v e r s o f t h e U S A a r e t h e & t h e w o r l d s & l o n g e s t r i v e r , a n d t h e & r i v e r .
9 . T h e c l i m a t e o f A l a s k a i s & a n d t h a t o f t h e c o a s t o f & G u l f o f M e x i c o i s & . .
1 0 . M o s t o f t h e U S A i s i n t h e & z o n e .
2 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O:
W h a t i s t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e U S A ?
W h a t p a r t s d o e s i t a l s o i n c l u d e ?
W h a t c o u n t r i e s d o e s t h e U S A b o r d e r o n ?
W h a t o c e a n s i s t h e U S A w a s h e d b y ?
W h a t i s t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e U S A ?
W h a t i s i t s t o t a l a r e a ?
W h a t m o u n t a i n s a r e t h e r e i n t h e U S A ?
W h a t a r e t h e l a r g e s t r i v e r s ?
W h a t i s t h e c l i m a t e i n t h e U S A ?
W h a t i s t h e c o u n t r y r i c h i n ?
W h a t a r e t h e m a i n b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y ?
W h a t a r e t h e l a r g e s t c i t i e s o f t h e U S A ?
H o w m a n y s t a t e s d o e s t h e c o u n t r y c o n s i s t o f ?
W h a t a r e t h e m a i n b r a n c h e s o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t s p o w e r s ?
W h o i s t h e U S p r e s i d e n t n o w ?
W h a t a r e t h e m a j o r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s ?
3 . 0:V=GVBL @5G5==O, 281@02H8 ?@028;L=89 20@V0=B:
1 . T h e c o n t i n e n t a l p a r t o f t h e U S A c o n s i s t s o f
a ) t w o h i g h l a n d r e g i o n s ;
b ) t h e h i g h l a n d r e g i o n s a n d t w o l o w l a n d r e g i o n s .
2 . M o s t o f t h e U S A i s i n
a ) t h e t e m p e r a t e z o n e ;
b ) t h e s u b t r o p i c a l z o n e .
3 . Y e a r - l o n g t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e
h i g h e r i n t h e n o r t h e r n a n d n o r t h e a s t e r n s t a t e s ;
l o w e r i n t h e n o r t h e r n a n d n o r t h e a s t e r n s t a t e s .
4 . W e s t c o a s t w i n t e r s a r e
a ) c o o l a n d r a i n y ;
b ) m i l d a n d r a i n y .
5 . S o u t h e r n c o a s t s o f A l a s k a h a v e m o d e r a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s
a ) i n b o t h s p r i n g a n d t h e f a l l ;
b ) i n b o t h w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r .
6 . T h e c l i m a t e
a ) v a r i e s f r o m r e g i o n t o r e g i o n ;
b ) d o e s n ' t v a r y f r o m r e g i o n t o r e g i o n .
7 . I n c e n t r a l a n d e a s t e r n r e g i o n s t h e w e a t h e r i s
v e r y c h a n g e a b l e ;
c o n s t a n t .
8 . T h e c l i m a t e i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t i s
c o l d a n d d a m p , t h e s o i l i s f e r t i l e ;
h o t a n d d r y , t h e s o i l i s a r i d .
4 . !:;04VBL @5G5==O, :>@8ABCNG8AL B01;8F5N:
1 . T h a n k y o u f o r s e e i n g m y p a r e n t s n e x t w e e k . 2 . I m t h i n k i n g o f d i s t u r b i n g y o u . 3 . H o w a b o u t d a n c i n g a n d s i n g i n g . 4 . I a p o l o g i s e f o r t e l l i n g m e t h e t r u t h . 5 . I m t i r e d o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i s . 6 . S h e s v e r y g o o d a t g o i n g t o t h e c i n e m a t o n i g h t ? 7 . H e s n o t c a p a b l e o f a n s w e r i n g t h a t c h i l d s q u e s t i o n s .
5 . =02545=>3> ?5@5;V:C 4VTA;V2, 2815@VBL BV, ?VA;O O:8E 26820TBLAO 35@C=4V9:
A g r e e , a v o i d , c a n t h e l p , d e c i d e , e x p e c t , f a n c y , f i n i s h , g i v e u p , h a p p e n , h o p e , m i n d , m a n a g e , p r e p a r e , p o s t p o n e , p r o m i s e , p u t o f f , r e f u s e , s e e m , s u g g e s t , w i s h .
6 . 815@VBL ?@028;L=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20 ( V=DV=VB82 G8 35@C=4V9) :
D o y o u r e m e m b e r ( m e e t ) h e r l a s t y e a r ?
I r e g r e t ( n o t v i s i t ) h e r w h e n s h e w a s i l l .
D o y o u w a n t t o g o o n ( l e a r n ) E n g l i s h ?
H e d o e s n t a l l o w u s ( m a k e ) p e r s o n a l p h o n e c a l l s .
H e s s t o p p e d ( s m o k e ) .
H e s t o p p e d f o r a f e w m i n u t e s ( r e s t ) .
I l i k e ( w a t c h ) T V i n t h e e v e n i n g s .
D o y o u t h i n k t h i s b o o k i s w o r t h ( r e a d ) ?
7 . 5@5D@07C9B5 70 7@07:>< A:;04=>?V4@O4=V @5G5==O, 26820NG8 35@C=4V9:
A f t e r h e g r a d u a t e d f r o m o u r U n i v e r s i t y , h e w o r k e d o n a f a r m . A f t e r g r a d u a t i n g f r o m o u r U n i v e r s i t y h e w o r k e d o n a f a r m . .
1 . A f t e r t h e y p a s s e d t h e i r e x a m s , t h e y w e n t t o t h e C r i m e a .
2 . B e f o r e w e m o v e d t o t h i s t o w n w e l i v e d i n K y i v .
3 . A f t e r s h e w r o t e t h e l e t t e r , s h e w e n t t o t h e p o s t - o f f i c e .
4 . B e f o r e w e c h a n g e d c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t , w e h a d c h e c k e d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e .
5 . W e m e t h i m a f t e r w e w a l k e d a b o u t t w o m i l e s .
8 . @>G8B09B5 4>40B:>2C V=D>@<0FVN ?@> !(, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 D>@<8 ?@8AC4:V2 C @5G5==OE. 8:>@8AB09B5 FN V=D>@<0FVN C A2>WE @>7?>2V4OE ?@> !(:
N o r t h A m e r i c a w a s d i s c o v e r e d o n O c t o b e r 1 2 , 1 4 9 2 b y C h r i s t o p h e r C o l u m b u s . H e t h o u g h t t h a t i t w a s t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A s i a .
I n 1 4 9 9 a n o t h e r n a v i g a t o r f r o m F l o r e n c e , A m e r i g o V e s p u c c i p r o v e d t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e f o u r t h p a r t o f t h e w o r l d , w h i c h a f e w y e a r s l a t e r w a s c a l l e d A m e r i c a , a f t e r h i s n a m e .
F i r s t p e r m a n e n t E n g l i s h s e t t l e m e n t w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y c o l o n i s t s i n A m e r i c a i n 1 6 0 7 .
T h e f i r s t s e t t l e r s f r o m E u r o p e b r o u g h t t h e i r g r a i n s , f r u i t t r e e s , v e g e t a b l e s , a n d l i v e s t o c k f r o m t h e O l d W o r l d . T h e I n d i a n s g a v e t h e w h i t e c o r n , s w e e t p o t a t o e s , b e a n s , p u m p k i n s , a n d t o b a c c o .
T h e o l d e s t U n i v e r s i t y i n t h e U S A , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y , w a s f o u n d e d i n 1 6 3 6 .
F i r s t A m e r i c a n p u b l i c l i b r a r y w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n i n 1 7 3 1 .
T h e U S A b e g a n a s a n a t i o n o f 1 3 s t a t e s J u l y 4 , 1 7 7 6 w h e n 1 3 c o l o n i e s s i g n e d t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e .
T h e t h i r t e e n - s t a r , t h i r t e e n - s t r i p e n a t i o n a l f l a g o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a w a s a d o p t e d o n J u n e 1 4 , 1 7 7 7 . T h e r e w a s o n e s t a r a n d o n e s t r i p e f o r e v e r y s t a t e i n t h e n e w c o u n t r y . T h e r e a r e n o w f i f t y s t a r s o n t h e A m e r i c a n f l a g , o n e f o r e a c h s t a t e . T h e o r i g i n a l 1 3 s t a t e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e t h i r t e e n s t r i p e s .
M a n u f a c t u r i n g o f b l u e j e a n s w a s s t a r t e d b y L e v i s S t r a u s s i n 1 8 5 0 .
T h e t e r r i t o r y o f A l a s k a w a s p u r c h a s e d f r o m R u s s i a b y t h e U S A i n 1 8 6 7 .
T h e f i r s t n a t i o n a l p a r k Y e l l o w s t o n e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 8 7 2
T h e t e l e p h o n e w a s i n v e n t e d b y A l e x a n d e r G r a h a m B e l l i n 1 8 7 6 .
P h o n o g r a p h w a s i n v e n t e d b y T h o m a s E d i s o n i n 1 8 7 7 .
T h e e l e c t r i c l i g h t b u l b w a s i n v e n t e d b y h i m i n 1 8 7 9 .
T h e s t a t u e o f L i b e r t y w a s a g i f t f r o m t h e p e o p l e o f F r a n c e . I t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d i n F r a n c e a n d w a s g i v e n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s b y t h e F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t . I t w a s b u i l t i n N e w Y o r k H a b o u r i n 1 8 8 6 .
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Y e a r - l o n g t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e l o w e r i n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
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T h e U S A i s r i c h i n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
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T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s a f e d e r a l u n i o n o f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
T h e w h o l e s y s t e m o f A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t i s b a s e d o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n d i v i d e s t h e p o w e r s o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t i n t o t h r e e _ _ _ _ _ .
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" W h e r e y o u ( t o s p e n d ) y o u r v a c a t i o n l a s t s u m m e r ? " " I ( t o g o ) t o t h e B a l t i c c o a s t . I ( t o h a v e ) m y v a c a t i o n i n J u l y . T h e w e a t h e r ( t o b e ) w o n d e r f u l , i t ( t o b e ) v e r y w a r m a n d t h e s e a ( t o b e ) w a r m t o o . I ( t o e n j o y ) m y l a s t y e a r ' s v a c a t i o n . "
I t ( t o r a i n ) s i n c e e a r l y m o r n i n g . I ' m a f r a i d w e ( n o t t o b e a b l e ) t o g o t o t h e m o u n t a i n s t o m o r r o w . 3 . " Y o u e v e r ( t o b e ) i n W a s h i n g t o n i n A p r i l ? " " Y e s , I ( t o b e ) t h e r e l a s t A p r i l . T h e w e a t h e r ( t o b e ) w o n d e r f u l . T h e s u n ( t o b e ) b r i g h t a n d t h e a i r ( t o b e ) c l e a r . I t ( n o t t o r a i n ) a t a l l . " 4 . I w o n d e r i f t h e y ( t o a r r i v e ) a t t h e a i r p o r t i n t i m e . 5 . " I f i t ( n o t t o r a i n ) i n t h e a f t e r n o o n w e ( t o g o ) t o C e n t r a l P a r k . Y o u ( t o j o i n ) u s ? " " T h a n k y o u f o r t h e i n v i t a t i o n . I g l a d l y ( t o j o i n ) y o u . "
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A : I s n ' t t h e w e a t h e r a w f u l i n N e w Y o r k ? A n d i t ' s s o u n p r e d i c t a b l e .
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B : N o , t h e r e ' s v e r y l i t t l e s n o w h e r e .
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2 . A s I h a d l o s t m y f r i e n d s a d d r e s s , I c o u l d n ' t w r i t e h i m .
3 . A f t e r h e h a d t r a v e l l e d a b o u t U k r a i n e f o r n e a r l y t w o m o n t h s , h e r e t u r n e d t o K y i v .
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T E X T B : W A S H I N G T O N D . C .
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c h o i c e 281V@ e x e c u t i v e 28:>=02G89 F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a $545@0;L=89 >:@C3 >;C<1VO h e a d q u a r t e r HB01- :20@B8@0 h u g e 25;8G57=89 i n h o n o u r o f =0 G5ABL j u d i c i a l N@848G=89 l a w 70:>= l e g i s l a t i v e 70:>=>402G89 m a r b l e <0@<C@ m o d e r n s c i e n t i f i c e q u i p m e n t ACG0A=5 =0C:>25 >1;04=0==O p e n t a g o n ?' OB8:CB=8: s k y - s c r a p e r E<0@>G>A t o a c c e p t AE20;N20B8 t o b e f o u n d e d 1CB8 70A=>20=8< t o c o m p l e t e 7025@HC20B8 t o e s t a b l i s h 70A=>2C20B8 t o f o r b i d 701>@>=OB8 t o m o v e ?5@5W748B8 v a s t 25;8:89
T E X T B : W A S H I N G T O N D . C .
W a s h i n g t o n D . C . i s t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . I t w a s f o u n d e d i n 1 7 9 0 . T h e s i t e o f t h e c i t y w a s c h o s e n b y G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n a s t h e n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l w h e n h e w a s t h e P r e s i d e n t . H i s c h o i c e w a s a c c e p t e d b y C o n g r e s s i n t h e a c t o f 1 7 9 0 h a v i n g e s t a b l i s h e d t h e F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . T h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a w a s n a m e d i n h o n o u r o f C h r i s t o p h e r C o l u m b u s w h o d i s c o v e r e d A m e r i c a . I t i s a p i e c e o f l a n d t e n m i l e s s q u a r e w h i c h d o e s n o t b e l o n g t o a n y s t a t e . B y 1 8 0 0 t h e n o r t h s e c t i o n o f W a s h i n g t o n w a s c o m p l e t e d a n d C o n g r e s s m o v e d f r o m P h i l a d e l p h i a t o t h e n e w c a p i t a l . T h e c i t y w a s n a m e d i n h o n o u r o f t h e f i r s t P r e s i d e n t G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n .
W a s h i n g t o n i s a b e a u t i f u l c i t y . T h e h o u s e s o f m a r b l e a n d w h i t e s t o n e m a k e a g r e a t i m p r e s s i o n o n t h o s e f i r s t v i s i t i n g i t . T h e c i t y w a s p l a n n e d c a r e f u l l y a n d d i f f e r s f r o m s o m e o t h e r c i t i e s o f t h e U S A w i t h t h e i r s k y - s c r a p e r s . T h e b u i l d i n g s a r e n o t v e r y h i g h b e c a u s e o f t h e l a w f o r b i d d i n g t o b u i l d h o u s e s m o r e t h a n 9 0 f e e t h i g h . T h e t a l l e s t s t r u c t u r e s i n W a s h i n g t o n a r e t h e C a p i t o l t h a t h o u s e s t h e C o n g r e s s a n d t h e W a s h i n g t o n M o n u m e n t t h a t i s 5 5 5 f e e t ( o v e r 1 8 0 m e t e r s ) t a l l . T h e o l d e s t b u i l d i n g i n t h e c i t y i s t h e W h i t e H o u s e , t h e o f f i c i a l r e s i d e n c e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t .
T h e J e f f e r s o n M e m o r i a l w a s b u i l t i n m e m o r y o f t h e t h i r d P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U S A , T h o m a s J e f f e r s o n , w h o w a s t h e a u t h o r o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e . T h e m e m o r i a l i s s u r r o u n d e d b y c h e r r y - t r e e s .
T h e L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l i s d e v o t e d t o t h e m e m o r y o f t h e 1 6 - t h P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U S , t h e a u t h o r o f t h e E m a n c i p a t i o n P r o c l a m a t i o n , w h i c h g a v e f r e e d o m t o N e g r o s l a v e s i n A m e r i c a .
T h e A r l i n g t o n C e m e t e r y l i e s o n t h e o t h e r b a n k o f t h e P o t o m a c r i v e r . H e r e t h e P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y w a s b u r i e d . A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r s a n d o f f i c e r s , w h o d i e d i n t h e W o r l d W a r I a n d I I a r e b u r i e d t o o .
T h e w i d e a v e n u e s a r e l i n e d w i t h o l d s h a d y t r e e s a n d i n p a r k s t h e r e a r e m a n y b e a u t i f u l f l o w e r s .
W a s h i n g t o n i s t h e r e s i d e n c e o f t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d t h e C o n g r e s s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , o f a l l g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s a n d o t h e r i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e C o n g r e s s s e a t s i n t h e C a p i t o l . W a s h i n g t o n i s k n o w n t o b e a c e n t r e o f c u l t u r e a n d s c i e n c e a s t h e r e a r e m a n y r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s , s o m e u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e .
T h e L i b r a r y o f t h e U S A C o n g r e s s , b u i l t t o h o l d f i v e m i l l i o n b o o k s , i s a s k n o w n a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d a s t h e L i b r a r y o f t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m . I t i s f a m o u s f o r i t s v a s t c o l l e c t i o n s o f b o o k s , d o c u m e n t s a n d m o d e r n s c i e n t i f i c e q u i p m e n t .
W a s h i n g t o n i s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r o f t h e U S A M i l i t a r y D e p a r t m e n t t h e P e n t a g o n . P e n t a g o n i s a h u g e b u i l d i n g i n t h e s h a p e o f f i v e p e n t a g o n s . I t i s s i t u a t e d i n t h e s o u t h o f t h e P o t o m a c R i v e r . W a s h i n g t o n i s t h e c e n t r e o f a t o m i c , e l e c t r o n i c , l i g h t a n d f o o d i n d u s t r i e s . T h e p l a c e s o f i n t e r e s t i n W a s h i n g t o n a r e t h e W a s h i n g t o n M o n u m e n t , t h e T h o m a s J e f f e r s o n M e m o r i a l , t h e T o m b o f t h e U n k n o w n S o l d i e r , t h e r e a r e m a n y m u s e u m s a n d t h e a t r e s .
I n t h e p o l i t i c a l s c e n e W a s h i n g t o n i s t h e c e n t r e a n d t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I t i s t h e c e n t r e o f t h e e x e c u t i v e , l e g i s l a t i v e a n d j u d i c i a l b r a n c h e s o f t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a .
9 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 ?8B0==O:
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2 . W h e n w a s i t f o u n d e d ?
3 . W h e r e i s t h e c a p i t a l s i t u a t e d ?
4 . W h a t d i f f e r s W a s h i n g t o n f r o m o t h e r s c i t i e s i n t h e U S A ?
5 . W h a t i s t h e L i b r a r y o f t h e U S A C o n g r e s s f a m o u s f o r ?
6 . W h a t i s t h e P e n t a g o n ?
7 . W h e r e d o e s t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U S A w o r k a n d l i v e ?
8 . W h e r e d o e s t h e C o n g r e s s o f t h e U S A s e a t ?
9 . W h y i s W a s h i n g t o n t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c i t y o f t h e U S A ?
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2 . T h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a w a s n a m e d i n h o n o u r & .
3 . I t i s a p i e c e o f l a n d & m i l e s s q u a r e w h i c h d o e s n o t b e l o n g t o & .
4 . T h e b u i l d i n g s a r e n o t v e r y h i g h b e c a u s e o f & t o b u i l d h o u s e s m o r e t h a n & f e e t h i g h .
5 . T h e t a l l e s t s t r u c t u r e s i n W a s h i n g t o n a r e t h e & t h a t h o u s e s t h e C o n g r e s s a n d t h e & M o n u m e n t .
6 . T h e o l d e s t b u i l d i n g i n t h e c i t y i s t h e & , t h e o f f i c i a l r e s i d e n c e o f & .
7 . W a s h i n g t o n i s t h e & o f t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d t h e & o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , o f a l l g o v e r n m e n t & a n d o t h e r i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n s .
8 . W a s h i n g t o n i s t h e & o f t h e U S A M i l i t a r y D e p a r t m e n t t h e & .
9 . P e n t a g o n i s a & b u i l d i n g i n t h e & o f f i v e p e n t a g o n s . I t i s s i t u a t e d i n t h e s o u t h o f t h e & R i v e r .
1 0 . W a s h i n g t o n i s t h e & o f t h e e x e c u t i v e , & a n d & b r a n c h e s o f t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a .
1 1 . 5@5:06VBL 4V0;>3:
V0;>3
A . : H a v e y o u e v e r b e e n t o t h e U S A ?
B . : N o , I h a v e n t . I h a v e n e v e r b e e n t o t h i s c o u n t r y . A n d y o u ?
A . : I h a v e n t b e e n t o , e i t h e r , b u t I d l o v e t o . W h a t c i t i e s w o u l d y o u l i k e t o v i s i t ?
B . : O h , t h e r e a r e a l o t o f c i t i e s a n d p l a c e s t o s e e . P r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y s t a t e h a s m u c h t o v i s i t . B u t I p r e f e r t o g o f i r s t t o W a s h i n g t o n . A f r i e n d o f m i n e h a s j u s t c o m e f r o m t h e U S a n d t o l d m e a b o u t h i s i m p r e s s i o n s .
A . : W h a t p l a c e s d i d h e v i s i t ?
B . : F i r s t o f a l l , h e v i s i t e d t h e P r e s i d e n t s r e s i d e n c e t h e W h i t e H o u s e , t h e o l d e s t b u i l d i n g i n t h e c i t y . T h e n , h e v i s i t e d t h e W a s h i n g t o n M o n u m e n t , w h i c h l o o k s l i k e a v e r y b i g p e n c i l . I t r i s e s 1 6 0 m e t r e s a n d i s h o l l o w i n s i d e . A s p e c i a l l i f t b r i n g s v i s i t o r s t o t h e t o p f r o m w h e r e t h e y c a n e n j o y a b e a u t i f u l v i e w o f t h e w h o l e c i t y .
A . : A n d w h a t a b o u t o t h e r p l a c e s o f i n t e r e s t ?
B . : H e a l s o s a w t h e J e f f e r s o n a n d L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l s , t h e A r l i n g t o n N a t i o n a l C e m e t e r y , w h e r e t h e P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y w a s b u r i e d , a n d v i s i t e d t h e f a m o u s L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s .
A . : S o , h e e n j o y e d h i m s e l f , d i d n t h e ?
B . : Y e s , h e d i d .
1 2 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB
T E X T C : I m p o r t a n c e o f M e c h a n i z a t i o n o f A g r i c u l t u r e
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
s t e a d i l y ?>ABV9=>
i n c r e a s e 71V;LHC20B8
s c o p e <0AHB01
s i m p l e d e v i c e s ?@>ABV ?@8;048
h a r n e s s 70?@O30B8
i m p l e m e n t s 7=0@O44O
d o m e s t i c a n i m a l s - 4><0H=V B20@8=8
e x p l o i t a t i o n 28:>@8AB0==O
r a p i d a c c e l e r a t i o n H284:5 ?@8A:>@5==O
s o p h i s t i c a t e d e q u i p m e n t A:;04=5 >1;04=0==O
l i v e s t o c k B20@8==8FB2>
c r o p s AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:V @>A;8=8
s c i e n t i f i c a d v a n c e s =0C:>2V 4>AO3=5==O
d e a l w i t h <0B8 A?@02C
T E X T C : I m p o r t a n c e o f M e c h a n i z a t i o n o f A g r i c u l t u r e
M e c h a n i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e i s a p r o g r e s s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g s c o p e a n d i m p o r t a n c e . I t b e g a n , c e n t u r i e s a g o , w i t h s i m p l e d e v i c e s f o r h a r n e s s i n g t h e p o w e r o f m a n h i m s e l f ; d e v e l o p e d w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f i m p l e m e n t s a n d m a c h i n e s d e s i g n e d t o m a k e u s e o f t h e g r e a t e r p o w e r o f d o m e s t i c a n i m a l s , n o t a b l y h o r s e s a n d c o n t i n u e w i t h e x p l o i t a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c a l a n d e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r f o r a l m o s t e v e r y f a r m i n g t a s k . S i n c e 1 9 3 0 s p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n r e v o l u t i o n a r y . A r a p i d a c c e l e r a t i o n i n t h e u s e o f t r a c t o r s a n d o t h e r e n g i n e - d r i v e n f i e l d m a c h i n e s h a s b e e n f o l l o w e d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a w i d e r a n g e o f s o p h i s t i c a t e d e q u i p m e n t f o r c a r r y i n g o u t e s s e n t i a l o p e r a t i o n b e t t e r a n d m o r e c h e a p l y . T h e s c o p e f o r f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t i s l i m i t e d o n l y b y t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r m e c h a n i z a t i o n t o b e e c o n o m i c . A l r e a d y m u c h o f t h e n e w e q u i p m e n t i n c l u d e s a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l d e v i c e s , a n d t h e s e a r e c e r t a i n t o p l a y a n e v e r i n c r e a s i n g p a r t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l m e c h a n i z a t i o n i n t h e f u t u r e . T h e y o p e n u p w h o l e n e w f i e l d s o f d e v e l o p m e n t , s u c h a s a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l o f e n v i r o n m e n t f o r b o t h c r o p s a n d l i v e s t o c k .
L e t s t a k e G r e a t B r i t a i n , f o r e x a m p l e . M e c h a n i z a t i o n , a l l i e d t o o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c a d v a n c e s , h a s t r a n s f o r m e d t h e p l a c e o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y . I n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y a b o u t a q u a r t e r o f t h e w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n o f B r i t a i n w e r e e n g a g e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e , a n d f a r m i n g p r o d u c e d a b o u t o n e f i f t h o f t h e c o u n t r y s w e a l t h . T o d a y , a b o u t 5 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e g r o s s n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t i s p r o d u c e d b y l e s s t h a n 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e g a i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d p o p u l a t i o n a l a b o u r u s e l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f a n y o t h e r c o u n t r y . C u r r e n t n a t i o n a l t r e n d s a r e r e f l e c t e d i n s t a t i s t i c s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e u s e o f m e c h a n i c a l e q u i p m e n t o n f a r m s .
5@5:;04VBL 157 A;>2=8:0 =0ABC?=V A;>20, ?>A8;0NG8AL =0 5:2V20;5=B8 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V:
A g r i c u l t u r e ; d e s i g n ; f a r m ; c o n s t r u c t i o n ; e x p l o i t a t i o n ; a c c e l e r a t i o n ; o p e r a t i o n ; l i m i t ; e q u i p m e n t ; f u t u r e ; t r a n s f o r m ; q u a r t e r ; r e f l e c t .
5@5:;04VBL 0=3;V9AL:>N =0ABC?=V A;>20, =5 :>@8ABCNG8AL A;>2=8:><:
5E0=V70FVO, ?@>3@5A, 5;5:B@8G=89, B@0:B>@, 02B><0B8G=89 :>=B@>;L, 5:>=><V:0, =04VO, 2V4A>B>:, AB0B8AB8:0, <0H8=0.
I I I . =094VBL C B5:ABV B0 ?5@5:;04VBL A;>2>A?>;CG5==O, O:V 2:;NG0NBL =0ABC?=V A;>20:
P o w e r ; m a c h i n e ; e q u i p m e n t ; p o p u l a t i o n ; c o u n t r y .
I V . =094VBL C B5:ABV 0=3;V9AL:V 5:2V20;5=B8 =0ABC?=8E A;>2>A?>;CG5=L:
A5@548=V X I X AB>;VBBO, ACG0A=V =0FV>=0;L=V B5=45=FVW, =0C:>2V 4>AO3=5==O, H284:5 7@>AB0==O, =>2V >1;0ABV @>728B:C, 7@>AB0NG89 @>7<0E B0 7=0G5==O, 2V4V3@0NG8 2A5 1V;LHC @>;L, >A=>2=V @>1>B8, AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:V 7=0@O44O B0 <5E0=V7<8.
V . =094VBL C B5:ABV 0=3;V9AL:V 5:2V20;5=B8 =0ABC?=8E @5G5=L, 2 O:8E @>7?>2V40TBLAO ?@> B5:
1 . 7 O:>3> G0AC ?>G02AO =091V;LH V=B5=A82=89 ?@>F5A <5E0=V70FVW AV;LAL:>3> 3>A?>40@AB20 2 =3;VW;
2 . O:0 G0AB8=0 =0A5;5==O =3;VW 1C;0 709=OB0 C AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:><C 3>A?>40@AB2V C A5@548=V X I X AB>;VBBO;
3 . O:89 =09?5@A?5:B82=VH89 =0?@O<>: <5E0=V70FVW AV;LAL:>3> 3>A?>40@AB20;
4 . 7 G>3> ?>G8=0;0AO VAB>@VO <5E0=V70FVW AV;LAL:>3> 3>A?>40@AB20;
5 . O:89 D0:B>@ >1<56CT <5E0=V70FVN AV;LAL:>3> 3>A?>40@AB20;
6 . I> 7<V=8;> <VAF5 <5E0=V70FVW AV;LAL:>3> 3>A?>40@AB20 2 =0FV>=0;L=V9 5:>=><VFV =3;VW.
=094VBL C ?@02V9 :>;>=FV 045:20B=89 ?5@5:;04 284V;5=8E A;>2>A?>;CG5=L:
M e c h a n i z a t i o n , a l l i e d t o o t h e r a ) 02B><0B87>20=89 :>=B@>;L
s c i e n t i f i c a d v a n c e s , h a s t r a n s f o r m e d 70 C<>20<8, O:89 2?;820T
t h e p l a c e o f a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e n a t i o n a l O: =0 28@>IC20==O
e c o n o m y . AV;LAL:>3>A?>40@AL:8E :C;LBC@, B0: V =0
B20@8==8FB2>.
T h e o p e n u p w h o l e n e w f i e l d s o f
d e v e l o p m e n t , s u c h a s a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l b ) 20;>289 =0FV>=0;L=89
o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t f o r b o t h c r o p s a n d ?@>4C:B.
l i v e s t o c k .
M e c h a n i z a t i o n o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r e c ) A:;04=5 >1;04=0==O 4;O
c o n t i n u e s w i t h e x p l o i t a t i o n o f 28:>=0==O >A=>2=8E @>1VB.
m e c h a n i c a l a n d e l e c t r i c p o w e r f o r
a l m o s t e v e r y f a r m i n g t a s k .
T o d a y , a b o u t 5 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e d ) 28:>@8AB0==O <5E0=VG=>W
g r o s s n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t i s p r o d u c e d A8;8 B0 5=5@3VW.
b y l e s s t h e n 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e g a i n f u l l y
e m p l o y e d p o p u l a t i o n .
5 . A r a p i d a c c e l e r a t i o n i n u s e o f 5) ?>@O4 7 V=H8<8
t r a c t o r s h a s b e e n f o l l o w e d b y t h e =0C:>28<8 4>AO3=5==O<8.
d e v e l o p m e n t o f a w i d e r a n g e o f
s o p h i s t i c a t e d e q u i p m e n t f o r c a r r y i n g
o u t e s s e n t i a l o p e r a t i o n s .
09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 70?8B0==O 4> B5:ABC, :>@8ABCNG8AL ?>40=8<8 C 4C6:0E A;>20<8:
1 . W h a t k i n d o f p r o c e s s i s m e c h a n i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e ?
2 . W i t h w h a t d e v i c e s d i d m e c h a n i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e b e g i n a n d c o n t i n u e ?
3 . W h a t a r e t h e l a t e s t a c h i e v e m e n t s i n t h e f i e l d o f m e c h a n i z a t i o n ?
4 . W h a t l i m i t s t h e s c o p e f o r f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t o f m e c h a n i z a t i o n ?
5 . W h o p r o d u c e s 5 . 5 p e r c e n t o f g r o s s n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ?
6 . W h e r e a r e c u r r e n t n a t i o n a l t r e n d s r e f l e c t e d ?
( s t a t i s t i c s ; t h e p o w e r o f m a n h i m s e l f , d o m e s t i c a n i m a l s a n d e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r ; g a i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d p o p u l a t i o n ; d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n c r e a s i n g s c o p e a n d i m p o r t a n c e ; a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l d e v i c e s ; e c o n o m i c )
1 3 . @>G8B09B5 ?@8A;V2 O V =072VBL WE 2V4?>2V4=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
A n e w l a n g u a g e a n e w w o r l d .
H o w m a n y l a n g u a g e s y o u k n o w , h o w m a n y t i m e s y o u a r e a m a n .
N o m a n i s b o r n w i s e o r l e a r n e d .
A g o o d d e e d i s n e v e r l o s t .
T h e e a r l y b i r d c a t c h e s t h e w o r m ( G5@2 O:) .
N e c e s s Vt y i s t h e m o t h e r o f i n v e n t i o n .
A s b a l d a s a n e a g l e .
#@>: 1 2
A G R I C U L T U R E I N T H E U S A
<VAB C@>:C:
5:A8G=0 B5<0: A g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e U S A .
!;>2>B2>@5==O: ACDV:A8 - i n g , - s h i p , - t y .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;: =DV=VB82 ( I n f i n i t i v e ) .
"5:AB A g r i c u l t u r a l M e c h a n i z a t i o n a n d A u t o m a t i o n .
!;>2>B2>@5==O
1 . !CDV:A i n g A;C68BL 4;O CB2>@5==O V<5==8:V2 2V4 4VTA;V2=8E >A=>2: p r e s s p r e s s i n g ?@5AC20==O, r e a d - r e a d i n g G8B0==O.
2 . !CDV:A s h i p - ACDV:A V<5==8:V2: f r i e n d s h i p 4@C610.
3 . !CDV:A t y ( 9>3> 20@V0=B i t y ) CB2>@NT V<5==8:8 2V4 ?@8:<5B=8:V2: p o s s i b l e <>6;8289 p o s s i b i l i t y <>6;82VABL.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 87=0GB5 ACDV:A8 C =02545=8E =86G5 A;>20E B0 ?5@5:;04VBL WE:
S a f e t y , a p p e a r a n c e , e n t r a n c e , r e l a t i o n s h i p , i n t e r f e r e n c e , m e m b e r s h i p , r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , h o n e s t y , l e a d e r s h i p , r e a l i t y , s p e c i a l i t y , a c t i v i t y , b u i l d i n g , d r a w i n g , e n d i n g , m e e t i n g , f e e l i n g .
2 . #B2>@VBL 2V4 =02545=8E >A=>2 =>2V A;>20 70 4>?><>3>N ACDV:AV2:
T o p a i n t , t o s p e l l , t o u n d e r s t a n d , t o a c c e p t , t o o b s e r v e , t o e x i s t , t o i n s i s t , t o p e r s i s t , t o r e l a t e , t o a u t h o r i z e .
@0<0B8G=89 <0B5@V0;
=DV=VB82
( I n f i n i t i v e )
=DV=VB82 " F5 =5>A>1>20 D>@<0 4VTA;>20, O:0 BV;L:8 =07820T 4VN V 2V4?>2V40T =0 70?8B0==O I> @>18B8? , I> 7@>18B8? % t o w r i t e ?8A0B8; t o a n s w e r 2V4?>2V40B8.
0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V V=DV=VB82 <0T >4=C ?@>ABC V ? OBL A:;04=8E D>@<. =DV=VB82 ?5@5EV4=8E 4VTA;V2 <0T D>@<8 G0AC 9 AB0=C, 0 =5?5@5EV4=8E BV;L:8 G0AC.
$>@<8
V=DV=VB820 A c t i v e P a s s i v e I n d e f i n i t e t o w r i t e
t o c o m e t o b e w r i t t e n C o n t i n u o u s t o b e w r i t i n g
t o b e c o m i n g - P e r f e c t t o h a v e w r i t t e n
t o h a v e c o m e t o h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s t o h a v e b e e n w r i t i n g
t o h a v e b e e n c o m i n g -
/:I> 4VTA;>2> =5 26820TBLAO 2 ?0A82=><C AB0=V 01> 2 D>@<V C o n t i n u o u s , B> :V;L:VABL D>@< V=DV=VB820 2V4?>2V4=> <5=H0.
7=0:>N V=DV=VB820 2 0=3;V9AL:V9 <>2V T G0AB:0 t o . '0AB:0 n o t ?5@54 V=DV=VB82>< 2:07CT =0 70?5@5G=C D>@<C.
;5 A;V4 ?0< OB0B8, I> 2 45O:8E 28?04:0E V=DV=VB82 26820TBLAO 157 G0AB:8 t o :
?VA;O <>40;L=8E 4VTA;V2 ( >:@V< 4VTA;>20 o u g h t ) ;
2 >1 T:B=><C V=DV=VB82=><C 72>@>BV ?VA;O 4VTA;V2: t o s e e , t o h e a r , t o f e e l , t o w a t c h , t o o b s e r v e , t o n o t i c e ; t o l e t , t o m a k e ;
?VA;O 28@07V2 w o u l d r a t h e r , w o u l d s o o n e r , h a d b e t t e r & .
=0G5==O V 26820==O D>@< V=DV=VB820
I . =DV=VB82 C D>@<V I n d e f i n i t e 26820TBLAO:
/:I> 4VO, O:C 2V= 28@060T, >4=>G0A=0 7 4VTN 4VTA;>20- ?@8AC4:0 @5G5==O:
I a m s o r r y t o h e a r i t . 5=V ?@8:@> GCB8 F5.
H e w a s g l a d t o s e e t h e m . V= 1C2 @0489 10G8B8 WE.
I t w i l l b e v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g C45 4C65 FV:02> ?@>G8B0B8
t o r e a d t h e s e b o o k s . FV :=86:8.
4VTA;>20<8, I> 2:07CNBL =0<V@, =04VN Ba V=. I n d e f i n i t e I n f i n i t i v e >7=0G0T 4VN, <091CB=N I>4> 2V4=>H5==O 4> 4VW, 28@065=>W 4VT;>2><- ?@8AC4:><:
I h o p e t o s e e y o u o n M o n d a y .
/ A?>4V20NAL ?>10G8B8AO 7 20<8 2 ?>=54V;>:.
I w a n t t o m a k e a r e p o r t .
/ E>GC 7@>18B8 4>?>2V4L.
<>40;L=8<8 4VTA;>20<8 I n d e f i n i t e I n f i n i t i v e G0AB> 28@060T <091CB=N 4VN:
T h e y m a y c o m e t o m o r r o w .
>65, 2>=8 ?@8W4CBL 702B@0.
C o n t i n u o u s I n f i n i t i v e 28@060T B@820;C 4VN, I> 2V41C20TBLAO >4=>G0A=> 7 4VTN, 28@065=>N 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:><:
I t w a s p l e a s a n t t o b e d r i v i n g a c a r a g a i n .
@8T<=> 1C;> 7=>2C 25AB8 02B><>1V;L.
P e r f e c t I n f i n i t i v e 28@060T 4VN, I> ?5@54CT 4VW, 28@065=V9 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:><:
I w a s p l e a s e d t o h a v e d o n e s o m e t h i n g .
/ 1C;0 704>2>;5=0, I> O 45I> 7@>18;0.
<>40;L=8<8 4VTA;>20<8 s h o u l d , o u g h t , c o u l d , m i g h t C AB25@46C20;L=V9 D>@<V, 0 B0:>6 ?VA;O w a s / w e r e 2 <>40;L=><C 7=0G5==V P e r f e c t I n f i n i t i v e ?>:07CT, I> 4VO =5 2V41C;0AO:
H e s h o u l d h a v e s t a y e d a t h o m e .
><C A;V4 1C;> 70;8H8B8AO 24><0 ( 0;5 2V= =5 70;8H82AO) .
P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s I n f i n i t i v e 28@060T B@820;C 4VN, I> 2V41C20;0AO ?@>BO3>< ?52=>3> G0AC ?5@54 4VTN, 28@065=>N 4VTA;>2><- ?@8AC4:><:
I a m h a p p y t o h a v e b e e n l i v i n g i n K y i v f o r 2 5 y e a r s .
/ I0A;8289, I> 2 5 @>:V2 682C 2 8T2V.
I I . =DV=VB82 26820TBLAO 2 0:B82=><C AB0=V, O:I> V<5==8: 01> 709<5==8:, 4> O:>3> 2V= 2V4=>A8BLAO, >7=0G0T AC1 T:B 4VW, 28@065=>W V=DV=VB82><:
B u t t h e y d o n t w a n t t o p l a y w i t h m e .
;5 2>=8 =5 E>GCBL 3@0B8AO 7V <=>N.
=DV=VB82 26820TBLAO 2 ?0A82=><C AB0=V, O:I> V<5==8: 01> 709<5==8:, 4> O:>3> 2V= 2V4=>A8BLAO, >7=0G0T >1 T:B 4VW, 28@065=>W V=DV=VB82><:
S h e d i d n t w a n t t o b e f o u n d .
>=0 =5 E>BV;0, I>1 WW 7=0H;8.
I I I . =DV=VB82 B0:>6 26820TBLAO:
VA;O B0:8E 4VTA;V2, O:: a d v i s e , a f f o r d , a g r e e , a p p e a r , a t t e m p t , d e c i d e , d a r e , f o r g e t , f a i l , e x p e c t , h o p e , m a n a g e , o f f e r , p l a n , p r e t e n d , p r o m i s e , r e f u s e , s e e m , t e n d , t h r e a t e n , w a n t , e t c .
e . g . H e r e f u s e d t o a n s w e r m y q u e s t i o n s .
I h o p e t o s e e y o u a g a i n s o o n .
H e p r o m i s e d n o t t o b e l a t e .
2 . :>=AB@C:FVW: V e r b + P r o ( n o u n ) + I n f i n i t i v e 2 >1 T:B=><C V=DV=VB82=><C 72>@>BV, 45 709<5==8: 26820TBLAO 2 >1 T:B=><C 2V4<V=:C. VA;O 4VTA;V2: c o n s i d e r , b e l i e v e , t h i n k , f i n d , k n o w , e x p e c t , s u p p o s e , w a n t , w i s h , d e s i r e , l i k e , w o u l d l i k e , d i s l i k e , h a t e , i n t e n d , r e q u e s t , a s k ( ?@>A8B8) , a l l o w , p e r m i t , r e c o m m e n d , c a u s e , f o r c e , m a k e ( ?@8<CHC20B8) , l e t ( 25;VB8, 4>72>;OB8) :
e . g . M r . L e e e x p e c t e d t h e m t o b e h e r e a t t e n o c l o c k .
T h e p o l i c e o r d e r e d t h e d r i v e r ( h i m ) t o s t o p .
VA;O 4VTA;V2 t o m a k e , t o l e t , t o s e e , t o h e a r , t o f e e l , t o w a t c h , t o o b s e r v e , t o n o t i c e G0AB:0 t o ?5@54 V=DV=VB82>< =5 26820TBLAO:
e . g . I s a w M a r k c r o s s t h e s t r e e t . / 10G82, O: 2V= ?5@5E>482 2C;8FN.
T h e y m a d e h i m d o i t . >3> ?@8<CA8;8 F5 7@>18B8.
3 . AC1 T:B=><C V=DV=VB82=><C 72>@>BV ( I> <0T DC=:FVN A:;04=89 ?V4<5B ) , 45 V<5==8: G8 709<5==8: AB>WBL 2 7030;L=><C 2V4<V=:C:
0) ?VA;O B0:8E 4VTA;V2 2 ?0A82=><C AB0=V, O:: s a y , r e p o r t , t h i n k , b e l i e v e , e x p e c t , c o n s i d e r , s u p p o s e , s e e , h e a r , f e e l , n o t i c e , o b s e r v e , w a t c h , o r d e r , a l l o w , p e r m i t , e t c .
e . g . M a r k w a s s e e n t o c r o s s t h e s t r e e t . 0G8;8, O: 0@: ?5@5E>482 2C;8FN.
H e w a s m a d e t o d o i t . >3> ?@8<CA8;8 F5 7@>18B8.
1) ?VA;O =0ABC?=8E 4VTA;V2 2 0:B82=><C AB0=V: s e e m , a p p e a r ( 74020B8AO) , h a p p e n , c h a n c e ( B@0?;OB8AO) , t u r n o u t , p r o v e ( 28O2;OB8AO) :
e . g . T h e y s e e m e d n o t t o l i s t e n t o t h e i r t e a c h e r .
4020;>AO, I> 2>=8 =5 A;CE0;8 A2>3> 2G8B5;O.
2) ?VA;O A;>2>A?>;CG5=L t o b e s u r e , t o b e c e r t a i n , t o b e l i k e l y , t o b e u n l i k e l y :
e . g . T h e y a r e l i k e l y t o m e e t o f t e n .
>=8, <01CBL, G0AB> 7CAB@VG0B8<CBLAO.
4 . :>=AB@C:FVW f o r + n o u n / p r o n o u n + i n f i n i t i v e ( 45 709<5==8: 26820TBLAO 2 >1 T:B=><C 2V4<V=:C) :
e . g . T h e y a s k e d f o r t h e d a t a ( t h e m ) t o b e p u b l i s h e d .
>=8 ?@>A8;8, I>1 FV 40==V 1C;8 >?C1;V:>20=V.
$C=:FVW V=DV=VB820 2 @5G5==V
1 . =DV=VB82 <>65 26820B8AO 2 @5G5==V 2 @>;V ?V4<5B0:
e . g . T o a p p l y f e r t i l i z e r s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r g r o w i n g c r o p s i n t h i s r e g i o n .
=>A8B8 4>1@820 ( 2=5A5==O 4>1@82) 4C65 206;82> &
2 . =DV=VB82 <>65 26820B8AO 2 @>;V ?@548:0B820 ( V<5==>W G0AB8=8 A:;04=>3> ?@8AC4:0) :
e . g . T h e p o i n t i s t o a c h i e v e t h e a i m . >;>2=5 4>AO3B8 <5B8.
3 . =DV=VB82 <>65 26820B8AO 2 @>;V G0AB8=8 4VTA;V2=>3> A:;04=>3> ?@8AC4:0:
0) 7 <>40;L=8<8 4VTA;>20<8:
e . g . T h e y m u s t d o i t a t o n c e .
1) 7 4VTA;>20<8, I> 26820NBLAO 7 V=DV=VB82>< V=H>3> 4VTA;>20 ( t o w a n t , t o w i s h , t o t r y , t o i n t e n d , t o e x p e c t , t o h o p e B0 V=. ) :
e . g . H e w a n t s t o r e a d a n e w s p a p e r .
2) 7 4VTA;>20<8, I> >7=0G0NBL ?>G0B>: 01> ?@>4>265==O 4VW ( t o b e g i n , t o s t a r t , t o c o n t i n u e B0 V=. ) :
e . g . S h e b e g a n t o l o o k t h r o u g h t h e j o u r n a l s o n h e r s p e c i a l i t y .
4 . =DV=VB82 <>65 26820B8AO 2 @>;V 4>40B:0 4> 4VTA;V2 B0 ?@8:<5B=8:V2:
e . g . S h e a s k e d m e t o s p e a k l o u d l y .
I l l b e h a p p y t o a c c e p t y o u r i n v i t a t i o n .
5 . =DV=VB82 <>65 26820B8AO O: >1AB028=0 <5B8:
e . g . W e o f t e n u s e h e a t i n g ( i n o r d e r ) t o i n c r e a s e t h e r e a c t i o n r a t e .
8 G0AB> 28:>@8AB>2CT<> =03@V20==O 4;O B>3>, I>1 ?V428I8B8 H284:VABL @50:FVW.
6 . =DV=VB82 B0:>6 26820TBLAO O: >7=0G5==O:
e . g . H e d e s c r i b e d s o m e p h e n o m e n a t o b e o b s e r v e d t h e r e o n l y i n w i n t e r .
V= >?8A02 45O:V O28I0, O:V <>6=0 A?>AB5@V30B8 BV;L:8 278<:C.
"@5=C20;L=V 2?@028
1 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . E v e r y o n e h a d a w i s h t o s a y s o m e t h i n g .
2 . H e d e c i d e d t o g o a l o n e .
3 . W e m u s t w o r k h a r d t o l i v e .
4 . T h e q u e s t i o n m u s t b e a n s w e r e d .
5 . I t w a s d i f f i c u l t t o b e l i e v e .
6 . T h i s i s m y b e n c h , a n d y o u h a v e n o r i g h t t o t a k e i t a w a y f r o m m e .
7 . N o t h i n g c o u l d b e d o n e b e f o r e m o r n i n g .
2 . 1 T4=09B5 420 @5G5==O 2 >4=5, 26820NG8 ?@028;L=C D>@<C 4VTA;>20:
@07>:: I t e a c h E n g l i s h h e r e . I a m g l a d o f i t . I a m g l a d t o t e a c h E n g l i s h h e r e .
W e h e l p e d h i m . W e a r e h a p p y a b o u t i t . W e a r e h a p p y t o h a v e h e l p e d h i m .
I w a s e x a m i n e d y e s t e r d a y . I a m g l a d t o h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d y e s t e r d a y .
1 . I w o r k a t t h e f a c t o r y . I a m h a p p y a b o u t i t . 2 . I s e e y o u . I a m g l a d o f i t . 3 . I k n o w t h i s m a n . I a m h a p p y a b o u t i t .
1 . I a m g o i n g t o P a r i s . I a m h a p p y a b o u t i t . 2 . I a m s p e n d i n g m y h o l i d a y s i n t h e C r i m e a . I a m h a p p y a b o u t i t . 3 . I a m r e a d i n g t h i s l e t t e r . I a m g l a d o f i t .
1 . I s p e n t m y h o l i d a y s i n t h e c o u n t r y . I a m h a p p y a b o u t i t . 2 . H e p l a y e d c h e s s w i t h t h e w o r l d c h a m p i o n . H e i s h a p p y a b o u t i t . 3 . I b a t h e d i n t h e r i v e r . I a m g l a d o f i t .
1 . S h e w a s n o t i n v i t e d t o t h e e v e n i n g p a r t y . S h e i s s o r r y a b o u t i t . 2 . W e a r e t a u g h t E n g l i s h . W e a r e g l a d o f i t . 3 . I a m n o t a l l o w e d t o g o t h e r e . I a m s o r r y a b o u t i t .
3 . >AB02B5 G0AB:C t o ?5@54 V=DV=VB82>< B0<, 45 F5 =5>1EV4=>:
1 . I t h i n k y o u o u g h t . . . . . a p o l o g i z e .
2 . M a k e h i m . . . . . s p e a k l o u d e r .
3 . H e l p m e . . . . . c a r r y t h i s b a g .
4 . M y s o n a s k e d m e . . . . . l e t h i m & g o t o t h e t h e a t r e .
5 . I m u s t . . . g o t o t h e c o u n t r y .
6 . H e s a i d t h a t s h e m i g h t . . . c o m e i n t h e e v e n i n g .
7 . S h e w a s m a d e . . . r e p e a t t h e s o n g .
4 . 5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N, 725@B0NG8 C203C =0 D>@<C V=DV=VB82C:
1 . S h e w a n t s t o b e i n v i t e d t o t h e p a r t y .
2 . T h e y m u s t b e w o r k i n g i n t h e g a r d e n .
3 . W e e x p e c t t h e m t o h a v e r e t u r n e d .
4 . S h e i s s a i d t o h a v e b e e n w o r k i n g a t s c h o o l f o r m a n y y e a r s .
5 . 5@5:;04VBL =0 0=3;V9AL:C <>2C, 26820NG8 V=DV=VB82:
1 . / @0489, I> ?@0FNN 7 =8<.
2 . V= 1C45 @0489 ?>WE0B8 BC48.
3 . / E>GC ?>A;0B8 W9 B5;53@0<C.
4 . V2G8=:0 ;N18BL @>7?>2V40B8 :07:8.
5 . 01CB8 F59 45=L 1C;> =5<>6;82>.
6 . W <5B0 ( AB0B8 ;V:0@5<.
7 . 8 27O;8 B0:AV, I>1 2G0A=> ?@81CB8 =0 AB0=FVN.
6 . 82GVBL =>2V A;>20 B0 ?@>G8B09B5 B5:AB
"X T A : A G R I C U L T U R E I N T H E U S A
W o r d s a n d w o r d s c o m b i n a t i o n s :
a l m o n d <8340;L b e e f O;>28G8=0 c a n t a l o u p e :0=B0;C?0 ( A>@B 48=V) c a r r y o u t 28:>=C20B8 c a s h c r o p ?@81CB:>20 :C;LBC@0 c a t t l e - f a r m i n g @>72545==O @>30B>W EC4>18 c e l e r y A5;5@0 c o n s u m e A?>6820B8 c o r n :C:C@C470; 75@=> c o t t o n 102>2=0 g r a i n 75@=>; 75@=>2V h o g A28=O i n t e r m s o f 28E>4OG8 7, =0 ?V4AB02V i n c l u d i n g 2:;NG=> l a m b O3=O l e a d i n g ?@>2V4=89 l e t t u c e A0;0B ( @>A;8=0) n u r s e r y @>7A04=8: p e a n u t s 0@0EVA p e c a n ?5:0= ( 3>@VE) p e p p e r ?5@5FL p e r m a n e n t ?>ABV9=89 p i g p r o d u c t i o n 28@>IC20==O A28=59 p i n e a p p l e 0=0=0A p r o d u c t i o n 28@>1=8FB2> p r u n e G>@=>A;82 r e m a i n 70;8H0B8AO s h e e p f a r m i n g 2V2G0@AB2> s o r g h u m A>@3> s o y b e a n s A>O s u g a r c a n e FC:@>20 B@>AB8=0 t o b a c c o BNBN= v a l u e FV==VABL, 20@BVABL, 7=0G5==O w a l n u t 3@5FL:89 3>@VE w i d e s p r e a d H8@>:>@>7?>2AN465=89
"X T A : A G R I C U L T U R E I N T H E U S A
A g r i c u l t u r e i s o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t b r a n c h e s o f n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . 4 7 % o f t h e l a n d a r e a o f t h e U S A i s f a r m l a n d , o f w h i c h 1 5 2 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s a r e h a r v e s t e d c r o p l a n d a n d 5 6 0 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s a r e p e r m a n e n t p a s t u r e l a n d . T h e U S A l e a d s t h e w o r l d i n m a n y a s p e c t s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n . T h e c o u n t r y e x p o r t s m o r e f a r m p r o d u c t s p e r y e a r t h a n a n y o t h e r n a t i o n i n t h e w o r l d .
L e a d i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p s a r e c o r n , s o y b e a n s , w h e a t , v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s a n d n u t s , g r e e n h o u s e a n d n u r s e r y p r o d u c t s , c o t t o n a n d t o b a c c o . T h e U S A h a s b e e n o c c u p y i n g t h e l e a d i n g p o s i t i o n i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f c o r n a n d w h e a t f o r m a n y y e a r s . C o r n i s a m a j o r c r o p i n m a n y p a r t s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , b u t m o s t i s p r o d u c e d i n t h e M i d w e s t , w h e r e i t i s t h e m a i n f e e d f o r t h e c a t t l e a n d h o g s r a i s e d t h e r e . I o w a , I l l i n o i s , N e b r a s k a , M i n n e s o t a , a n d I n d i a n a t o g e t h e r p r o d u c e a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e a n n u a l U . S . c o r n c r o p .
S o y b e a n s a r e g r o w n p r i m a r i l y i n t h e M i d w e s t , e s p e c i a l l y i n I o w a a n d I l l i n o i s , a s w e l l a s i n t h e I o w e r M i s s i s s i p i V a l l e y a n d o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e S o u t h . T h e M i d w e s t i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( t h o u g h C a l i f o r n i a i s t h e n u m b e r o n e s t a t e i n t e r m s o f t h e v a l u e o f i t s a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s ) a n d a l o n e p r o d u c e s a l m o s t t w i c e a s m u c h a s t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e c a n c o n s u m e .
W h e a t i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t U . S . c r o p . K a n s a s u s u a l l y l e a d s a l l s t a t e s i n e a r l y w h e a t p r o d u c t i o n . N o r t h a n d S o u t h D a c o t a , M o n t a n a , O k l a h o m a , C o l o r a d o , T e x a s , M i n n e s o t a , a n d N e b r a s k a a l s o a r e m a j o r w h e a t p r o d u c e r s .
C o t t o n g r o w i n g i s n o w c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e l o w e r M i s s i s s i p i V a l l e y , t h e p l a i n s o f T e x a s , a n d t h e v a l l e y s o f C a l i f o r n i a a n d A r i z o n a . T o b a c c o r e m a i n s a n i m p o r t a n t c a s h c r o p . T h e l e a d i n g t o b a c c o - p r o d u c i n g s t a t e s a r e N o r t h C a r o l i n a , V i r g i n i a , M a r y l a n d , a n d K e n t u c k y .
O t h e r l e a d i n g c r o p s i n c l u d e p e a n u t s , s u g a r c a n e , r i c e , s o r g h u m ; s u c h v e g e t a b l e s a s t o m a t o e s , p o t a t o e s , b r o c c o l i , c a b b a g e , b e a n s , c a r r o t s , c e l e r y , c u c u m b e r s , l e t t u c e , o n i o n s , g r e e n p e p p e r s , c a n t a l o u p e s , a n d w a t e r m e l o n . C a l i f o r n i a g r o w s n e a r l y o n e - h a l f o f t h e n a t i o n s f r e s h v e g e t a b l e s ; a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e p o t a t o e s a r e g r o w n i n I d a h o a n d W a s h i n g t o n .
V a l u a b l e f r u i t c r o p s g r o w n i n t h e U S A a r e a p p l e s , p e a r s , c h e r r i e s , p l u m s a n d p r u n e s , g r a p e s , o r a n g e s , p e a c h e s , p i n e a p p l e s a n d s t r a w b e r r i e s . M o r e t h a n t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f t h e o r a n g e s a r e p r o d u c e d i n F l o r i d a ; a b o u t f i v e - s i x t h s o f t h e g r a p e s a r e r a i s e d i n C a l i f o r n i a ; a n d a b o u t h a l f o f t h e c o m m e r c i a l a p p l e s c o m e f r o m o r c h a r d s i n W a s h i n g t o n . P i n e a p p l e s a r e m a i n l y g r o w n i n H a w a i i .
M a j o r n u t c r o p s i n c l u d e a l m o n d s , p e c a n s , p e a n u t s , a n d w a l n u t s .
L i v e s t o c k - f a r m i n g i s a l s o c a r r i e d o u t o n a l a r g e s c a l e .
B e e f c a t t l e a r e t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e p r o d u c t o f t h e n a t i o n s f a r m s . M a n y o f t h e c a t t l e a r e r a i s e d o n l a r g e r a n c h e s i n s o u t h w e s t e r n s t a t e s . T e x a s p r o d u c e s m o r e b e e f c a t t l e t h a n a n y o t h e r s t a t e , a n d s t a t e s s u c h a s N e b r a s k a , K a n s a s , O k l a h o m a , C o l o r a d o , a n d I o w a a l s o r a i s e m a n y c a t t l e .
D a i r y p r o d u c t s a r e t h e s e c o n d m o s t v a l u a b l e i t e m c o m i n g f r o m A m e r i c a n f a r m s . C a l i f o r n i a , P e n n s y l v a n i a , a n d M i n n e s o t a a r e l e a d i n g d a i r y s t a t e s . H o g s a n d b r o i l e r c h i c k e n s a r e o t h e r m a j o r l i v e s t o c k r a i s e d o n U . S . f a r m s . I n t e r m s o f m a r k e t v a l u e , 6 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e h o g s a r e p r o d u c e d i n I o w a , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , I l l i n o i s , M i n n e s o t a , N e b r a s k a , a n d I n d i a n a . P o u l t r y f a r m i n g i s w i d e s p r e a d i n t h e c o u n t r y - s i d e n e a r a l l b i g c i t i e s .
O t h e r m a j o r l i v e s t o c k a n d l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t s i n c l u d e c h i c k e n e g g s , t u r k e y s , s h e e p a n d l a m b s . S h e e p f a r m i n g i s h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d i n t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n s o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d i n t h e p r a i r i e s .
#" "
1 . 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O =0 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C B0 287=0GB5 DC=:FVN V=DV=VB82C:
1 . T o e x p l o r e t h a t s m a l l i s l a n d w a s t h e c h i e f a i m o f o u r e x p e d i t i o n .
2 . T h e e x p e d i t i o n i s t o e x p l o r e t h a t i s l a n d i n s u m m e r .
3 . T h e c h i e f a i m o f t h e e x p e d i t i o n w a s t o e x p l o r e t h a t i s l a n d .
4 . T h e e x p e d i t i o n b e g a n t o e x p l o r e t h i s i s l a n d i n s p r i n g .
5 . T h e s e p l a n t s a r e t o b e f o u n d o n l y i n t h e s o u t h o f o u r c o u n t r y .
6 . T h e y d e c i d e d t o d i s c u s s t h i s q u e s t i o n a t t h e n e x t m e e t i n g .
7 . H e r e i s t h e a r t i c l e t o b e d i s c u s s e d t o d a y .
8 . T h i s m e t h o d i s g o o d e n o u g h t o b e u s e d i n o u r w o r k .
2 . !:;04VBL @5G5==O 7 B0:8E A;V2 :
1 . S p e a k , f o r , t o , s h e , m e , w a i t s .
2 . W e , y o u , f o r , a n , i n v i t a t i o n , s e n d , w a i t e d , t o .
3 . H i m , a , d o c t o r , s e e , f o r , t o , w a s , t h i n g , b e s t , t h e .
4 . T o , t a x i , f o r , a , t a k e , t h e m , n e c e s s a r y , i t , i s .
5 . W i l l , i t , d a n g e r o u s , b e , s t a y , h e r e , t o , f o r , u s .
6 . I s , h e , b a c k , i n , c o m e , c e r t a i n , t i m e , t o .
3 . 5@5D@07C9B5 =0ABC?=V @5G5==O 70 7@07:><:
e . g . Y o u m u s t h e l p m e . I w a n t y o u t o h e l p m e .
1 . Y o u m u s t n t t a l k t o s t r a n g e r s .
I d o n t w a n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
2 . H e l e n m u s t n t g o o n h o l i d a y b y h e r s e l f .
I d o n t w a n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
3 . H e m u s t v i s i t h i s a u n t .
I d o n t w a n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4 . T h e y m u s t d o t h e i r h o m e w o r k n o w .
I d o n t w a n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
5 . Y o u m u s t n t g o t o t h e p a r t i e s a t t h e w e e k e n d .
I d o n t w a n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
6 . M y p a r e n t s d o n t l e t m e w e a r a n y t h i n g I w a n t .
T h e y d o n t w a n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4 . >?>2=VBL @5G5==O, ?>AB0282H8, 45 =5>1EV4=>, G0AB:C t o ?5@54 V=DV=VB82>< B0 709<5==8:8 2 > 1T:B=><C 2V4<V=:C:
1 . T h e t e a c h e r m a d e & ( h e / t o l e a r n ) t h e p o e m b y h e a r t .
2 . I w a n t e d & ( t h e y / t o w o r k ) h e r e .
3 . T h e y e x p e c t & ( w e / t o a n s w e r ) t h e l e t t e r a t o n c e .
4 . Y o u n o t i c e d & ( s h e / t o a p p r o a c h ) t h e r i v e r .
5 . I h e a r d & ( h e / t o r e a d ) i t a l o u d .
6 . H i s p a r e n t s w a n t & ( h e / t o b e c o m e ) a n a g r o n o m i s t .
7 . W e w a t c h e d & ( t h e y / t o p l a y ) i n t h e y a r d .
8 . Y o u f o r c e d & ( h e / t o d o ) t h e e x e r c i s e a g a i n .
9 . I l e t & ( s h e / t o l e a v e ) t h e r o o m .
1 0 . T h e r a i n & ( w e / t o g o ) h o m e .
5 . !:;04VBL ?> ? OBL @5G5=L 7 :>6=>W B01;8FV:
H e i s r e p o r t e d t o k n o w t h i s l a n g u a g e . S h e a r e s a i d t o b e i n t e r e s t e d i n c h e m i s t r y . Y o u w a s e x p e c t e d t o h a v e e n t e r e d t h e U n i v e r s i t y . T h e y w e r e s u p p o s e d t o h a v e a r r i v e d i n K y i v . W e k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n t e a c h i n g f o r f i v e y e a r s .
T h e y s e e m ( s ) t o u n d e r s t a n d s p o k e n E n g l i s h . H e a p p e a r e d t o h a v e r e c o g n i z e d m e . S h e h a p p e n e d t o p l a y v o l l e y - b a l l v e r y w e l l . W e p r o v e d t o k n o w t h e c i t y v e r y w e l l . Ah a n c e d t o m e e t t h e m a t t h e e x h i b i t i o n .
6 . >?>2=VBL @5G5==O B0 ?5@5:;04VBL C:@0W=AL:>N:
1 . 4 7 % o f t h e l a n d a r e a o f t h e U S A i s & , o f w h i c h 1 5 2 m i l l i o n h e c t a r s a r e h a r v e s t e d & a n d 5 6 0 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s a r e & p a s t u r e l a n d .
2 . T h e U S A & t h e w o r l d i n m a n y & o f a g r i c u l t u r a l & .
3 . C o r n i s a & c r o p i n m a n y p a r t s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , b u t m o s t i s p r o d u c e d i n t h e & .
4 . S o y b e a n s a r e g r o w n & i n t h e M i d w e s t , e s p e c i a l l y i n & a n d & , a s w e l l a s i n t h e l o w e r & V a l l e y .
5 . T h e M i d w e s t i s t h e & i m p o r t a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( t h o u g h C a l i f o r n i a i s t h e n u m b e r & s t a t e i n t e r m s o f t h e v a l u e o f i t s a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s ) a n d a l o n e & a l m o s t & a s m u c h a s t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e c a n & .
6 . & u s u a l l y l e a d s a l l s t a t e s i n & w h e a t p r o d u c t i o n .
7 . L i v e s t o c k - f a r m i n g i s a l s o & o n a l a r g e s c a l e .
8 . P o u l t r y f a r m i n g i s & i n t h e c o u n t r y - & n e a r a l l b i g c i t i e s .
7 . 09B5 2V4?>2V4V =0 ?8B0==O:
A g r i c u l t u r e i s o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t b r a n c h e s o f n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y , i s n t i t ?
D o e s t h e U S A l e a d t h e w o r l d i n m a n y a s p e c t s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n ? W h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s d o e s i t e x p o r t ?
W h a t a r e l e a d i n g c r o p s o f t h e U . S . ?
W h e r e i s c o r n g r o w n i n t h e U S A ?
W h a t i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n i n t h e U S A ?
W h e r e a r e s o y b e a n s m a i n l y g r o w n ?
W h a t s t a t e i s t h e n u m b e r o n e i n t e r m s o f t h e v a l u e o f i t s a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s ?
W h a t s t a t e s a r e m a j o r w h e a t p r o d u c e r s ?
W h e r e i s c o t t o n g r o w n ?
W h a t v e g e t a b l e s ( f r u i t s ) a r e g r o w n i n t h e U . S . ?
W h a t n u t c r o p s a r e g r o w n i n t h e c o u n t r y ?
W h a t i s t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t o f t h e n a t i o n s f a r m s ?
W h e r e a r e h o g s r a i s e d ?
W h e r e i s p o u l t r y f a r m i n g w i d e s p r e a d i n t h e c o u n t r y ?
8 . !:;04VBL ?;0= 4> B5:ABC A g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a B0 =0?8HVBL 4> =L>3> 0=>B0FVN.
9 . !:;04VBL @>7?>2V4L B5<8 A g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e U S A , :>@8ABCNG8AL ?;0=>< B0 0=>B0FVTN 4> B5:ABC.
! !" "
1 . @>G8B09B5 B0 ?5@5:;04VBL =0ABC?=V @5G5==O 7 >1 T:B=8< V=DV=VB82=8< :><?;5:A><. 25@=VBL C203C =0 26820==O 01> 2V4ACB=VABL G0AB:8 t o ?5@54 V=DV=VB82><:
1 . W e e x p e c t e d h e r t o r e t u r n .
2 . H e a l l o w e d m e t o u s e h i s c a r .
3 . I e x p e c t y o u t o b e o n t i m e .
4 . T h e d o c t o r t o l d m e t o t a k e t h e s e p i l l s .
5 . I w a n t y o u t o b e h a p p y .
6 . I s a w m y f r i e n d r u n d o w n t h e s t r e e t .
7 . I h e a r d t h e r a i n f a l l o n t h e r o o f .
8 . I h e a r d a f a m o u s o p e r a s t a r s i n g a t t h e c o n c e r t l a s t n i g h t .
9 . S h e w a t c h e d t h e c h i l d r e n p l a y i n t h e y a r d .
1 0 . H i s p a r e n t s i n t e n d e d h i m t o g o w i t h t h e m t o t h e f a r m .
2 . >AB02B5 4VTA;>20, I> 2 4C6:0E C D>@<V V=DV=VB82C ( 7 G0AB:>N t o G8 157) B0 ?5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . I a m w r i t i n g & ( i n v i t e ) y o u t o m y b i r t h d a y p a r t y n e x t S u n d a y .
2 . C o u l d I & ( a s k ) y o u & ( h e l p ) m e w i t h t h e p r e p a r a t i o n s ?
3 . P l e a s e w r i t e b a c k s o o n a n d l e t m e & ( k n o w ) i f y o u c a n m a k e i t .
4 . W e h a d b e t t e r & ( h u r r y u p ) i f w e w a n t t o g e t t h e r e b e f o r e d a r k .
5 . I e x p e c t & ( p a s s ) t h e t e s t .
6 . I w a s a d v i s e d & ( b u y ) a f l a t .
7 . W e r e g o i n g o u t f o r d i n n e r . W o u l d y o u l i k e & ( j o i n ) u s ?
8 . F r e d d i d n t h a v e a n y m o n e y , s o h e d e c i d e d & ( f i n d ) a j o b .
9 . W e w a n t h i m & ( s p e a k ) a b o u t h i s e x p e r i m e n t s a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e .
1 0 . T h e y d o n t l e t m e & ( p l a y ) m u s i c l o u d .
1 1 . M y p a r e n t s m a k e m e & ( s t u d y ) h a r d .
1 2 . S h e a d v i s e d m e & ( w a i t ) a l i t t l e .
3 . >AB02B5 4VTA;>20 C 2V4?>2V4=V9 D>@<V V=DV=VB82C. 5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O C:@0W=AL:>N:
T h i s f i l m t u r n e d o u t ( s h o w ) & i n o u r c l u b l a s t m o n t h .
H e i s e x p e c t e d ( t a k e p a r t ) & i n t h e c o n f e r e n c e n e x t w e e k .
P l u t o i s k n o w n ( d i s c o v e r ) & i n 1 9 3 0 .
W e e x p e c t t h e m ( r e t u r n ) & i n 2 d a y s .
T h i s q u e s t i o n i s l i k e l y ( d i s c u s s ) & t o m o r r o w .
W e k n o w t h i s p h e n o m e n o n ( e x p l a i n ) & b y a s t r o n o m e r s i n t h e d i s t a n t p a s t .
4 . 0?>2=VBL ?@>?CA:8 >4=8< V7 4VTA;V2, 26820NG8 9>3> C 2V4?>2V4=V9 D>@<V V=DV=VB82C:
h e l p , c l i m b , s t a n d , o p e n , p o s t , s t a y , w a t c h , t a k e , m a k e , w a s h , d r i v e , b u y
1 . B i l l w e n t t o t h e p o s t o f f i c e & s o m e l e t t e r s .
2 . W e m u s t & t h e c a r t o d a y . I t s v e r y d i r t y .
3 . L e t m e & y o u w i t h y o u r h o m e w o r k .
4 . I d o n t k n o w h o w & t h e w i n d o w s i n t h i s r o o m .
5 . H e s t o o y o u n g & i n t h e h o u s e a l o n e .
6 . T h e y m a d e h e r & t h e m o n e y o u t o f t h e s a f e .
7 . H e w a n t s & a m o u n t a i n b e f o r e h e s t h i r t y .
8 . I w e n t t o t h e f l o r i s t s & s o m e f l o w e r s .
9 . I v e g o t e n o u g h b u t t e r & a c a k e .
1 0 . I t i s d a n g e r o u s & f a s t .
1 1 . M y p a r e n t s d o n t l e t m e & T V l a t e a t n i g h t .
1 2 . S h e w a n t e d h e & b e s i d e h e r a n d h o l d t h e u m b r e l l a .
5 . 5@5D@07C9B5 =0ABC?=V A:;04=>?V4@O4=V @5G5==O 2 ?@>ABV, 26820NG8 C o m p l e x S u b j e c t ( c C1 T:B=89 V=DV=VB82=89 72>@>B) . 25@=VBL C203C =0 D>@<C V=DV=VB82C:
e . g . I t i s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e d e l e g a t i o n a r r i v e d i n P a r i s o n t h e 1 0 t h o f S e p t e m b e r . T h e d e l e g a t i o n i s r e p o r t e d t o h a v e a r r i v e d o n t h e 1 0 t h o f S e p t e m b e r .
I t i s k n o w n t h a t h e w o r k s h a r d .
I t i s s a i d t h a t s h e h a s b e e n t e a c h i n g c h e m i s t r y a t o u r U n i v e r s i t y f o r t h i r t y y e a r s .
I t s e e m s t h a t o u r s t u d e n t s a r e w o r k i n g i n t h e f i e l d .
I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s h o u s e w a s b u i l t i n t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y .
I t i s s u p p o s e d t h a t h i s a r t i c l e w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d n e x t w e e k .
I t t u r n e d o u t t h a t t h e t r a n s l a t i o n w a s v e r y d i f f i c u l t .
I t w a s s u p p o s e d t h a t t h e w e a t h e r w o u l d b e f i n e i n M a y .
6 . >AB02B5 4VTA;>20, I> 2 4C6:0E C ?>B@V1=V9 =5>A>1>2V9 D>@<V 4VTA;>20 ( V=DV=VB82C G8 35@C=4VO) B0 ?5@5:;04VBL @5G5==O C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N:
1 . W e d e c i d e d ( p a r t i c i p a t e ) i n t h i s c o n f e r e n c e .
2 . D o y o u e n j o y ( p l a y ) f o o t b a l l ?
3 . W e e x p e c t ( h e a r ) f r o m A n n s o o n .
4 . L e t s p o s t p o n e ( l e a v e ) u n t i l t o m o r r o w .
5 . H e w a n t s ( s e e ) t h e m a n a g e r .
6 . I c a n t h e l p ( w o r r y ) a b o u t i t .
7 . I m a n a g e d ( f i n d ) a t a x i .
8 . S h e s u g g e s t e d ( g o ) t o a m o v i e .
9 . T h e y c a n t a f f o r d ( b u y ) t h i s c a r .
1 0 . T h e y a g r e e d ( h e l p ) u s .
7 . !:;04VBL A2V9 4V0;>3 70 7@07:><:
V0;>3
A : H e l l o , m y f r i e n d ! T h i s i s a s m a l l w o r l d !
B : H e l l o ! N e v e r e x p e c t e d t o m e e t y o u h e r e . H o w a r e y o u ?
A : N o c o m p l a i n t s . T h a n k s . H o w a r e y o u g e t t i n g o n ?
B : I a m d o i n g f i n e . T h a n k y o u .
A : I t s a l o n g t i m e s i n c e I s a w y o u l a s t . W h e r e h a v e y o u b e e n a l l t h i s t i m e ?
B : I h a v e j u s t r e t u r n e d f r o m a b u s i n e s s t r i p t o t h e U S A .
A : W a s i t s u c c e s s f u l ?
B : Y e s , i t w a s . W e m a n a g e d t o c o n c l u d e s o m e p r o f i t a b l e c o n t r a c t s . B e s i d e s , w e h a d a c h a n c e o f v i s i t i n g v e r y n i c e p l a c e s i n t h e U S A .
A : W h a t s t a t e h a v e y o u b e e n t o ?
B : I h a v e b e e n t o C a l i f o r n i a . I t i s a v e r y b e a u t i f u l s t a t e . T h e c l i m a t e i s m i l d a n d t h e s c e n e r y i s w o n d e r f u l .
A : I a m f l y i n g t o T e x a s o n e o f t h e s e d a y s . C o u l d y o u t e l l m e s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h i s s t a t e ? I t i s a l w a y s i n t e r e s t i n g t o k n o w s o m e n e w f a c t s a b o u t t h i s c o u n t r y .
B : W i t h p l e a s u r e . T e x a s i s s i t u a t e d i n t h e S o u t h w e s t r e g i o n a n d i t i s o n e o f t h e b i g g e s t s t a t e s o f t h e U S A . T h i s i s a v e r y i m p o r t a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a . I t i s t h e n a t i o n s l e a d i n g p r o d u c e r o f c a t t l e , s h e e p , c o t t o n a n d r i c e . T e x a s i s f a m o u s f o r i t s l a r g e r a n c h e s a n d c o w b o y s ; i t p r o d u c e s m o r e b e e f c a t t l e t h a n a n y o t h e r s t a t e . T e x a s i s a l s o r i c h i n n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n o i l . D o y o u k n o w w h a t t h e n i c k n a m e o f T e x a s i s ?
A : D o e s e v e r y s t a t e i n t h e U S A h a v e a n i c k n a m e ?
B : Y e s , o f c o u r s e . T h e n i c k n a m e o f T e x a s i s L o n e S t a r .
A : C o u l d y o u r e m i n d m e w h a t c i t y i s t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e s t a t e ?
B : S u r e . I t i s A u s t i n . D o y o u k n o w w h a t i s t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n o f T e x a s ?
A : Y e s , I d o . I t i s T e x .
B : Y o u a r e r i g h t . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o k n o w i f y o u a r e g o i n g t o s e n d a l e t t e r o r a t e l e g r a m t o T e x a s .
A : T h a n k y o u f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . I t w a s a p l e a s u r e t o t a l k w i t h y o u . G o o d - b y e !
B : M y p l e a s u r e . H a v e a h a p p y h o l i d a y !
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T E X T B : A g r i c u l t u r a l M e c h a n i z a t i o n a n d A u t o m a t i o n
T h e m e c h a n i z a t i o n a n d a u t o m a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e a r e d i r e c t p a t h w a y t o i n c r e a s e t h e p r o d u c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y a n d p r o d u c t q u a l i t y , b y r e d u c i n g c o s t a n d l a b o r d e m a n d s w h i l e i m p r o v i n g w o r k i n g e n v i r o n m e n t . S i n c e 1 9 9 0 s , t h e g o v e r n m e n t s t r a t e g i c a l l y i n t r o d u c e d m e a s u r e s s u c h a s l a n d p r e p a r a t i o n , t r a n s p l a n t i n g , h a r v e s t i n g a n d d r y i n g f o r r i s e a n d o t h e r c r o p s , w i t h a r e s u l t o f a c h i e v i n g m e c h a n i z a t i o n u p t o 9 8 % . A u t o m a t i o n - a s s i s t e d t e c h n i q u e s h a v e a l s o b e e n d e v e l o p a n d a p p l i e d t o p r o d u c t i o n o f h o r t i c u l t u r a l a n d s p e c i a l c r o p s t o e n h a n c e a b e t t e r e n v i r o n m e n t i n f a r m m a n a g e m e n t a s w e l l a s p r o d u c t i o n a n d h a r v e s t i n g s y s t e m s . T h e i n s p e c t i o n o f g r a d i n g c a n a l s o b e c o n d u c t e d i n a n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e a n d h i g h - p r e c i s i o n m a n n e r . M a t u r e t e c h n o l o g y i n a u t o m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g a n d h a n d l i n g , d a t a m a n a g e m e n t , a n d b i o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e t h e n e x t e n d e d t o f a r m e r s , f a r m e r s o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d m a n u f a c t u r e r s . T h i s i n t e g r a t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l s y s t e m o f m e c h a n i z a t i o n , a u t o m a t i o n a n d i n f o r m a t i o n , m a y b e a p p l i e d e f f e c t i v e l y a n d c o m p e t i t i v e l y i n s c a l e i n t h e f u t u r e .
I n t h e f i s c a l y e a r o f 2 0 0 5 , t h e f a r m e r s p u r c h a s e d 1 , 2 8 3 s e t s o f m a c h i n e , s e l e c t e d f r o m 3 0 t y p e s ( 4 1 m o d e l s ) o f n e w l y d e v e l o p e d m a c h i n e s , w i t h g o v e r n m e n t s u b s i d i e s o f 3 0 - 4 0 % o f t h e p u r c h a s e p r i c e . A m o n g t h e s e a r e m u l t i p l e c u l t i v a t i o n b o t t l e c l e a n i n g m a c h i n e , t e a - l e a f m o i s t u r e r e m o v i n g m a c h i n e , c o c o n u t - h u l l p u l v e r i z i n g m a c h i n e , s e l f - p r o p e l l e d o r c h a r d d r i l l , r i c e k e r n e l g r a d i n g m a c h i n e a n d p i g - m a n u r e c o l l e c t i n g d e v i c e . T h e r e w e r e 2 2 d e m o n s t r a t i o n d r i l l s a n d 1 1 m a n t a i n e n c e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s h e l d w i t h i n t h e y e a r , t e a c h i n g f a r m e r s t o o p e r a t e t h e e q u i p m e n t s p r o p e r l y . L o a n s o f u p t o $ 1 . 6 b i l l i o n s w e r e i m p l e m e n t e d t o a s s i s t f a r m e r s i n p u r c h a s i n g 8 9 6 s e t s o f a u t o m a t e d s y s t e m s .
S p e c i a l m e a s u r e s s u c h a s i s s u i n g C e r t i f i c a t i o n o n F a r m M a c h i n e r y U s e , T a x E x e m p t i o n C o u p o n f o r F a r m s F u e l s a n d F a r m V e h i c l e L i c e n s e P l a t e w e r e a l l m e t t h e p r o j e c t e d g o a l s o f t h e y e a r .
I . 5@5:;04VBL =0ABC?=V A;>20 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O 157 A;>2=8:0:
P r o d u c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y , p r o d u c t q u a l i t y , r e d u c i n g c o a s t , l a b o r d e m a n d s , m e a s u r e s l a n d p r e p a r a t i o n , h o r t i c u l t u r a l c r o p s , d a t a m a n a g e m e n t , m a n u f a c t u r e r , f i s c a l y e a r , p u r c h a s e p r i c e , g r a d i n g m a c h i n e .
I I . =094VBL 2 B5:ABV =0ABC?=V A;>20 B0 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O:
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A B O U T J A C K L O N D O N
A s y o u k n o w , t h e g r e a t A m e r i c a n w r i t e r J a c k L o n d o n w a s o f t e n i n n e e d o f m o n e y a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f h i s l i t e r a r y c a r e e r . H e w o r k e d v e r y h a r d b u t i t d i d n o t h e l p h i m .
O n c e h e p r o m i s e d a N e w Y o r k m a g a z i n e t o w r i t e a s t o r y , b u t h e w a s b u s y a t t h a t t i m e a n d c o u l d n o t k e e p h i s w o r d . T h e e d i t o r o f t h e m a g a z i n e w r o t e l e t t e r s t o J a c k L o n d o n s e v e r a l t i m e s a s k i n g h i m t o s e n d t h e s t o r y . A t l a s t h e w e n t t o t h e h o t e l w h e r e J a c k L o n d o n s t a y e d a n d s e n t h i m a n o t e .
D e a r J a c k L o n d o n , i f I d o n t g e t t h e s t o r y w i t h i n t w e n t y f o u r h o u r s , I l l c o m e u p t o y o u r r o o m a n d k i c k y o u d o w n s t a i r s , a n d I a l w a y s k e e p m y p r o m i s e .
J a c k L o n d o n r e a d t h e n o t e a n d a n s w e r e d : D e a r D i c k , i f I c o u l d d o m y w o r k w i t h m y f e e t I w o u l d k e e p m y p r o m i s e t o o .
>40B>: 1
"01;8FO >A=>2=8E =5AB0=40@B=8E ( =5?@028;L=8E) 4VTA;V2
I n f i n i t i v e P a s t I n d e f i n i t e P a s t P a r t i c i p l e T r a n s l a t i o n t o a r i s e a r o s e a r i s e n 28=8:0B8 t o b e w a s , w e r e b e e n 1CB8 t o b e a r b o r e b o r n =>A8B8, 28=>HC20B8 t o b e c o m e b e c a m e b e c o m e AB020B8 t o b e g i n b e g a n b e g u n ?>G8=0B8 ( AO) t o b r e a k b r o k e b r o k e n ;0<0B8, @>71820B8 t o b r i n g b r o u g h t b r o u g h t ?@8=>A8B8 t o b u i l d b u i l t b u i l t 1C4C20B8 t o c h o o s e c h o s e c h o s e n 2818@0B8 t o c o m e c a m e c o m e ?@8E>48B8 t o c o s t c o s t c o s t :>HBC20B8 t o c u t c u t c u t @V70B8, @C10B8 t o d e a l d e a l t d e a l t <0B8 A?@02C t o d o d i d d o n e @>18B8 t o d r a w d r e w d r a w n <0;N20B8; BO3B8 t o d r i v e d r o v e d r i v e n 257B8; :5@C20B8 t o e a t a t e e a t e n WAB8 t o f a l l f e l l f a l l e n ?040B8 t o f e e d f e d f e d 3>4C20B8 t o f e e l f e l t f e l t 2V4GC20B8 t o f i g h t f o u g h t f o u g h t 18B8AO; 1>@>B8AO t o f i n d f o u n d f o u n d 7=0E>48B8 t o f r e e z e f r o z e f r o z e n 70<5@70B8 t o g e t g o t g o t 4VAB020B8 ( AO) t o g i v e g a v e g i v e n 4020B8 t o g o w e n t g o n e VB8 t o g r o w g r e w g r o w n @>AB8; 28@>IC20B8 t o h a v e h a d h a d <0B8 t o h e a r h e a r d h e a r d GCB8 t o h o l d H e l d h e l d B@8<0B8 t o k e e p k e p t k e p t 715@V30B8; B@8<0B8 t o k n o w k n e w k n o w n 7=0B8 t o l a y l a i d l a i d :;0AB8 t o l e a d l e d l e d 25AB8; >G>;N20B8 t o l e a r n l e a r n t ( l e a r n e d ) l e a r n t ( l e a r n e d ) 282G0B8 t o l e a v e l e f t l e f t 70;8H0B8 t o l e t l e t l e t 4>72>;OB8 t o l i e l a y l a i n ;560B8 t o l o s e l o s t l o s t 2B@0G0B8; ?@>3@020B8 t o m a k e m a d e m a d e @>18B8 t o m e a n m e a n t m e a n t >7=0G0B8 t o p a y p a i d p a i d ?;0B8B8 t o p u t p u t p u t :;0AB8; AB028B8 t o r e a d r e a d r e a d G8B0B8 t o r i n g r a n g r u n g 472>=8B8 t o r i s e r o s e r i s e n ?V4V9<0B8AO t o r u n r a n r u n 1V3B8 t o s a w s a w e d s a w n ?8;OB8 t o s a y s a i d s a i d :070B8 t o s e e s a w s e e n 10G8B8 t o s e n d s e n t s e n t =04A8;0B8 t o s e t s e t s e t 2AB0=>2;N20B8 t o s h o w s h o w e d s h o w n ?>:07C20B8 t o s i n k s a n k s u n k B>=CB8 t o s i t s a t s a t A84VB8 t o s o w s o w e d s o w n AVOB8 t o s p e a k s p o k e s p o k e 3>2>@8B8 t o s p l i t s p l i t s p l i t @>7I5?;N20B8 t o s p r e a d s p r e a d s p r e a d ?>H8@N20B8 t o s t a n d s t o o d s t o o d AB>OB8 t o t a k e t o o k t a k e n 1@0B8 t o t e a c h t a u g h t t a u g h t 2G8B8 t o t e l l t o l d t o l d @>7?>2V40B8 t o t h i n k t h o u g h t t h o u g h t 4C<0B8 t o u n d e r s t a n d u n d e r s t o o d u n d e r s t o o d @>7C<VB8 t o w e a r w o r e w o r n =>A8B8 ( >4O3) t o w i t h s t a n d w i t h s t o o d w i t h s t o o d ?@>B8AB>OB8 t o w r i t e w r o t e w r i t t e n ?8A0B8
>40B>: 2
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E c o n o m i c s D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / p l a n t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K : h t t p : / / a n i m a l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K r h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 s c i e n c e D y K y K D h t t p : / / a q u a c u l t u r e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K > h t t p : / / a g r o n o m y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y D y K y K F h t t p : / / h o r t i c u l t u r e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K > h t t p : / / a g r o n o m y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K x h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u s t a i n a b l e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K l h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e n s i v e % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K > h t t p : / / r a n c h i n g . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / h e r d i n g . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K x h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e n s i v e % 2 0 p i g % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / f o o d . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K B h t t p : / / v e g e t a b l e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / f r u i t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K : h t t p : / / c e r e a l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / f i b e r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K : h t t p : / / c o t t o n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / w o o l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / h e m p . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / s i l k . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / f l a x . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / m e t h a n e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / b i o m a s s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / e t h a n o l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K @ h t t p : / / b i o d i e s e l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K : h t t p : / / f l o w e r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = N u r s e r y % 2 0 ( h o r t i c u l t u r e ) D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = b i o p h a r m a c e u t i c a l D y K y K < h t t p : / / t o b a c c o . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c a n n a b i s % 2 0 ( d r u g ) D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / o p i u m . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / c o c a i n e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / r e s i n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / p l a s t i c . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 s u b s i d i e s D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / w h e a t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / c o r n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / r i c e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / s o y b e a n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / m i l k . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K l h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = d e v e l o p e d % 2 0 c o u n t r y D y K y K H h t t p : / / p r o t e c t i o n i s t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K F h t t p : / / p r o d u c t i v i t y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K D h t t p : / / f e r t i l i z e r s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s e l e c t i v e % 2 0 b r e e d i n g D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M e c h a n i s e d % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = w a t e r % 2 0 c o n t a m i n a t i o n D y K y K f h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = f a r m % 2 0 s u b s i d i e s D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S i r % 2 0 A l b e r t % 2 0 H o w a r d D y K y K x h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e n v i r o n m e n t a l % 2 0 a w a r e n e s s D y K y K x h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u s t a i n a b l e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K H h t t p : / / e x t e r n a l i t i e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 m o v e m e n t D y K y K f h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = E u r o p e a n % 2 0 U n i o n D y K y K b h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f o o d D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = C o m m o n % 2 0 A g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 P o l i c y D y K y K V h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = D e c o u p l e
E c o n o m i c s D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e g r a t e d % 2 0 p e s t % 2 0 m a n a g e m e n t D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s e l e c t i v e % 2 0 b r e e d i n g D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 m o d i f i e d % 2 0 f o o d D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / r i o t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K > h t t p : / / e p i d e m i c . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / w h e a t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K N h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = U G 9 9 D y K y K R h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A f r i c a D y K y K N h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A s i a D y K y K R h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A f r i c a D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = U n i t e d % 2 0 N a t i o n s % 2 0 U n i v e r s i t y D y K y K x h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u b s i s t e n c e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / f o o d . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K t h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e n s i v e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n d u s t r i a l % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u s t a i n a b l e % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M e c h a n i s e d % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K r h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e c o n o m i e s % 2 0 o f % 2 0 s c a l e D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 c h e m i s t r y D y K y K b h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = p e s t % 2 0 c o n t r o l D y K y K B h t t p : / / f u n g i c i d e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K < h t t p : / / t r a c t o r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K ^ h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o t t o n % 2 0 g i n D y K y K 8 h t t p : / / b a l e r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K l h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = T h r e s h i n g % 2 0 m a c h i n e D y K y K l h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = C o m b i n e % 2 0 h a r v e s t e r D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 m a c h i n e r y D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = N a t i o n a l % 2 0 A c a d e m y % 2 0 o f % 2 0 E n g i n e e r i n g D y K y K d h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = U n i t e d % 2 0 S t a t e s D y K y K D h t t p : / / h y d r o p o n i c s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K f h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = p l a n t % 2 0 b r e e d i n g D y K y K r h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 m o d i f i c a t i o n D y K y K b h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = w e e d % 2 0 c o n t r o l D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 M o d i f i e d % 2 0 O r g a n i s m D y K y K T h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = R o u n d u p D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 m o d i f i e d % 2 0 o r g a n i s m D y K y K B h t t p : / / i r r i g a t i o n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K > h t t p : / / d r a i n a g e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o n s e r v a t i o n % 2 0 e t h i c D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = t e r m i n a t o r % 2 0 s e e d s D y K y K V h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M o n s a n t o D y K y K l h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = f o o d % 2 0 p r e s e r v a t i o n D y K y K x h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = m e a t % 2 0 p a c k i n g % 2 0 i n d u s t r y D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = f i e l d % 2 0 ( a g r i c u l t u r e ) D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c r o p % 2 0 ( a g r i c u l t u r e ) D y K y K t h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = W r a n g l e r % 2 0 ( p r o f e s s i o n ) D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a e r i a l % 2 0 t o p d r e s s i n g D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n d u s t r i a l % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K t h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s p h e r e % 2 0 o f % 2 0 i n f l u e n c e D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = b o v i n e % 2 0 s p o n g i f o r m % 2 0 e n c e p h a l o p a t h y D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g D y K y K N h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S o i l D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o n s e r v a t i o n % 2 0 e t h i c D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = n u t r i e n t % 2 0 m a n a g e m e n t D y K y K D h t t p : / / s t e w a r d s h i p . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K > h t t p : / / n i t r o g e n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K B h t t p : / / p h o s p h o r u s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = l a w % 2 0 e n f o r c e m e n t D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o m m u n i t y - s u p p o r t e d % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K t h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = l o c a l % 2 0 f o o d % 2 0 m o v e m e n t D y K y K \ h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S l o w % 2 0 F o o d D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = F e r t i l e % 2 0 C r e s c e n t D y K y K ` h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M i d d l e % 2 0 E a s t D y K y K P h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = C h i n a D y K y K P h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S a h e l D y K y K ^ h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = N e w % 2 0 G u i n e a D y K y K V h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A m e r i c a s D y K y K B h t t p : / / i r r i g a t i o n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K d h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c r o p % 2 0 r o t a t i o n D y K y K D h t t p : / / f e r t i l i z e r s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K B h t t p : / / p e s t i c i d e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K \ h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = H a b e r - B o s c h D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a m m o n i u m % 2 0 n i t r a t e D y K y K ` h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c r o p % 2 0 y i e l d s D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s e l e c t i v e % 2 0 b r e e d i n g D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M e c h a n i s e d % 2 0 f a r m i n g D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = w a t e r % 2 0 p o l l u t i o n D y K y K f h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = f a r m % 2 0 s u b s i d i e s D y K y K H h t t p : / / e x t e r n a l i t i e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 m o v e m e n t D y K y K f h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S o u t h w e s t % 2 0 A s i a D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = F e r t i l e % 2 0 C r e s c e n t D y K y K N h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = I r a q D y K y K P h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S y r i a D y K y K R h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = I s r a e l D y K y K | h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = N e o l i t h i c % 2 0 f o u n d e r % 2 0 c r o p s D y K y K ` h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e m m e r % 2 0 w h e a t D y K y K d h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e i n k o r n % 2 0 w h e a t D y K y K : h t t p : / / b a r l e y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 4 h t t p : / / p e a . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K : h t t p : / / l e n t i l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K b h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = b i t t e r % 2 0 v e t c h D y K y K \ h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c h i c k % 2 0 p e a D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / f l a x . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K h h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c % 2 0 e r o s i o n D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / c r o p . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K @ h t t p : / / l i v e s t o c k . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K D h t t p : / / o v e r g r a z i n g . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 M o d i f i e d % 2 0 O r g a n i s m D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g r e e n % 2 0 r e v o l u t i o n D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = h y b r i d % 2 0 ( b i o l o g y ) D y K y K x h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = h i g h - y i e l d i n g % 2 0 v a r i e t i e s D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 M o d i f i e d % 2 0 O r g a n i s m D y K y K > h t t p : / / o r g a n i s m . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K 6 h t t p : / / g e n e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g D y K y K h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = r e c o m b i n a n t % 2 0 D N A % 2 0 t e c h n o l o g y D y K y K h h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / A g r i c u l t u r a l _ m a c h i n e r y D y K y K D h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / O x e n D y K y K F h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / H o r s e D y K y K H h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / P l o u g h D y K y K ^ h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / S a t e l l i t e _ i m a g e r y D y K y K B h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / G P S D y K y K N h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S o i l D y K y K n h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o n s e r v a t i o n % 2 0 e t h i c D y K y K p h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = n u t r i e n t % 2 0 m a n a g e m e n t D y K y K v h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n d u s t r i a l % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g r e e n % 2 0 r e v o l u t i o n D y K y K j h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y D y K y K b h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = p e s t % 2 0 c o n t r o l ] $$If !v h5 5#v #v:V l
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A h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = r e c o m b i n a n t % 2 0 D N A % 2 0 t e c h n o l o g y c 7 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g c 7 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g d } h t t p : / / g e n e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s a h t t p : / / o r g a n i s m . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s h D h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 M o d i f i e d % 2 0 O r g a n i s m < . < h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = h i g h - y i e l d i n g % 2 0 v a r i e t i e s B 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = h y b r i d % 2 0 ( b i o l o g y ) O 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g r e e n % 2 0 r e v o l u t i o n X 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y s h D h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 M o d i f i e d % 2 0 O r g a n i s m D " h t t p : / / o v e r g r a z i n g . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / b + h t t p : / / l i v e s t o c k . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / f x h t t p : / / c r o p . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / ` ' 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c % 2 0 e r o s i o n p s h t t p : / / f l a x . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / N . h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c h i c k % 2 0 p e a O 1 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = b i t t e r % 2 0 v e t c h h t t p : / / l e n t i l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / W h t t p : / / p e a . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / h t t p : / / b a r l e y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / Y 2 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e i n k o r n % 2 0 w h e a t u ! 0 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e m m e r % 2 0 w h e a t E G > : / / . . / ? = % 2 0 % 2 0 ) : / / . . / ? = . % ( : / / . . / ? = ' 6 ' : / / . . / ? = 5 : / / . . / ? = % 2 0 - 3 : / / . . / ? = % 2 0 5 : / / . . / ? = % 2 0 7 $ : / / . . / ) 3 : / / . . / ? = % 2 0 < 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = w a t e r % 2 0 p o l l u t i o n ; i 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M e c h a n i s e d % 2 0 f a r m i n g ` ; 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s e l e c t i v e % 2 0 b r e e d i n g 3 } 0 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c r o p % 2 0 y i e l d s B 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a m m o n i u m % 2 0 n i t r a t e F . h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = H a b e r - B o s c h ! h t t p : / / p e s t i c i d e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / D " h t t p : / / f e r t i l i z e r s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / Q 2 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c r o p % 2 0 r o t a t i o n ! h t t p : / / i r r i g a t i o n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / # : + h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A m e r i c a s o ? / h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = N e w % 2 0 G u i n e a 4 1 ( h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S a h e l % 3 ( h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = C h i n a > y 0 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M i d d l e % 2 0 E a s t M } 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = F e r t i l e % 2 0 C r e s c e n t e 8 z 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g I w . h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S l o w % 2 0 F o o d
t : h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = l o c a l % 2 0 f o o d % 2 0 m o v e m e n t c z q D h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o m m u n i t y - s u p p o r t e d % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e w n 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = l a w % 2 0 e n f o r c e m e n t k ! h t t p : / / p h o s p h o r u s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / v d h h t t p : / / n i t r o g e n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / M e " h t t p : / / s t e w a r d s h i p . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / ' v b 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = n u t r i e n t % 2 0 m a n a g e m e n t " a _ 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o n s e r v a t i o n % 2 0 e t h i c 5 6 \ ' h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S o i l c 7 Y 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g v l V G h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = b o v i n e % 2 0 s p o n g i f o r m % 2 0 e n c e p h a l o p a t h y S : h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s p h e r e % 2 0 o f % 2 0 i n f l u e n c e * a P ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n d u s t r i a l % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e ; l M 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a e r i a l % 2 0 t o p d r e s s i n g X J 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y H M G : h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = W r a n g l e r % 2 0 ( p r o f e s s i o n ) : y D 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c r o p % 2 0 ( a g r i c u l t u r e ) / ) A 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = f i e l d % 2 0 ( a g r i c u l t u r e ) ( 5 > < h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = m e a t % 2 0 p a c k i n g % 2 0 i n d u s t r y H ; 6 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = f o o d % 2 0 p r e s e r v a t i o n 9 ( 8 + h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M o n s a n t o Z 5 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = t e r m i n a t o r % 2 0 s e e d s " a 2 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o n s e r v a t i o n % 2 0 e t h i c { x / h t t p : / / d r a i n a g e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / , ! h t t p : / / i r r i g a t i o n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s h ) D h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 m o d i f i e d % 2 0 o r g a n i s m L A & * h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = R o u n d u p s h # D h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = G e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 M o d i f i e d % 2 0 O r g a n i s m \ 1 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = w e e d % 2 0 c o n t r o l @ 9 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 m o d i f i c a t i o n u ; 3 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = p l a n t % 2 0 b r e e d i n g P " h t t p : / / h y d r o p o n i c s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / C 2 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = U n i t e d % 2 0 S t a t e s e ' H h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = N a t i o n a l % 2 0 A c a d e m y % 2 0 o f % 2 0 E n g i n e e r i n g ' m ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 m a c h i n e r y B 6 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = C o m b i n e % 2 0 h a r v e s t e r L 6 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = T h r e s h i n g % 2 0 m a c h i n e } : h t t p : / / b a l e r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / + { / h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c o t t o n % 2 0 g i n U h t t p : / / t r a c t o r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / ! h t t p : / / f u n g i c i d e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / M 1 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = p e s t % 2 0 c o n t r o l 6 t ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 c h e m i s t r y 9 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e c o n o m i e s % 2 0 o f % 2 0 s c a l e $ ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M e c h a n i s e d % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e h ' 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u s t a i n a b l e % 2 0 f a r m i n g e 8 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g * a ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n d u s t r i a l % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e S : h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e n s i v e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e o } h t t p : / / f o o d . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s . < h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u b s i s t e n c e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e 3 3 @ h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = U n i t e d % 2 0 N a t i o n s % 2 0 U n i v e r s i t y _ [ ) h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A f r i c a ' ' ' h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A s i a _ [ ) h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = A f r i c a c k ' h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = U G 9 9 p h t t p : / / w h e a t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / ~ t h t t p : / / e p i d e m i c . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / y i h t t p : / / r i o t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / f t @ h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c a l l y % 2 0 m o d i f i e d % 2 0 f o o d ` ; 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s e l e c t i v e % 2 0 b r e e d i n g A h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e g r a t e d % 2 0 p e s t % 2 0 m a n a g e m e n t e 8 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g = ) + h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = D e c o u p l e
E c o n o m i c s A h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = C o m m o n % 2 0 A g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 P o l i c y Q 1 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f o o d = d 3 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = E u r o p e a n % 2 0 U n i o n A 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 m o v e m e n t w 7 $ h t t p : / / e x t e r n a l i t i e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / | 8 < h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u s t a i n a b l e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e o 2 < h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = e n v i r o n m e n t a l % 2 0 a w a r e n e s s v k 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = S i r % 2 0 A l b e r t % 2 0 H o w a r d e 8 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = o r g a n i c % 2 0 f a r m i n g ) i 3 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = f a r m % 2 0 s u b s i d i e s a ' 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = w a t e r % 2 0 c o n t a m i n a t i o n $ ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = M e c h a n i s e d % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e ` ; 7 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s e l e c t i v e % 2 0 b r e e d i n g D " h t t p : / / f e r t i l i z e r s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / h h # h t t p : / / p r o d u c t i v i t y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / h : $ h t t p : / / p r o t e c t i o n i s t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / Y 6 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = d e v e l o p e d % 2 0 c o u n t r y f u h t t p : / / m i l k . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / G ~ h t t p : / / s o y b e a n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / h e { h t t p : / / r i c e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / e e x h t t p : / / c o r n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / p u h t t p : / / w h e a t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / 5 t r ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 s u b s i d i e s @ o h t t p : / / p l a s t i c . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / u ) l h t t p : / / r e s i n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / J i h t t p : / / c o c a i n e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / | - f h t t p : / / o p i u m . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / . $ c 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = c a n n a b i s % 2 0 ( d r u g ) \ ` h t t p : / / t o b a c c o . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / + > ] 4 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = b i o p h a r m a c e u t i c a l 1 } Z ; h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = N u r s e r y % 2 0 ( h o r t i c u l t u r e )
W h t t p : / / f l o w e r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / t = T h t t p : / / b i o d i e s e l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / I Q h t t p : / / e t h a n o l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / Y N h t t p : / / b i o m a s s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / [ K h t t p : / / m e t h a n e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / p s H h t t p : / / f l a x . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / f k E h t t p : / / s i l k . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / q q B h t t p : / / h e m p . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / g l ? h t t p : / / w o o l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / < h t t p : / / c o t t o n . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / u 0 9 h t t p : / / f i b e r . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / 6 h t t p : / / c e r e a l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / b ! 3 h t t p : / / f r u i t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / 0 ! h t t p : / / v e g e t a b l e s . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / o } - h t t p : / / f o o d . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / : 0 * < h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e n s i v e % 2 0 p i g % 2 0 f a r m i n g R ' h t t p : / / h e r d i n g . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / h n $ h t t p : / / r a n c h i n g . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / L ! 6 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = i n t e n s i v e % 2 0 f a r m i n g | 8 < h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = s u s t a i n a b l e % 2 0 a g r i c u l t u r e z d h t t p : / / a g r o n o m y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / ` t # h t t p : / / h o r t i c u l t u r e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / X 5 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a n i m a l % 2 0 h u s b a n d r y z d h t t p : / / a g r o n o m y . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / M " h t t p : / / a q u a c u l t u r e . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / W 9 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = a g r i c u l t u r a l % 2 0 s c i e n c e h t t p : / / a n i m a l . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / { # h t t p : / / p l a n t . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / c 7 8 h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = g e n e t i c % 2 0 e n g i n e e r i n g = ) + h t t p : / / w w w . a s k d e f i n e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = D e c o u p l e
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